https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&feed=atom&action=historyPrester John - Revision history2024-03-29T15:23:35ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.3https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=34149&oldid=prevCian: links2007-08-14T05:32:17Z<p>links</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:32, 14 August 2007</td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary [[Christian]] ruler in [[India]], combining the roles of patriarch and [[king]]. The legend of Prester John began in [[12th century]] with two reports of visits of an [[archbishop]] of India to [[Constantinople]] and of a Patriarch of India to [[Rome]] at the time of Pope [[Calixtus II]] (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second-hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary [[Christian]] ruler in [[India]], combining the roles of patriarch and [[king]]. The legend of Prester John began in [[12th century]] with two reports of visits of an [[archbishop]] of India to [[Constantinople]] and of a Patriarch of India to [[Rome]] at the time of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Pope<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> [[Calixtus II]] (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second-hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pope</del> Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emeralds</del>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pope</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Eugene II<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>bishop<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Nestorian<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Arab|</ins>Mohammedans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Jerusalem<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> to rescue the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Holy Land<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>sceptre<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, for example, being of pure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[emerald]]s</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] Frederick Barbarossa. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Europeans</del> and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> <br></del></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Byzantine<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Emperor<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Manuel I Comnenus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Frederick Barbarossa<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Europe]]ans</ins> and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>printing<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration.</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_7_0_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_5_0_lhs"></a>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peppers</del>, and about <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">elephants</del>) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Alexander the Great<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del> in India, mentioning things such as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannibals</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trivers</del> flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources (see [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/presjohn.html this article] for further details). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_5_1_lhs"></a>It also offered an Emperor with a house-steward who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an archbishop and a king, and a chamberlain who was a bishop and a king. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_5_2_lhs"></a>During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muslims</del>.</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_5_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_7_0_rhs"></a>The letter included details (about <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>St.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Thomas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, about <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[pepper]]s</ins>, and about <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[elephant]]s</ins>) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Alexander the Great<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> in India, mentioning things such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[cannibal]]s</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rivers</ins> flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources (see [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/presjohn.html this article] for further details). </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_16_0_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_8_0_lhs"></a>The reports were so far believed that Pope Alexander III sent a letter to Prester John via his emissary Phillip, his physician, on September 27, 1177. More recent research has pointed to the recipient actually being a member of the contemporary <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ethiopian</del> royal house. Certainly, later, at the start of the 15th century, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">priests</del> in Abyssinia were describing their country to Portuguese merchants as the Kingdom of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Present</del> John. Whatever the truth, Phillip was never heard of again. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_5_1_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_10_0_rhs"></a>It also offered an Emperor with a house-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>steward<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>archbishop<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> and a king, and a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>chamberlain<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> who was a bishop and a king. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_11_0_lhs"></a>Several <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Asian</del> tribes were identified with Prester John by travellers, but from the 14th century onward his empire was sometimes placed in Africa, and in the 15th and 16th centuries it became considered to be equivalent to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Prester John was often identified as a descendant of the Magi, or a descendant of St. Thomas, who had supposedly founded an early (and therefore more pure) church in India. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_13_0_rhs"></a>During the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Second Crusade<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Palestine<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> from the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Muslim]]s</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_lhs"></a>When the Mongols invaded Palestine in the 13th century, the Christians inhabiting the remnants of the Crusader States also believed [[Genghis Khan]] was Prester John, coming to rescue them from the Muslims. In fact, in or about 1222 Genghis and his armies had met and fought the easter Asian Islamic forces to destruction. The Khan was averse to Mohammedanism and tolerant of Christians and this may have added to the comparison with the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Presbyter</del>. However others among the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mongols</del> were less tolerant </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_8_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_16_0_rhs"></a>The reports were so far believed that Pope <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Alexander III<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> sent a letter to Prester John via his emissary Phillip, his <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>physician<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, on September 27, 1177. More recent research has pointed to the recipient actually being a member of the contemporary <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Ethiopia]]n</ins> royal house. Certainly, later, at the start of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>15th century<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[priest]]s</ins> in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Abyssinia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> were describing their country to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Portugal|</ins>Portuguese<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> merchants as the Kingdom of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prester</ins> John. Whatever the truth, Phillip was never heard of again. </div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_24_1_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_17_0_lhs"></a>Another possible origin for Prester John is Toghrul Khan, a Nestorian Khan defeated by Gengis. The lingering belief in a Nestorian kingdom in the east accounts for several Christian embassies to the Mongols, in particular the one of William of Rubruck, who was sent to the Tartars by Louis IX in 1253.