Scholasticism - Revision history

User 144: categorising

2006-05-23T09:05:38Z

categorising

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:05, 23 May 2006
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	*Summa Theologicae of St Thomas : www.newadvent.org/summa		*Summa Theologicae of St Thomas : www.newadvent.org/summa
	*John of Salisbury Metalogicus		*John of Salisbury Metalogicus
			[[category:sciences]]

Tobin: Reverted edit of 129.96.142.15, changed back to last version by Tiff

2005-08-22T04:40:07Z

Reverted edit of 129.96.142.15, changed back to last version by Tiff

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:40, 22 August 2005
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	=== The A Team ===		=== The A Team ===
	* St Anselm of Canterbury		* St Anselm of Canterbury
	* Bob the Builder
	* St Bernard of Clairvaux		* St Bernard of Clairvaux
	* [[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in [[Christendom]], do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend)		* [[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in [[Christendom]], do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend)

129.96.142.15: /* Team Listing for the Scholastics */

2005-08-22T04:02:43Z

Team Listing for the Scholastics

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 22 August 2005
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	=== The A Team ===		=== The A Team ===
	* St Anselm of Canterbury		* St Anselm of Canterbury
			* Bob the Builder
	* St Bernard of Clairvaux		* St Bernard of Clairvaux
	* [[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in [[Christendom]], do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend)		* [[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in [[Christendom]], do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend)

Tiff: /* Replies to Objections */

2005-08-07T16:28:51Z

Replies to Objections

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:28, 8 August 2005
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	=== Replies to Objections ===		=== Replies to Objections ===
	# As Augustine says (Contra Faust. xxii, 70): "To take the sword is to arm oneself in order to take the life of anyone, without the command or permission of superior or lawful authority." On the other hand, to have recourse to the sword (as a private person) by the authority of the sovereign or judge, or (as a public person) through zeal for justice, and by the authority, so to speak, of God, is not to "take the sword," but to use it as commissioned by another, wherefore it does not deserve punishment. And yet even those who make sinful use of the sword are not always slain with the sword, yet they always perish with their own sword, because, unless they repent, they are punished eternally for their sinful use of the sword.		# As Augustine says (Contra Faust. xxii, 70): "To take the sword is to arm oneself in order to take the life of anyone, without the command or permission of superior or lawful authority." On the other hand, to have recourse to the sword (as a private person) by the authority of the [[sovereign]] or judge, or (as a public person) through zeal for justice, and by the authority, so to speak, of God, is not to "take the sword," but to use it as commissioned by another, wherefore it does not deserve punishment. And yet even those who make sinful use of the sword are not always slain with the sword, yet they always perish with their own sword, because, unless they repent, they are punished eternally for their sinful use of the sword.
	# Such like precepts, as Augustine observes (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 19), should always be borne in readiness of mind, so that we be ready to obey them, and, if necessary, to refrain from resistance or self-defense. Nevertheless it is necessary sometimes for a man to act otherwise for the common good, or for the good of those with whom he is fighting. Hence Augustine says (Ep. ad Marcellin. cxxxviii): "Those whom we have to punish with a kindly severity, it is necessary to handle in many ways against their will. For when we are stripping a man of the lawlessness of sin, it is good for him to be vanquished, since nothing is more hopeless than the happiness of sinners, whence arises a guilty impunity, and an evil will, like an internal enemy."		# Such like precepts, as Augustine observes (De Serm. Dom. in Monte i, 19), should always be borne in readiness of mind, so that we be ready to obey them, and, if necessary, to refrain from resistance or self-defense. Nevertheless it is necessary sometimes for a man to act otherwise for the common good, or for the good of those with whom he is fighting. Hence Augustine says (Ep. ad Marcellin. cxxxviii): "Those whom we have to punish with a kindly severity, it is necessary to handle in many ways against their will. For when we are stripping a man of the lawlessness of sin, it is good for him to be vanquished, since nothing is more hopeless than the happiness of sinners, whence arises a guilty impunity, and an evil will, like an internal enemy."
	# Those who wage war justly aim at peace, and so they are not opposed to peace, except to the evil peace, which Our Lord "came not to send upon earth" (Mt. 10:34). Hence Augustine says (Ep. ad Bonif. clxxxix): "We do not seek peace in order to be at war, but we go to war that we may have peace. Be peaceful, therefore, in warring, so that you may vanquish those whom you war against, and bring them to the prosperity of peace."		# Those who wage war justly aim at peace, and so they are not opposed to peace, except to the evil peace, which Our Lord "came not to send upon earth" (Mt. 10:34). Hence Augustine says (Ep. ad Bonif. clxxxix): "We do not seek peace in order to be at war, but we go to war that we may have peace. Be peaceful, therefore, in warring, so that you may vanquish those whom you war against, and bring them to the prosperity of peace."

