https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Nyckname&feedformat=atomCunnan - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T09:17:36ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Guilh%C3%A8m_de_Peitieus&diff=39875Guilhèm de Peitieus2009-09-08T00:34:35Z<p>Nyckname: /* Duke */</p>
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<div>'''Guilhèm de Peitieus''' (also called '''William of Aquitaine''') was [[Duke]] of [[Aquitaine]] and [[Gascony]] and [[Count]] of [[Poitou]]. He lived from 1071-1126 and is generally known as the first [[troubadour]], essentially inventing the poetic form and the conventions of the genre.<br />
<br />
==Duke==<br />
When he born, Guilhèm considered was [[bastard|illegitimate]] by the [[Church]] owing to his parents' previous [[divorce]]s and [[consanguinity]]. His father, the eighth Duke of Aquitaine (also called Guilhèm) was obliged to make a [[pilgrimage]] to [[Rome]] in order to secure his son's legitimacy. When his father died in 1087, he took up the Duchy and was obliged by politics to marry [[Ermengarde of Anjou]], a quarrelsome and loveless match which he regretted. The childless marriage was dissolved in 1091 and Guilhèm remarried in 1099, again for political reasons. This marriage produced children, including his heir (also named Guilhèm) and his second son, [[Raymond of Toulouse|Raymond]], who would become a prince in the [[Crusader States]].<br />
<br />
==Crusader==<br />
In 1095 [[Pope]] [[Urban II]] visited Guilhèm in Aquitaine and pressed him to join the [[Crusades]], but Guilhèm declined. In 1100, however, he decided to join the [[Crusade of the Faint-Hearted]], partly out of remorse for missing the [[First Crusade]] but mostly as the threat of [[excommunication]] hung over his head; he was in disfavour with the [[Church]] owing to his seizure of [[Toulouse]] the previous year.<br />
<br />
Guilhèm's military record on the Crusade was poor. Joining the third of the armies marching into [[Turk]]ish-controlled [[Anatolia]], he managed to lose several skirmishes through recklessness and finally had his entire command destroyed at [[Heraclea]]. Guilhèm himself escaped to [[Antioch]] with only a handful of companions, finished his [[pilgrimage]] to [[Jerusalem]] and returned to [[Aquitaine]] in 1102.<br />
<br />
==Troubador==<br />
Despite his "successful" pilgrimage, Guilhèm would have trouble with the Church for the rest of his life, including two excommunications -- the first for financial matters, the second for "abducting" a [[vassal]]'s wife. Having been unsuccessful at war, Guilhèm turned his attentions to romance, particularly poetry. The earliest reference to his composition was from 1101, when he wrote "[[crusade song]]s". However, he would write many less pious songs, touching on sex, love, women, his own sexual prowess, and [[feudal]] politics. Often these songs are shockingly graphic, occasionally they are outrageous. These romantic songs written in the vernacular dialect of [[Occitan]] would establish the secular, romantic tradition of [[troubadour]] poetry.<br />
<br />
All the themes that ran through the troubadour tradition can be found in the works of Guilhèm. Despite drawing on contemporary [[Latin]] and [[Hispano-Arabic]] traditions, his works are startling in their inventiveness. Despite the importance of his work only eleven songs are now [[extant]], one of which is of dubious attribution and none of which have melodies, though there is a melodic fragment from a later document that seems to fit one of these songs.<br />
<br />
Guilhèm became known as a prodigious lover and the centre of a number of scandals, particularly the "abduction" of his lover [[Dangereuse]], the wife of one of his vassals. The lady, who had not objected to being abducted at all, was installed in Guilhèm's own castle in [[Poitiers]], much to the outrage of his second wife, Philippa, who retired to an [[abbey]] until her death in 1118.<br />
<br />
After lavish gifts to the Church his excommunications were rescinded in 1120, and in 1126 he passed away after a short illness. His lands were inherited by his son Guilhèm, who would in turn bequeath them to his only daughter, [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]].<br />
<br />
[[category:people (medieval)]] [[category:troubadour]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Stainless_steel&diff=39832Stainless steel2009-08-28T12:38:26Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
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<div>'''Stainless steel''' is an alloy of [[steel]] that contains approximately 18% chromium as well as varying amounts of nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. It resists corrosion more readily than regular [[steel]] or [[iron]] and as such usually retains a very bright lustre due to a nickel based film that forms on the surface.<br />
<br />
It is not a period material and is readily distinguishable from [[steel]] [[armour]] by this very shiny appearance. <br />
<br />
[[category:metal]]<br />
[[category:materials (modern)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Coursing&diff=39828Coursing2009-08-26T22:11:27Z<p>Nyckname: Pet peeve. Using the same word twice, that close together.</p>
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<div>'''Coursing''' was originally a [[sport]] where a single sight [[hound]] chased down a [[rabbit]] or [[hare]]. During the [[16th century]] coursing became a competitive sport with two (a ''brace of hounds'') being released on a single game [[animal]]. In the [[18th century]] [[laws|rules]] were set down that placed the number of hounds at two.<br />
