Chess

Origins of Chess

Chess originated from the Indian game Chaturanga, about 1400 years ago. It reached Russia via Mongolia, where it was played at the beginning of the 7th century. From India it migrated to Persia and mutated into the game of Shatranj, and spread throughout the Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was introduced into Spain by the Moors in the 10th century, where a famous games manuscript covering chess, backgammon, and dice named the Libro de los juegos, was written under the sponsorship of Alfonso X of Castile during the 13th century. Chess reached England in the 11th century, and evolved through various versions such as Courier.

Speeding up the game

In an effort to speed up the game, several rule modifications were introduced. This lead to a split between the old rules, e.g., the English short assize, and the new rules, English long assize. The King and Queen were given the privilege to leap on their first move to any square they could reach in two moves. They could never capture with the leap. The King could not leap out of, in to, or through check. Before long, pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the en passant capture therewith.

"Mad Queen" chess

By the end of the 15th century, most of the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted (from Italy): bishops could move arbitrarily far along an open diagonal (previously being limited to a move of exactly two squares diagonally) while losing the ability to jump over the intervening square, and the queen was allowed to move arbitrarily far in any direction, making it the most powerful piece. (Before, she could only move one square diagonally.) There were still variations in rules for castling and the outcome in the case of stalemate.

Castling

Castling evolved from conventional openings involving the King's leap. First one would move the rook next to the King, then the king would on a later move leap over the rook. Many forms of a combined King