Tobin: format, moved attribution from article text.

2004-07-08T05:57:28Z

format, moved attribution from article text.

Show changes

Cian: links

2004-07-08T04:28:11Z

links

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 8 July 2004
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	Anton's first draft on the Scholastics ... ~~bibliogrpahy~~ is quite incomplete		[[User:Anton\|Anton]]'s first draft on the Scholastics ... bibliography is quite incomplete
			<hr>

	Scholasticism was the primary intellectual movement in ~~European~~ philosophy and theology from about 1100 AD to about 1500 AD.		'''Scholasticism''' was the primary intellectual movement in [[Europe]]an philosophy and theology from about [[1100 AD]] to about [[1500 AD]].

	To give it a definition you could put on a t-shirt, they believed in "Faith seeking Understanding through Reason".		To give it a definition you could put on a t-shirt, they believed in "Faith seeking Understanding through Reason".

	The earliest of the Scholastics was probably St Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th century ; he proposed the Ontological Argument that begins with the notion "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anything that satisfies this concept must exist in reality as well as in thought (since otherwise it would be possible to conceive something greater		The earliest of the Scholastics was probably St Anselm of Canterbury in the [[11th century]] ; he proposed the Ontological Argument that begins with the notion "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anything that satisfies this concept must exist in reality as well as in thought (since otherwise it would be possible to conceive something greater

	My understanding is that this argument is still running, by the way.		My understanding is that this argument is still running, by the way.
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	Scholastic technique was a patient working through of the issues using logic, rather than using style or rhetorical techniques to convince a reader, or by calling for understanding by Faith alone ; the Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] was their acknowledged intellectual forefather.		Scholastic technique was a patient working through of the issues using logic, rather than using style or rhetorical techniques to convince a reader, or by calling for understanding by Faith alone ; the Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] was their acknowledged intellectual forefather.

	Now, using Reason to support Faith was not a completely popular idea , because it can be seen to put human Reason ahead of divine Faith (especially if you are citing that [[pagan]] [[Aristotle]] in every third paragraph ; for example, both the 11th century Peter Damian and the 16th century Martin Luther condemned the use of Reason to understand the Divine. This critique was also the official, enforced, view in Constantinople ; the philosopher [[John Italos]] was subject to a show trial by Emperor [[Alexius]] ([[Anna Comnena]]'s father) for using philosophical techniques on matters of faith.		Now, using Reason to support Faith was not a completely popular idea , because it can be seen to put human Reason ahead of divine Faith (especially if you are citing that [[pagan]] [[Aristotle]] in every third paragraph ; for example, both the [[11th century]] [[Peter Damian]] and the [[16th century]] [[Martin Luther]] condemned the use of Reason to understand the Divine. This critique was also the official, enforced, view in [[Constantinople]] ; the philosopher [[John Italos]] was subject to a show trial by Emperor [[Alexius]] ([[Anna Comnena]]'s father) for using philosophical techniques on matters of faith.

	As a school, a reason for their success was the sheer accessibility of their work.		As a school, a reason for their success was the sheer accessibility of their work.

	They all wrote in terse, servicable Latin, and avoided jargon, so you needed one language to understand all the relevant texts.		They all wrote in terse, servicable [[Latin]], and avoided jargon, so you needed one language to understand all the relevant texts.