<br />
Coursing may be considered the original "sport of [[king]]s," as only [[nobility]] were allowed to own [[greyhound]]s (who are well-bred for such a sport). Other sight hounds, such as the lurcher, may also used for coursing.<br />
<br />
Hare coursing was banned in [[England]] in early 2005.<br />
<br />
== Coursing in the SCA ==<br />
Coursing in the [[SCA]] consists of a [[dog]] chasing a simulated rabbit (usually a piece of shopping bag) that is pulled around a course with pulleys. Dogs are timed from their release until they catch the rabbit, best time wins.<br />
[[category:sports]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Pun&diff=39827Pun2009-08-26T21:14:57Z<p>Nyckname: /* Sample Pun */</p>
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<div>A '''pun''' is a [[play]] on words, either using similar sounding words (homophones) or using different senses of a word.<br />
<br />
''For example:''<br />
:[[Master]] [[Gwynfor Lwyd]]: "Wouldn't it be great if we could get [[Lady Bethany]] in [[Elizabethan]]?"<br />
:[[Lord]] [[Sui Zo]]: "Yes, she would be our shortest Elizabethan"<br />
:Master Gwynfor: "Gee, that's a bit ''[[ruff]]''"<br />
<br />
The pun, of course, is the highest form of [[wit]], and those who practice the [[art]] of punning are greatly respected for their repartee, oral skills and lateral thinking. A punster judges the effectiveness of his or her work by the volume, amount and pain of the groans of the audience, the number of times he or she is struck by [[people]] and the quantity of [[food]] scraps hurled at them in appreciation of their talents.<br />
<br />
==== Sample Pun ====<br />
Once upon a time there were two Picts running down a lane, and they tripped and fell. One of them received very serious abrasions and the other one didn't. His was the woad less gravelled.<br />
<br />
<br />
See [[weasel]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category: Humour]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Trencher&diff=39823Trencher2009-08-24T13:35:10Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
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<div>A '''trencher''' is, simply, the bottom half of a loaf of [[bread]] which<br />
is used as a [[plate]]. The loaf is cut horizontally lengthwise, then<br />
food is piled on and consumed. In [[period]], trenchers<br />
themselves were not eaten, but thrown to the [[dog]]s (or<br />
occasionally the [[poor]]). If one was really wealthy, they placed<br />
the trencher on a [[plate]], rather than on the table itself.<br />
<br />
Bread trenchers were replaced by [[wood]]en trenchers (possibly for reasons of economy) which were generally square with a shallow dishing in the top. Later trenchers also have a secondary smaller dish, possibly for the containment of [[salt]] after it had been removed from a [[salt cellar]]. <br />
<br />
In the [[SCA]] some refer to large wooden [[plate]]s or [[platter]]s as<br />
trenchers, but this is not [[period]].<br />
<br />
For those who wish to try eating from a medieval trencher, simply<br />
cut a loaf of thick, coarse bread (such as ''pumpernickel'')<br />
horizontally along its length. Set the top portion aside, and use<br />
the flat-bottomed half as a plate. Pile [[medieval]] [[food]]s on top of it<br />
and dig in. ''Do not'' try this on your lap, (or on mum's good<br />
[[linen]] [[tablecloth]]) as a certain amount of gravy-leakage can be<br />
expected to occur.<br />
[[category:tableware]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Bucket&diff=39822Bucket2009-08-24T13:30:56Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
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<div>[[image:bucket.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica Bucket.]]A '''bucket''' is a vessel used to carry objects and liquids (typically water). They might be made of [[wood]], [[leather]] or [[metal]]. They might be banded with [[metal]] although [[wood]] was more common. The shape the bucket is might also be the reverse of the shape of modern buckets with the top being narrower than the base, particularly in the [[early medieval]] period.<br />
<br />
Buckets designed to hold liquids (wet buckets) were made by [[cooper]]s but dry buckets could be made by anyone with rough skills as only the wet buckets require the skills of a cooper to ensure a watertight(ish) fit.<br />
<br />
[[category:tool]]<br />
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Where_to_begin&diff=39820Where to begin2009-08-23T01:07:08Z<p>Nyckname: /* Confucius Say... */</p>
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<div>Wondering '''where to begin?''' Here's a few hints to get you started. <br />
<br />
==Who Do You Want to Be Today?==<br />
You might like to think about what you are interested in.<br />
<br />
===That's Interesting===<br />
Are you interested in:<br />
* certain activities, like:<br />
**[[combat|fighting]]?<br />
**[[cooking]]?<br />
**making [[armour]]?<br />
**making [[garb|clothing]]<br />
**making [[weapons|swords or axes]]<br />
**[[woodworking]]<br />
* a particular [[culture]], such as:<br />
**[[Celt]]s<br />
**[[Greek]]s<br />
**[[Norman]]s<br />
**[[Saxon]]s<br />
**[[Roman]]s<br />
**[[Viking]]s<br />
* a particular time, such as:<br />
