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	<id>https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Arithmetic</id>
	<title>Arithmetic - Revision history</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Arithmetic"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-06-21T05:40:13Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Revision history for this page on the wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=24741&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>User 144: categorising</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=24741&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2006-05-20T09:08:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;categorising&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 19:08, 20 May 2006&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 8:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 8:&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In part, arithmetic generated record-keeping (to save doing the same sums over and over again), which in turn generated [[writing]] and [[literate|literacy]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In part, arithmetic generated record-keeping (to save doing the same sums over and over again), which in turn generated [[writing]] and [[literate|literacy]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
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  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[category:sciences]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>User 144</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=16862&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Cian: wiki links</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=16862&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2005-01-13T12:09:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;wiki links&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Older revision&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revision as of 22:09, 13 January 2005&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Line 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;arithmetic&#039;&#039;&#039; arts (or sciences) have to do with basic numbers and their manipulation.  Useful therefore for [[merchant]]s of all sorts, and for tax &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;collectors&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The &#039;&#039;&#039;arithmetic&#039;&#039;&#039; arts (or sciences) have to do with basic numbers and their manipulation.  Useful therefore for [[merchant]]s of all sorts, and for &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;tax &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;collector]]s&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_3_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_1_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Many people would prefer that [[monarch]]s don&#039;t get too acquainted in these skills or they might ask why the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;taxes&lt;/del&gt; they receive are smaller than the ones collected.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_1_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_3_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Many people would prefer that [[monarch]]s don&#039;t get too acquainted in these skills or they might ask why the &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[tax]]es&lt;/ins&gt; they receive are smaller than the ones collected.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_6_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_4_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fundamentals&lt;/del&gt; of &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;arithmetic&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt; are the disciplines of addition (you had some, now you have more: how much do you have in &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;total&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039; &lt;/del&gt;?), subtraction (you want to give away (or sell) some of what you have: how much will you have left&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;?), multiplication (if a cow bears two calves, and you have twenty cows, how many calves will you get&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;?), and division (you have an amount of money, and three barbarians (&#039;&#039;who are definitely &#039;&#039;&#039;not&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Vikings&lt;/del&gt; in any way, shape or form&#039;&#039;) -- how can you split your money up so that everyone is happy, and how many pieces can they break you into if you do not&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_4_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_6_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The fundamentals&lt;/ins&gt; of arithmetic are the disciplines of &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;addition&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt; (you had some, now you have more: how much do you have in total?), &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;subtraction&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt; (you want to give away (or sell) some of what you have: how much will you have left?), &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;multiplication&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt; (if a cow bears two calves, and you have twenty cows, how many calves will you get?), and &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;division&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt; (you have an amount of &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[&lt;/ins&gt;money&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;, and three barbarians (&#039;&#039;who are definitely &#039;&#039;&#039;not&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Viking]]s&lt;/ins&gt; in any way, shape or form&#039;&#039;) -- how can you split your money up so that everyone is happy, and how many pieces can they break you into if you do not?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_9_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_7_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Later, under &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Arabic&lt;/del&gt; influences, concepts such as &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;&#039;&#039;zero&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;&#039;&#039;, and &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;&#039;&#039;fractions&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;&#039;&#039; were introduced.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_7_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_9_0_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Later, under &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Arab]]ic&lt;/ins&gt; influences, concepts such as &#039;&#039;zero&#039;&#039;, and &#039;&#039;fractions&#039;&#039; were introduced.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-left&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_11_1_rhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_10_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In part, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt;arithmetic&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;/del&gt; generated record-keeping (to save doing the same sums over and over again), which in turn generated [[writing]] and [[literate|literacy]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-empty diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-diff-movedpara-right&quot; title=&quot;Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location.&quot; href=&quot;#movedpara_10_0_lhs&quot;&gt;&amp;#x26AB;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;movedpara_11_1_rhs&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In part, arithmetic generated record-keeping (to save doing the same sums over and over again), which in turn generated [[writing]] and [[literate|literacy]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Cian</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=8389&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Simoncursitor at 10:32, 13 January 2005</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Arithmetic&amp;diff=8389&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2005-01-13T10:32:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;New page&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;arithmetic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; arts (or sciences) have to do with basic numbers and their manipulation.  Useful therefore for [[merchant]]s of all sorts, and for tax collectors. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Many people would prefer that [[monarch]]s don&amp;#039;t get too acquainted in these skills or they might ask why the taxes they receive are smaller than the ones collected.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fundamentals of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;arithmetic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; are the disciplines of addition (you had some, now you have more: how much do you have in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;total&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ?), subtraction (you want to give away (or sell) some of what you have: how much will you have left ?), multiplication (if a cow bears two calves, and you have twenty cows, how many calves will you get ?), and division (you have an amount of money, and three barbarians (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;who are definitely &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;not&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Vikings in any way, shape or form&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) -- how can you split your money up so that everyone is happy, and how many pieces can they break you into if you do not ?)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Later, under Arabic influences, concepts such as &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;zero&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, and &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;fractions&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; were introduced.&lt;br /&gt;
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In part, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;arithmetic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; generated record-keeping (to save doing the same sums over and over again), which in turn generated [[writing]] and [[literate|literacy]].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Simoncursitor</name></author>
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