	They all used the same set of texts, notably Aristotle, and when they used a book, they told you what is was, so if neccessary you could go find someone with a copy and go read it yourself. They tried hard to get access to new texts ; it is a tragedy that so much Greek language philosophical work was unavailable to them (the John Italos affair, the trashing of Constantinople in the [[Fourth Crusade]] and the unity of the Scholastics with the Catholic Church probably had something to do with this).		They all used the same set of texts, notably Aristotle, and when they used a book, they told you what is was, so if neccessary you could go find someone with a copy and go read it yourself. They tried hard to get access to new texts ; it is a tragedy that so much Greek language philosophical work was unavailable to them (the John Italos affair, the trashing of Constantinople in the [[Fourth Crusade]] and the unity of the Scholastics with the [[Catholic Church]] probably had something to do with this).

	They worked through problems clearly and one step at a time, so if an author did get something wrong, then later disputants could step in and correct work.		They worked through problems clearly and one step at a time, so if an author did get something wrong, then later disputants could step in and correct work.

	Finally, the Scholastics had the right to get it wrong. As the debate was being conducted safely within the Schools, and not (for example) by loud calls for revolt from the Nobility, it was OK to be exploring dangerous concepts, citing pagan authors as authorities equal to any Church Father or bible text, and otherwise doing the sort of stuff that got you burned in the 16th century, whether you were in Paris or Geneva.		Finally, the Scholastics had the right to get it wrong. As the debate was being conducted safely within the Schools, and not (for example) by loud calls for revolt from the Nobility, it was OK to be exploring dangerous concepts, citing pagan authors as authorities equal to any Church Father or bible text, and otherwise doing the sort of stuff that got you burned in the [[16th century]], whether you were in Paris or Geneva.

	It is important that two of the primary authorities on Aristotle used by the Scholastics were Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and Abul Walid Mahommed Ibn Achmed, Ibn Mahommed Ibn Roschd, or [[Averroes]] and [[Avicenna]] as they were called by the Latins.		It is important that two of the primary authorities on Aristotle used by the Scholastics were Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina and Abul Walid Mahommed Ibn Achmed, Ibn Mahommed Ibn Roschd, or [[Averroes]] and [[Avicenna]] as they were called by the Latins.
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	While it had started in [[monastries]], Scholasticism became based in the new Universities ; Notre Dame in Paris was the best and brightest of the Theology schools, while for Law you went to Bologna and Salerno for Medicine. Cologne was the premiere university in Germany, while Oxford and Cambridge had good international reputations.		While it had started in [[monastries]], Scholasticism became based in the new [[university\|Universities]] ; Notre Dame in Paris was the best and brightest of the [[Theology]] schools, while for [[Law]] you went to Bologna and Salerno for [[Medicine]]. Cologne was the premiere university in Germany, while Oxford and Cambridge had good international reputations.

	Scholastics conducted public debates and disputations, and attacked each others ideas with relish.		Scholastics conducted public debates and disputations, and attacked each others ideas with relish.
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	The main debates were the Nominalists vs the Realists on the nature of things, and the debate between the Averroists and the Thomists over whether there was a single, human soul shared by all of us (yep. You really could argue stuff like this).		The main debates were the Nominalists vs the Realists on the nature of things, and the debate between the Averroists and the Thomists over whether there was a single, human soul shared by all of us (yep. You really could argue stuff like this).

	Scholasticism fell into decline in the 15th century, as clarity of argument became to be seen as less of a virtue than citing every authority, no matter how irrelevant, and exploring every little by-way of an argument at tedious length.		Scholasticism fell into decline in the [[15th century]], as clarity of argument became to be seen as less of a virtue than citing every authority, no matter how irrelevant, and exploring every little by-way of an argument at tedious length.

	By the sixteenth century, the best and brightest in Europe were [[Humanists]], and philosophy and theology went their separate ways.		By the sixteenth century, the best and brightest in Europe were [[Humanists]], and philosophy and theology went their separate ways.

	Scholasticism got revived in the nineteenth century by the Catholic Church, who realised in Aquinas they had a powerhouse intellectual who showed that reason could be used in service of faith.		Scholasticism got revived in the [[19th century\|nineteenth century]] by the Catholic Church, who realised in Aquinas they had a powerhouse intellectual who showed that reason could be used in service of faith.