**[[5th century BC]]<br />
**[[4th century BC]]<br />
**[[3rd century BC]]<br />
**[[2nd century BC]]<br />
**[[1st century BC]]<br />
**[[1st century]]<br />
**[[2nd century]]<br />
**[[3rd century]]<br />
**[[4th century]]<br />
**[[5th century]]<br />
**[[6th century]]<br />
**[[7th century]]<br />
**[[8th century]]<br />
**[[9th century]]<br />
**[[10th century]]<br />
**[[11th century]]<br />
**[[12th century]]<br />
**[[13th century]]<br />
**[[14th century]]<br />
**[[15th century]]<br />
**[[16th century]]<br />
**[[17th century]]<br />
**[[18th century]]<br />
**[[19th century]]<br />
**[[20th century]]<br />
<br />
Any of these reasons are good. You might choose a period basely on the fact you fancy the way you'd look in a [[doublet]].<br />
<br />
==Locked On==<br />
Well since you've decided one, it's time to decide the others. You may find that you will take up other aspects later on.<br />
===Talk to the Animals===<br />
Here's where a little bit of [[research]] comes in.<br />
Look around, in [[book]]s, online and talk to people about these different times (the category '''Starting Out''' at the bottom of this page may help here) and find out where you feel most at home. When listening to others, you will probably find that they will be very keen about their own [[period]] so they may seem to very persuasive, but in the end, you need to be comfortable with what your doing. <br />
<br />
===Waaargh! These Guys Aren't Any Fun===<br />
If you want to be a [[Viking]] and the group you found only does [[Tudor]] court-like activities or is a World War II infantry unit, then you will need to seek out [[recreationist sites|other recreationist]]s who are more in tune with the way you think. <br />
They are out there. Sometimes they might not be very local, but sometimes that's just they way it is.<br />
<br />
Go [[recreationist sites|here]] to try and find a group for you. A bit of effort here, can save you grief later one.<br />
<br />
==...My Kind of Scum==<br />
You found a group who do what you think you'd like to do. You've checked out their website and think they'll be fun.<br />
<br />
So go and talk to them. [[Recreationist]]s, in general, will be some of the nicest people you will come across. Since they know that some people think their hobby a little odd, they may be a little quiet at first, but let them know that you are interested in what they are doing and they tend to become chatterboxes.<br />
<br />
==I Haven't a Thing to Wear==<br />
Don't worry and don't rush out and buy or make something straight away. Most groups have [[loaner gear|club kit]] that they can bung you in so that you don't look out of place. If you want to have a go at [[combat|fighting]] they will probably have something there too. This is not always the case, but it is quite common.<br />
<br />
Now is the time to see if this is ''really'' the period you want to do. Does it turn out that to be a 95th Rifler you'll need some very expensive kit and it turns out it wasn't quite what you expected?<br />
<br />
Find this out now before buying heaps of stuff.<br />
<br />
==Target Confirmed==<br />
You definitely have found the group you like. They look how you would like to look, behave the way you would like to behave and do the activities that you want to do.<br />
<br />
What now? Nows the time to buy or make sure gear. I would recommend a basic, servicable outfit. Nothing too fancy, but make it out of the appropriate [[fabric]]. Some people never get out of this first outfit, so you'd best do it reasonably well. You will find that you make some small (or large) mistakes in the beginning. <br />
<br />
===Nollij===<br />
Your best defence against an expensive mistake is knowledge. <br />
*Talk to the others in the group and find out what they recommned. They might have patterns you can use, a helpful soul to guide you or a specific supplier of ready made goods.<br />
<br />
*Keep [[research]]ing. New information surfaces all the time and what was right fifteen years ago, may have been re-interpreted a little later on.<br />
<br />
==Dances with Wolves==<br />
You have your basic outfit. What now?<br />
<br />
Whatever you like. Look at who else has similar interests. Get together and work on a project. They might have resources that you will find very interesting. There might be others doing something you had not thought of and find that that activity is really good fun, or you might have an interest none of the others in the group have looked into yet. You can never have enough knowledge and finding the information can be a source of both frustration at time and great satisfaction. <br />
<br />
Just keep having fun.<br />
<br />
==Confucius Say...==<br />
Some friendly words of advice:<br />
*You don't have to have the poshest kit, to look great.<br />
*Don't make the uncommon, common.<br />
* Sometimes, less is more.<br />
* "Insert Tab A into Slot A". This means you should attempt to ensure that you theme your outfit.<br />
<br />
[[category:starting out]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=To_participate_in_the_SCA_on_a_small_budget&diff=39819To participate in the SCA on a small budget2009-08-23T00:50:24Z<p>Nyckname: /* Bargain hunt! */ repaired link</p>
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<div>You may hear people saying that the [[SCA]] is an expensive hobby. That can be true, but it can also be a great hobby to enjoy on a budget. Many people are poor students, with low end jobs, some [[fabric]] remnants, a [[basket]], and perhaps a [[wood]]en [[cup]] when they start out in the SCA. Yet they still manage to participate. What've you got? I bet you can make it go farther than you think ;)<br />
<br />
== Bargain hunt! ==<br />
*If you look, you can find all kinds of things for very very little. <br />