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_19_0_rhs"></a>Several <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Asia]]n</ins> tribes were identified with Prester John by travellers, but from the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>14th century<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> onward his empire was sometimes placed in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Africa<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, and in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>15th<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> century|15th]]</ins> and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[16th century|</ins>16th centuries<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> it became considered to be equivalent to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Prester John was often identified as a descendant of the Magi, or a descendant of St. Thomas, who had supposedly founded an early (and therefore more pure) church in India. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_20_0_lhs"></a>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_14_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_22_0_rhs"></a>When the Mongols invaded Palestine in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>13th century<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, the Christians inhabiting the remnants of the Crusader States also believed [[Genghis Khan]] was Prester John, coming to rescue them from the Muslims. In fact, in or about 1222 Genghis and his armies had met and fought the easter Asian Islamic forces to destruction. The Khan was averse to Mohammedanism and tolerant of Christians and this may have added to the comparison with the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prester</ins>. However others among the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mongol]]s</ins> were less tolerant <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- the Prester John attribution finally settling on a Keriat tribe who had, indeed, become Nestorian Christians.</ins></div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_24_5_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_23_0_lhs"></a>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling any iron-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nailed</del> ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">proivinces</del>, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dukes</del> and 360 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">earls</del>. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a palace at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas. (Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine.)</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_17_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_24_1_rhs"></a>Another possible origin for Prester John is Toghrul Khan, a Nestorian Khan defeated by Gengis. The lingering belief in a Nestorian kingdom in the east accounts for several Christian embassies to the Mongols, in particular the one of William of Rubruck, who was sent to the Tartars by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Louis IX<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> in 1253.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_24_3_rhs"></a><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[cartography|</ins>Cartographers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_23_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_24_5_rhs"></a>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling any <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>iron<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[nail]]ed</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>ship<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> which approached. Prester John's land held 72 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">provinces</ins>, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[duke]]s</ins> and 360 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[earl]]s</ins>. His capital was at Susa; his <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>throne<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> there stood upon seven tiers, each of a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>precious stone<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>onyx<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>crystal<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>jasper green<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>amethyst<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, sardine (''possibly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>sardonyx<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>''), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>carnelian<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>chrysolite<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. He also had a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>palace<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>court<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas. (Which would have been consonant with the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>legend<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine.)</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This article was initially extracted from [[Wikipedia]].''</div></td>
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</table>Cianhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=23648&oldid=prevUser 144: categorising2006-05-22T12:12:28Z<p>categorising</p>
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</table>User 144https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=17434&oldid=prevSimoncursitor: wikilink to HRE2005-06-27T11:06:30Z<p>wikilink to HRE</p>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure emeralds.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure emeralds.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <br></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Holy Roman Emperor<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> Frederick Barbarossa. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <br></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about peppers, and about elephants) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of '''Alexander the Great''' in India, mentioning things such as cannibals, trivers flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources (see [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/presjohn.html this article] for further details). <br></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about peppers, and about elephants) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of '''Alexander the Great''' in India, mentioning things such as cannibals, trivers flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources (see [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/presjohn.html this article] for further details). <br></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also offered an Emperor with a house-steward who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an archbishop and a king, and a chamberlain who was a bishop and a king. <br></div></td>