	<br>		<br>
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	''The A Team''		''The A Team''

	St Anselm of ~~Cantebury~~ <br>		St Anselm of Canterbury <br>
	St Bernard of Clairvaux<br>		St Bernard of Clairvaux<br>
	[[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in Christendom, do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend) <br>		[[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in [[Christendom]], do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend) <br>
	St Albert of Cologne <br>		St Albert of Cologne <br>
	St Thomas Aquinas <br>		St [[Thomas Aquinas]] <br>
	Roger Bacon <br>		[[Roger Bacon]] <br>
	William of Ockam <br>		William of Ockam <br>

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	''Head Coach''		''Head Coach''

	Aristotle <br>		[[Aristotle]] <br>

	''Assistant Coaches''		''Assistant Coaches''
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	Averroeism ; http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/B012.htm ~~<br>~~		*Averroeism : http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/B012.htm
	Scholasticism ; http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm ~~<br>~~		*Scholasticism : http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm
	Summa Theologicae of St Thomas ; www.newadvent.org/summa ~~<br>~~		*Summa Theologicae of St Thomas : www.newadvent.org/summa
	John of Salisbury Metalogicus ~~<br>~~		*John of Salisbury Metalogicus

203.31.48.3 at 22:30, 13 November 2003

2003-11-13T22:30:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:30, 14 November 2003
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	St Anselm of Cantebury <br>		St Anselm of Cantebury <br>
	St Bernard of Clairvaux<br>		St Bernard of Clairvaux<br>
	Peter Abelard (note : even if you are the best theologian in Christendom, do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend) <br>		[[Peter Abelard]] (note : even if you are the best theologian in Christendom, do not get caught having an affair by the angry relatives of your girlfriend) <br>
	St Albert of Cologne <br>		St Albert of Cologne <br>
	St Thomas Aquinas <br>		St Thomas Aquinas <br>

Morgant: typo

2003-11-12T10:42:59Z

typo

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, 12 November 2003
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	Scholasticism fell into decline in the 15th century, as clarity of argument became to be seen as less of a virtue than citing every authority, no matter how irrelevant, and exploring every little by-way of an argument at tedious length.		Scholasticism fell into decline in the 15th century, as clarity of argument became to be seen as less of a virtue than citing every authority, no matter how irrelevant, and exploring every little by-way of an argument at tedious length.

	By the sixteenth century, the best and brightest in Europe were [[Humanists]], and philosophy and theology went their ~~seperate~~ ways.		By the sixteenth century, the best and brightest in Europe were [[Humanists]], and philosophy and theology went their separate ways.

	Scholasticism got revived in the nineteenth century by the Catholic Church, who realised in Aquinas they had a powerhouse intellectual who showed that reason could be used in service of faith.		Scholasticism got revived in the nineteenth century by the Catholic Church, who realised in Aquinas they had a powerhouse intellectual who showed that reason could be used in service of faith.

Anton at 00:46, 12 November 2003

2003-11-12T00:46:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:46, 12 November 2003
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	<br>		<br>

	''Team Listing for the Scholastics''<br>		'''Team Listing for the Scholastics'''<br>

	The A Team		''The A Team''

	St Anselm of Cantebury <br>		St Anselm of Cantebury <br>
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	William of Ockam <br>		William of Ockam <br>

	The Bench Players		''The Bench Players''

	John of Salisbury <br>		John of Salisbury <br>
	Raymond Lull <br>		Raymond Lull <br>

	Drop Em Before we lose to the Humanists		''Drop Em Before we lose to the Humanists''

	Giles of Rome <br>		Giles of Rome <br>

		⚫	''Head Coach''
⚫	Assistant Coaches

		⚫	Aristotle <br>

		⚫	''Assistant Coaches''

	Averroes <br>		Averroes <br>
	Avicenna <br>		Avicenna <br>

⚫	Head Coach

⚫	Aristotle <br>

	Team Owner		''Team Owner''

	''God'' <br>		'''God''' <br>

Anton at 00:44, 12 November 2003

2003-11-12T00:44:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 12 November 2003
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	<br>		<br>

	~~<b>~~ Team Listing for the Scholastics ~~</b>~~<br>		''Team Listing for the Scholastics''<br>

	The A Team		The A Team
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	Drop Em Before we lose to the Humanists		Drop Em Before we lose to the Humanists

	Giles of Rome <b>		Giles of Rome <br>

	Assistant Coaches		Assistant Coaches
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	Team Owner		Team Owner

	~~<b>~~God ~~</b>~~<br>		''God'' <br>