*Haunt sale sections and [[Op-shop|charity/op/thrift shops]] for things you need, like used wooden [[bowl]]s and baskets. Check for cheap [[leather]] garments and large [[wool]] and [[linen]] pants. Also look for cheap woollen blankets and old (not thermal lined) curtains - if it is large enough you can cut around stains or tears. If you sew, this is a great way to get cheap "fabric", just cut off the seams and findings. Piecing garb is very [[period]]. <br />
*Early on, you can get away with spending relatively little on garb and [[feasting gear]]. <br />
*Many people on a budget recycle old fabric and try to buy fabric when they have a little extra cash. <br />
*Save up and buy the reference books you cannot live without, or spend spare time in your local library.<br />
*shop on the discount table of your fabric shop. If you can learn to tell fabric content by feel rather than the label, you can pick up some unlabelled bargains at the fabric shop. Don't forget to look in the remnant bin, especially in the upolstery section - 1m of brocade might not make a whole garment, but it might make a nice bodice or a cheap trim.<br />
*Learn to think latterally about where you buy things. Soft furnishing suppliers often sell off excess fabrics (many of which are nice brocades). Cheap childrens necklaces may be just as good as overpriced fake [[pearl]] [[bead]]s. The [[metal]] bits on the [[belt]] on the throwout table may make a nice [[brooch]].<br />
<br />
== Pack a picnic. Really.==<br />
*A good low-cost way to feed oneself is to bring simple food with you to events - [[bread]], [[cheese]], [[apple]]s. <br />
<br />
== Barter your time and skills for room/board with established [[household]]s. ==<br />
*One can often trade work for food (wash dishes for dinners at camping events, for example)<br />
*Bake bread (which is fairly simple and inexpensive to do, but is very time-costly) or make some other dish as your contribution to your groups food for the weekend. <br />
*Ask friends to let you 'room' with them in their spacious [[pavilion]] or large [[tent]] until you can afford a tent of your own. <br />
*Get rides with friends to events, in exchange for gas/petrol money.<br />
*Ask if you might be able to attend the feast as a server or kitchen help at discount prices due to financial hardship. Be prepared to do the work you sign up to fairly and well.<br />
*If the event steward offers discounts for financial hardship, or you think they might be able to, ask well in advance, don't leave it until the last minute.<br />
<br />
== Use your time instead of your money.==<br />
*Make your own simple [[jewellery]], and keep an eye out for [[medieval]] looking things in unexpected places. <br />
*Make your own garb from bargain-priced or recycled cloth. <br />
*Go to libraries after class or work and research there. <br />
*Save things that will be useful in making reasonably period looking other things. <br />
*Spend time doing it (whatever 'it' is) yourself, if you can. Nearly all of your kit can be reasonably authentic (or at least reasonably [[medievaloid]]), if you take the time to try.<br />
*If you discover a talent for a craft, trade what you make for other goods or favours. People often prefer trade to paying you money - you'll get better deals. Sometimes your patron may even pay for good materials if you have the time to provide manpower.<br />
<br />
== Dress simply and comfortably to start with.==<br />
*Simple [[garb]] is often cheaper and easier to sew when you are just starting out.<br />
*Patterns and instructions are easily available on the web.<br />
*It's very easy to be authentic with an undertunic, a [[tunic]], [[trews]], and a [[cloak]], or an undergown, overgown, [[veil]] and a [[cloak]].<br />
*you can make a small wardrobe of three or four pieces and layer them appropriately to the weather for comfort.<br />
*Nearly all the most long-lasting starter garb is 'simple'. You may find you like it that way.<br />
*Remember that, in period, people usually only had a few sets of outer clothes and lots of underclothes. Don't fall for the modern "must have a new outfit for each event" mindset!<br />
*A cloak can just be a blanket pinned at the shoulder. Pin carefully to leave no holes and it can be returned to the bed later.<br />
*Layered tunics are often warmer than a cloak on a windy day. Modern thermal underclothes can add warmth if they don't show.<br />
<br />
== Borrow what you do not have, and be honourable about returning it.==<br />
*"[[Oldtimers]]" often have assembled a large amount of clothing and gear over the years and have things to loan to new people starting out. Ask who is willing to take you under ther wing.<br />
*Often you can borrow garb and sometimes other things from your group. Talk to your local [[hospitaller]].<br />
*If your local hospitaller has no clothing in your size, they may be willing to find some fabric for you to make up into clothing and let you be the first person to wear it, if you turn it into clothing.<br />
<br />
== Be willing to learn and willing to share what skills you already possess. ==<br />
*Ask where to shop and share your own thrifty tricks and techniques<br />
*Teach others how to do things you already do, like [[sewing]], [[dancing]], [[juggling]] or [[singing]]. <br />
<br />
== Be social!==<br />
*This is a social activity, and often it's one's friends who take you to the first event. Don't be afraid to ask them for help if you want to do this more often!<br />
<br />
== External Links==<br />