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</table>Simoncursitorhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=9871&oldid=prevCian: change ref to Wikipedia2004-10-20T23:30:53Z<p>change ref to Wikipedia</p>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_2_5_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_0_0_rhs"></a>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Christian<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> ruler in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>India<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, combining the roles of patriarch and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>king<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. The legend of Prester John began in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>12th century<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> with two reports of visits of an <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>archbishop<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> of India to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Constantinople<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> and of a Patriarch of India to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Rome<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> at the time of Pope <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Calixtus II<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins> (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Taken, wholesale, from [[Wikipaedia]], this is intended to be a starting-point around which further material can be hung. No '''internal links''' have yet been added, as the Wikis have different indices. --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 17:15, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>I have "fattened" this with further detail, but have not internally linked it to any great extent (a couple of countries, and a king (who turns out not to be as yet articled in any case) --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 19:53, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_0_0_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_2_5_lhs"></a>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary Christian ruler in India, combining the roles of patriarch and king. The legend of Prester John began in 12th century with two reports of visits of an archbishop of India to Constantinople and of a Patriarch of India to Rome at the time of Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure emeralds.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure emeralds.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling any iron-nailed ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 proivinces, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 dukes and 360 earls. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plaace</del> at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</del>Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling any iron-nailed ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 proivinces, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 dukes and 360 earls. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">palace</ins> at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</ins>Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''This article was initially extracted from [[Wikipedia]].''</div></td>
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</table>Cianhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=6729&oldid=prevSimoncursitor: External reference2004-10-20T12:30:39Z<p>External reference</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:30, 20 October 2004</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <br></div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. The letter later came, copied, to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <br></div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about peppers, and about elephants) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of '''Alexander the Great''' in India, mentioning things such as cannibals, trivers flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources. <br></div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about peppers, and about elephants) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of '''Alexander the Great''' in India, mentioning things such as cannibals, trivers flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (see [http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/presjohn.html this article] for further details)</ins>. <br></div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also offered an Emperor with a house-steward who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an archbishop and a king, and a chamberlain who was a bishop and a king. <br></div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also offered an Emperor with a house-steward who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an archbishop and a king, and a chamberlain who was a bishop and a king. <br></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the Muslims.</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the Muslims.</div></td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
<td class="diff-marker"></td>
<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and</del> iron-nailed ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 proivinces, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 dukes and 360 earls. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a plaace at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas [Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine].</div></td>
<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any</ins> iron-nailed ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 proivinces, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 dukes and 360 earls. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a plaace at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas [Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine].</div></td>
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</table>Simoncursitorhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=6725&oldid=prevSimoncursitor: Fattened slightly2004-10-20T09:53:04Z<p>Fattened slightly</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:53, 20 October 2004</td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Taken, wholesale, from [[Wikipaedia]], this is intended to be a starting-point around which further material can be hung. No '''internal links''' have yet been added, as the Wikis have different indices. --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 17:15, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Taken, wholesale, from [[Wikipaedia]], this is intended to be a starting-point around which further material can be hung. No '''internal links''' have yet been added, as the Wikis have different indices. --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 17:15, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>I have "fattened" this with further detail, but have not internally linked it to any great extent (a couple of countries, and a king (who turns out not to be as yet articled in any case) --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 19:53, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>----</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary Christian ruler in India, combining the roles of patriarch and king. The legend of Prester John began in 12th century with two reports of visits of an archbishop of India to Constantinople and of a Patriarch of India to Rome at the time of Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary Christian ruler in India, combining the roles of patriarch and king. The legend of Prester John began in 12th century with two reports of visits of an archbishop of India to Constantinople and of a Patriarch of India to Rome at the time of Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second hand reports.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. He was said to be enormously wealthy, his sceptre, for example, being of pure emeralds</ins>.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_7_0_lhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_4_1_rhs"></a>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The letter later came, copied, to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. </ins> This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The letter included details (about St.Thomas, about peppers, and about elephants) which indicate that the writer (whoever he was) placed Prester John in [[India]], possibly toward the eastern coast. Its details also bore close resemblances to fictional accounts of the life of '''Alexander the Great''' in India, mentioning things such as cannibals, trivers flowing from Paradise/Eden, pygmies and men without heads, which appear in both sources. <br></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also offered an Emperor with a house-steward who was a patriarch and a king, a cup-bearer who was an archbishop and a king, and a chamberlain who was a bishop and a king. <br></div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the Muslims.