*[http://jauncourt.i8.com/hints.htm#newbie This article is based on an original article previously published by Lady Marguerie de Jauncourt.] <br />
[[category:SCA]]<br />
[[category:starting out]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Op-shop&diff=39818Op-shop2009-08-23T00:08:50Z<p>Nyckname: /* Re-Enactment Op Shoppers */</p>
<hr />
<div>regional variations: "thrift store", "charity store" "second hand store" "oxfam shop" etc<br />
<br />
An '''opportunity shop''' is a second-hand goods store that operates usually to raise [[money]] for a [[charity]]. They are the best source of almost anything you want in the [[SCA]]. Things to keep an eye out for next time you walk past your local op-shop:<br />
*[[Fabric]]: Curtain fabric can make some great garb! Old bed sheets can be used to make up prototype [[garb]] so you don't waste your new good fabric. Old linen bed sheets make good [[chemise]]s.<br />
*[[Cushion]]s!: What everyone in the SCA needs at outdoor [[events]], or for sitting during [[court]].<br />
*[[Feasting gear]]: Yes. You can get all your feasting gear from an op-shop. [[Two pronged fork]]s, [[goblet]]s, [[tankard]]s, [[wood]]en and [[ceramic]] bowls and plates, [[candle]] stick holders or components for [[making oil lamps]]. And all for under $5! Think of all that 70s stuff that people got rid of. It's all now used in the SCA.<br />
*[[Accessories]]: [[leather]] [[shoes]], [[pouch]]es, [[bag]]s, [[carved wood]]en boxes, [[jewellery]], [[belt]]s...<br />
<br />
==Re-Enactment Op Shoppers==<br />
[[Re-enactor]]s also frequently begin their gear acquisition careers in op-shops but more recently have come to consider many items to be too [[medjeeval]] to be of use. Such gear is generally acceptable for new members but are encouraged to acquire more accurate materials over time.<br />
<br />
However, some good finds can still be found by the [[authenticity]] conscious shopper, but will require a lot more visits (and a lot more looking at period examples) to find a single good piece:<br />
*[[tool]]s that will be used at home (not events)<br />
*long and careful shopping for that exact piece that can only be otherwise found in reproductions eg [[wood]]en hand carved [[bowl]]s as [[mazers]] - not every one, but some<br />
*items that are fairly similar to period models, and can be recrafted eg repaint a [[plate]], add some specific decoration to a fairly plain candelabra, cut the base off the right martini glass to make a perfect conical [[beaker]]/oil [[lamp]], etc<br />
*raw materials eg second hand [[silk]] [[embroidery]] thread, carve a [[chair]]leg into a [[weaving]] accessory, [[pearl]] [[necklace]]s and other [[bead]]s, antique [[boning]], rags or [[feather]] filled items for stuffing [[pillow]]s<br />
*patterned [[fabric]]s that are the next best thing to reproduction [[fabric]]s - better than most [[fabric shop]]s have. Don't forget to look at fabrics that are currently shaped as beadspreads or garments<br />
*old [[fur]] [[coat]]s - a more ethical alternative to new furs<br />
*simple [[buckle]]s - some are nearly identical to reproductions, others are awful<br />
*soft [[leather]] [[jacket]]s to make [[gloves]] - when you need a certain quality of [[leather]].<br />
<br />
Such finds will be few and far between for the serious re-enactor. But they will have the benefit of being items that you often cannot find in new goods shops. You will need to have a very clear memory of what the period examples look like in your head before going shopping, or other wise you may get confused in the blur of things that are [[medjeeval]]. Don't be afraid to walk out and come back later with a picture of the period item you think it looks like. The items you want to buy are generally so esoteric that they will be still there, and you will be happier at not having wasted your money.<br />
<br />
==Internal Links==<br />
''See also:''<br />
*[[Bargain Store]]<br />
[[category:suppliers]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=First_Crusade&diff=39817First Crusade2009-08-21T23:32:04Z<p>Nyckname: /* Preaching the Crusade */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''First Crusade''' was an armed expedition under religious authority by various western European [[Christian]] lords against the [[Muslim]]-controlled [[Holy Land]]. Consisting of two distinct stages, the [[First_Crusade#The_Peasants.27_Crusade|Peasants' Crusade]] and the Frankish Crusade, it lasted from 1096 - 1099 CE and resulted in the foundation of the [[Crusader States]], most significantly the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Preaching the Crusade ==<br />
On 27 November, 1095, in response to a plea from [[Byzantine]] Emperor [[Alexius I]], [[Pope]] [[Urban II]] made a public speech in the cathedral of [[Clermont]], urging all [[Christian]]s to reinforce the Byzantines and reclaim the [[Holy Land]] from the [[Muslim]]s. This notion of a [[crusade]], a huge "armed [[pilgrimage]]" to the lands where [[Christ]] has lived was without precedent in Europe, and his request succeeded beyond his wildest dreams; soon huge armies were being amassed to make the long journey to [[Constantinople]] and beyond, to [[Jerusalem]]. <br />
<br />
The first nobleman to lead an army from Europe was [[Walter Sans-Avoir]] ("Walter the Penniless"), who led a small force to Byzantium without major incident and awaited the remainder of the armies.<br />
<br />
== The People's Crusade ==<br />
The second of the armies to set off was not an "army" at all, but a rag-tag force of commoners, including old women and children, led by the charismatic preacher [[Peter the Hermit]]. This '''Peasants' Crusade''' (also called the '''People's Crusade''' or '''Pauper's Crusade''') did great damage to the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] countryside, cumulating in a massacre at the town of [[Semlin]] earning the enmity of King [[Coloman]]. Fearing his retribution, they entered the Byzantine empire and promptly [[fire]]d the city of [[Belgrade]]. <br />
<br />
Despite having [[hostage]]s taken by the Byzantines against their good behaviour, they attacked the city of [[Nish]] without much success. In response, general [[Nicetas]] attacked the peasant army and inflicted heavy casualties. After this, the much-diminished force led by Peter the Hermit was permitted to approach [[Constantinople]], but not to enter the city except in small numbers under guard.<br />
<br />
Joining with Walter Sans-Avoir's force, Peter the Hermit's troops were ferried across the [[Bosphorus]] by Alexius' ships and deposited in Asia Minor, where their leaders began quarreling. The divided force moved inland to an old Byzantine military camp at [[Civetot]], plundering Byzantine subjects as they went. Peter the Hermit's largely [[French]] force attacked the countryside around [[Nicaea]], burning and taking [[plunder]]. Walter's mostly [[German]] force seized the [[castle]] of [[Xerigordon]], and were immediately besieged by the Turks. Lacking an internal water supply, Xerigordon's defenders suffered great hardship and were wiped out, the few survivors forcibly converted to [[Islam]] and enslaved.<br />
<br />
Peter the Hermit, unaware of the fall of Xerigordon, marched blindly into Turkish territory from Civetot and were ambushed near the village of Dracon, where the last of the Peasants' Crusade were massacred and enslaved. A handful of survivors, including Peter the Hermit, fled back to Civetot and were rescued by a hastily organized Byzantine force.<br />
<br />
== The Armies Gather ==<br />
The leaders of the Crusades are listed in the order in which they arrived in [[Constantinople]].<br />
<br />
===Hugh===<br />
While the Peasants' Crusade met with disaster in Asia Minor, in [[Europe]] the main armies of the Crusade were gathering. Pope Urban II had spent much of the winter of 1095-96 preaching the Crusade in [[France]], and the nobility was responding. First of the great lords to swear an [[oath]] to free Jerusalem was [[Raymond of Toulouse]], bringing his [[vassal]]s with him, but he tarried in France. He was quickly overtaken and passed by [[Hugh of Vermandois]], the younger son of [[Henry I of France]], who hastened with his troops to Constantinople by sea, and was then compelled to wait on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus for months while the other [[Frank]]s caught up. This delay, however, was perhaps mitigated by Hugh's need to re-equip, having lost much of his personal baggage in a [[shipwreck]] while en route.<br />
<br />
===Godfrey===<br />
[[Godfrey of Bouillon]] raised money for the crusade by selling [[estate]]s in France, then elected on an overland route through Hungary, following the path of Peter the Hermit the year before. King Coloman allowed Godfrey's force to pass through his territory, but only on the condition that Godfrey's brother [[Baldwin I|Baldwin]] be held hostage to their good behaviour. <br />
<br />
The army crossed into Byzantine territory, skirting the still-devastated city of Belgrade and making camp at [[Selymbria]], where the troops remained while their leaders travelled onward to Constantinople to meet the Emperor. In Constantinople, Alexius demanded oaths of allegiance from the Franks, who promptly balked; in response to their reluctance he cut off their food supply, whereupon Godfrey returned to Selymbria, gathered his now-riotous troops, and attacked the city of Constantinople.<br />
<br />
A siege was narrowly avoided following negotiations which resulted in Godfrey swearing allegiance, and his army was quickly ferried across the Bosphorus before further trouble could develop.<br />
<br />
===Bohemund===<br />
[[Bohemund of Taranto]], a [[Norman]] lord, left from his Italian holdings in late 1096, quite literally forsaking his local struggles for the glory of the crusade; in order to gather his forces he abandoned the siege of [[Amalfi]] midway. Despite his reputation as a ruthless disciplinarian (or, perhaps, because of it) his army traveled overland to Constantinople with little incident. However, Bohemund had ambitions to lead the entire Crusade, not merely his own army and this quickly brought him into conflict with other Frank leaders. In addition, he had his own never-abandoned claim on the throne of Byzantium to cause tension with Alexius. Regardless, he swore allegiance (unlike his nephew [[Tancred]]) and crossed the Bosphorus, joining the other Crusader lords there.<br />
<br />
===Raymond===<br />
[[Raymond of Toulouse]], while being the first lord of substance to take up the Frank's [[badge]] of the red [[cross]], was also the last southern [[French]] lord to arrive in Constantinople. His army, unlike the relatively disciplined forces who had preceded him that year, had quite literally fought their way across the [[Baltic|Balkans]], engaging in a long and bloody conflict with the [[Serb]]ian tribes of that region. Worn and battered, they straggled into Byzantine territory with only a handful of their commanders surviving. <br />
<br />