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The reports were so far believed that Pope Alexander III sent a letter to Prester John via his emissary Phillip, his physician, on September 27, 1177. More recent research has pointed to the recipient actually being a member of the contemporary Ethiopian royal house. Certainly, later, at the start of the 15th century, priests in Abyssinia were describing their country to Portuguese merchants as the Kingdom of Present John. Whatever the truth, Phillip was never heard of again. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several Asian tribes were identified with Prester John by travellers, but from the 14th century onward his empire was sometimes placed in Africa, and in the 15th and 16th centuries it became considered to be equivalent to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Prester John was often identified as a descendant of the Magi, or a descendant of St. Thomas, who had supposedly founded an early (and therefore more pure) church in India. </div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the Mongols invaded Palestine in the 13th century, the Christians inhabiting the remnants of the Crusader States also believed [[Genghis Khan]] was Prester John, coming to rescue them from the Muslims. In fact, in or about 1222 Genghis and his armies had met and fought the easter Asian Islamic forces to destruction. The Khan was averse to Mohammedanism and tolerant of Christians and this may have added to the comparison with the Presbyter. However others among the Mongols were less tolerant � the Prester John attribution finally settling on a Keriat tribe who had, indeed, become Nestorian Christians.</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another possible origin for Prester John is Toghrul Khan, a Nestorian Khan defeated by Gengis. The lingering belief in a Nestorian kingdom in the east accounts for several Christian embassies to the Mongols, in particular the one of William of Rubruck, who was sent to the Tartars by Louis IX in 1253.</div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cartographers located the land of Prester John, variously, in Tibet (c.1507), in Africa (''Carta Marina'' 1516) and then specifically in Abyssinia. Leutholf (1681) finally dismissed this as erroneous, but by then the legend had stimulated exploration and missionary activity throughout NE Africa, central Asia and [[China]].</div></td>
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<td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_4_1_rhs">⚫</a></td>
<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><a name="movedpara_7_0_lhs"></a>What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the Muslims.</del></div></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>"Sir John Mandeville", writing c.1366, offers an extended and fanciful account of Prester John (although he never states he has visited the country in question). Thus he says that the rocks of the sea-bed drew iron to them, disabling and iron-nailed ship which approached. Prester John's land held 72 proivinces, each ruled by a king. Seven kings served him directly at a time, on a rota basis, together with 72 dukes and 360 earls. His capital was at Susa; his throne there stood upon seven tiers, each of a precious stone: onyx, crystal, jasper green, amethyst, sardine (''possibly sardonyx''), carnelian and chrysolite. He also had a plaace at Nysa. He had 3 archbishops and 20 bishops at his court every day, and his equivalent of the pope was the patriarch of St.Thomas [Which would have been consonant with the legend that St.Thomas had journeyed to India and died there. [[Alfred the Great]], in 833, sent 2 priests with gifts to St.Thomas' shrine].</div></td>
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<td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The reports were so far believed that Pope Alexander III sent a letter to Prester John via his emissary Phillip, his physician, on September 27, 1177. Phillip was never heard of again. Several Asian tribes were identified with Prester John by travellers, but from the 14th century onward his empire was sometimes placed in Africa, and in the 15th and 16th centuries it became considered to be equivalent to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Prester John was often identified as a descendant of the Magi, or a descendant of St. Thomas, who had supposedly founded an early (and therefore more pure) church in India. When the Mongols invaded Palestine in the 13th century, the Christians inhabiting the remnants of the Crusader States also believed Genghis Khan was Prester John, coming to rescue them from the Muslims. Another possible origin for Prester John is Toghrul Khan, a Nestorian Khan defeated by Gengis. The lingering belief in a Nestorian kingdom in the east accounts for several Christian embassies to the Mongols, in particular the one of William of Rubruck, who was sent to the Tartars by Louis IX in 1253.</div></td>
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</table>Simoncursitorhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Prester_John&diff=6723&oldid=prevSimoncursitor: Wikipaedia text dropped in2004-10-20T07:15:17Z<p>Wikipaedia text dropped in</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Taken, wholesale, from [[Wikipaedia]], this is intended to be a starting-point around which further material can be hung. No '''internal links''' have yet been added, as the Wikis have different indices. --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 17:15, 20 Oct 2004 (EST)<br />
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'''Prester John''' (also '''Presbyter John''') was a legendary Christian ruler in India, combining the roles of patriarch and king. The legend of Prester John began in 12th century with two reports of visits of an archbishop of India to Constantinople and of a Patriarch of India to Rome at the time of Pope Calixtus II (1119-1124). These visits cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being second hand reports.<br />
<br />
Otto of Freisingen in his Chronicon of 1145 reports that in 1144, he had met, in the presence of pope Eugene II in Viterbo, a certain Hugo, bishop of Gabala, who told him that Prester John was a Nestorian Christian, was descended from one of the Three Magi, and had defeated the Mohammedans in a great battle "not many years ago". After this battle, Prester John allegedly set out for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the Tigris compelled him to return to his own country.<br />
<br />
What is very definite is a letter, the Letter of Prester John, believed to be a forgery, which was supposedly written to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus (1143-1180) by Prester John, the King of India. This letter, appearing around 1165, which recounted many marvels of richness and magic, captured the imagination of Europeans and circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries and shortly after the invention of printing in printed form, being still current in the popular culture during the period of European exploration. During the Second Crusade there was also hope that Prester John would come to the aid of the holy cities and capture back Palestine from the Muslims.<br />
<br />
The reports were so far believed that Pope Alexander III sent a letter to Prester John via his emissary Phillip, his physician, on September 27, 1177. Phillip was never heard of again. Several Asian tribes were identified with Prester John by travellers, but from the 14th century onward his empire was sometimes placed in Africa, and in the 15th and 16th centuries it became considered to be equivalent to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Prester John was often identified as a descendant of the Magi, or a descendant of St. Thomas, who had supposedly founded an early (and therefore more pure) church in India. When the Mongols invaded Palestine in the 13th century, the Christians inhabiting the remnants of the Crusader States also believed Genghis Khan was Prester John, coming to rescue them from the Muslims. Another possible origin for Prester John is Toghrul Khan, a Nestorian Khan defeated by Gengis. The lingering belief in a Nestorian kingdom in the east accounts for several Christian embassies to the Mongols, in particular the one of William of Rubruck, who was sent to the Tartars by Louis IX in 1253.</div>Simoncursitor