Without the moderating influence of Bishop [[Adhemar of Le Puy]], wounded and recuperating in [[Thessalonica]], Raymond's army was restless and unguided. When Raymond and his officers hurried ahead to meet Alexius, his undisciplined troops took to raiding the surrounding Byzantine countryside out of boredom. A Byzantine counterattack seized their baggage train and cut off their supplies.<br />
<br />
In Constantinople Alexius fared little better with Raymond. Like earlier arrivals, he balked at the required oath of allegiance; this situation was complicated by Raymond's distrust of Bohemund, who was intriguing for command of the crusade. An impasse was quickly reached which could only be smoothed by the still-recovering Bishop Adhemar, who hastened to Constantinople to break the deadlock.<br />
<br />
===Robert===<br />
A final army arrived under [[Robert of Normandy]], eldest son of [[William the Conqueror]]. Nominally in command, he led a cobbled-together force with [[Stephen of Blois]] and [[Robert of Flanders]], whose opinions he was required to consult before making decisions. This state of affairs was further complicated by the presence of most of the notoriously independent nobility of [[Normandy]], including his domineering sister [[Adela]] (wife of Stephen of Blois), and Bishop [[Odo of Bayeux]], as well as [[knight]]s from [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Brittany]].<br />
<br />
This large and fractious force made its way to [[Italy]] where it received the personal blessing of Pope Urban, then took ship to Constantinople, where, after some persuasion, Alexius extracted oaths of allegiance and shipped their force to the southern shores of the Bosphorus to join the force of some 70,000 assembled Crusaders in April of 1097.<br />
<br />
== Asia Minor ==<br />
===Nicaea===<br />
Now gathered at last, the [[Frank]]s (as they were collectively called by the [[Muslim]]s) marched inland towards [[Turk]]ish territory. Following Peter the Hermit's route, they attacked [[Nicaea]] but unlike the ill-fated Peasant's Crusade these Franks had the skill and determination to take a walled city. Led by Godfrey (Bohemund had remained in Constantinople to lobby for overall command) they laid siege to the city, fully encircling it. Raymond drove off a Turkish force coming to reinforce the city, and Bohemund fortuitously arrived with fresh supplies. <br />
<br />
Alexius' representatives, meanwhile, secretly negotiated with the leaders of Nicaea, a city that had been, after all, [[Byzantine]] a generation before. Despite a determined Turkish attempt to relive the city on 21 May, the siege was successful and Nicaea surrendered on 19 June 1097, just before a planned final assault by the western Franks, but to ''Alexius''. The negotiations, conducted without the knowledge of the Crusader lords, had been successful and the Franks were denied the opportunity to [[sack]] the city. Alexius quickly sent gifts to the army's leaders, attempting to smooth over any ruffled feathers.<br />
<br />
===Dorylaeum===<br />
Following the fall of Nicaea the Franks were faced with a difficulty of feeding their huge force. For logistical reasons they were divided into two armies and proceeded further into Turkish territory, foraging as they went. A primarily [[Norman]] force under Bohemund, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Blois was encamped at [[Dorylaeum]] and attacked by a large Turkish force. <br />
<br />
Bohemund defended the camp, which had a protected well, by dismounting his knights and holding them in a disciplined [[formation]]; meanwhile riders were sent to find the second Frankish army, which was brought up to reinforce their beleaguered comrades. Bishop Adhemar personally led the counterattack, and the Turks retreated. Estimates place the Franks' dead at more than 4,000, the Turks as many as 3,000.<br />
<br />
As the Franks began a six-week pursuit across Asia Minor, the Turkish forces began a scorched-earth policy, in particular destroying cisterns, and the Franks suffered greatly in the heat of the summer. By the time they reached [[Iconium]] in August, they were badly in need of a rest.<br />
<br />
===Tarsus and Armenia===<br />
In September of 1097 [[Tancred]] and [[Baldwin I|Baldwin]] led small forces from the Franks' resting-place in [[Heraclea]] across the Taurus Mountains and into [[Armenia]], attacking the ancient city of [[Tarsus]]. A primarily [[Christian]] city garrisoned by Turks, the city was quickly seized after a short siege when the garrison abandoned the city. However, despite the fact that Tancred had started the siege, Baldwin claimed Tarsus as his own [[domain]]. As Tancred's force numbered some 300 and Baldwin's more than 2500, Baldwin's troops prevailed after a brief battle. This fighting between Christians shocked the Crusaders and drove a permanent wedge between Tancred and Baldwin; later, when Tancred seized the virtually undefended town of [[Mamistra]] he outright refused to allow Baldwin entrance, and another brief battle broke out.<br />
<br />
While this was occurring to the south of them, the main Frankish force entered the Christian land of Armenia. Long under threat by the Turks, the Armenians now welcomed the Franks as liberators, and they hoped for a quick and well-supplied passage to the Holy Land. However, as the army crossed the Anti-Taurus Mountains into [[Cilicia]] they were struck by torrential rains which made travel a nightmare. By the time they reached [[Marash]] it was badly battered army which wearily crossed the plains into the Levant, making for [[Antioch]].<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, following his disputes with Tancred, [[Baldwin I|Baldwin]] made alliance with the Armenian ruler [[Thoros of Edessa]]. Baldwin had managed to get himself named Thoros' son and [[heir]], and quickly became co-regent of [[Edessa]]. By March of 1098 he became sole ruler of the city when Thoros was killed by a mob. Edessa was then besieged by [[Kerbogha]], [[Atabeg]] of [[Mosul]], who could not quickly seize the city. Rather than spend months in a siege, Kerbogha marched on Antioch, trying --unsuccessfully -- to reinforce the city before the Franks under Bohemund breached the walls.<br />
<br />
== Antioch ==<br />
The ancient city of [[Antioch]] was the key to the Holy Land for the Franks, and in October of 1097 they besieged it. Initial successes, such as the massacre of the garrison of [[Harenc]] and the arrival of a [[Genoa|Genoese]] fleet at the nearby port of [[Saint Symeon]], quickly came to naught. Supplies, at first plentiful, quickly ran out as winter arrived. As the siege dragged on into winter, divisions between the Crusader lords grew and tensions in their camp increased. Just after Christmas, [[Bohemund of Taranto|Bohemund]] actually stripped 20,000 Franks from the siege and went raiding, apparently out of boredom; the ruler of Antioch, [[Yaghi-Siyan]], took advantage of his absence to launch a massive attack on the Frank camp on 29 December, which was defeated by Raymond. Bohemund meanwhile besieged the city of [[Albara]] and was attacked by a large relieving force on 30 December; thanks to the courage of Robert of Flanders he managed to beat them back. <br />
<br />
By the end of January these small victories could no longer boost morale, despite control of the port of Saint Symeon the army was not being supplied properly. In addition, Bishop Adhemar ordered a three-day [[fast]] to mortify the army spiritually. This did little to help morale, and in February 1098 a second Turkish relief force was sighted approaching, whereupon Alexius' representatives left the army to return to Byzantium. His troops outnumbered and starving, Bohemund planned an ambush at the Orontes River. It succeeded, and the Turks were routed, providing a boost to Frankish morale. Soon after, a fleet brought enough supplies to continue the siege for a few weeks. As well, a Turkish sortie outside the walls resulted in the loss of some 1,500 of the city's defenders.<br />
<br />
As the siege progressed, however, hardship has increased inside the walls as well. A dissatisfied Armenian officer in the Turkish defense made a deal with Bohemund, allowing the Franks to enter the city through the tower he commanded, and in June 1098 the city gates were opened from within. The Franks swarmed through the gate and killed every Turk they could find, as well as a goodly number of Christians. Yaghi-Siyan died in the sack of the city, and his surviving troops fled to the [[citadel]], holding it in hope of reinforcement. Unfortunately for the Franks a large Turkish force under [[Kerbogha]], Atabeg of Mosul, was approaching Antioch, having given up the siege of Edessa. They quickly retreated within the walls and sealed the gates.<br />
<br />
The situation was now this: The surviving Turkish garrison of Antioch held the citadel, but could not retake the city. The Franks held the city, but were now trapped inside the walls by Kerbogha and cut off from even the thin trickle of supplies via Saint Symeon. Kerbogha lacked the strength to storm the walls. Nobody had much in the way of supplies, and Bohemund desperately called to Alexius I for help. As Alexius brought a large Byzantine army across Asia Minor, he was met by [[Stephen of Blois]], who erroneously reported the destruction of Bohemund's force at Antioch. Alexius, believing Antioch a lost cause, turned back to Constantinople.<br />
<br />
Starving, surrounded and with no help coming, the Franks inside Antioch were in a seemingly hopeless predicament. However, their morale was greatly increased when a peasant, one Peter Bartholemew, reported finding the [[Holy Lance]], an important [[Christian]] [[relic]], under the floor of the cathedral. With this powerful symbol in hand the Franks sortied on 28 June 1098 and attacked the Turks in the open field, shattering Kerbogha's forces and driving them all the way back to Mosul. Without hope of reinforcement, the survivors of the original Turkish garrison surrendered the citadel in exchange for their lives. It was a seemingly miraculous victory in the very face of defeat.<br />
<br />
== Internal Conflict ==<br />
Following the fall of [[Antioch]], the Franks became even more divided. After the hardships of the preceding year, many of the Crusaders felt their vows had been fulfilled and wished to return home. First to leave was [[Hugh of Vermandois]], who returned to France via Constantinople, informing a chagrined [[Alexius I]] of the Franks' victory. [[Bohemund of Taranto|Bohemund]] also favoured returning home, but found himself in conflict with [[Raymond of Toulouse|Raymond]], who fervently wished to press on to Jerusalem. As the two had divided Antioch between themsevles conflict seemed inevitable. All eyes looked to Bishop [[Adhemar of Le Puy|Adhemar]] to mediate the growing tensions, but in August of 1098 he succumbed to an epidemic of [[typhoid]] which had swept the army.<br />
<br />
His death served to dissolve the bonds which held the Franks together. Bohemund set off to the north to conquer [[Cilicia]] for himself, [[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godfrey]] was given the towns of [[Turbessel]] and [[Ravendel]] by his brother [[Baldwin I|Baldwin]] (who of course held [[Edessa]]), [[Robert of Flanders]] left to seize the port of [[Lattakieh]]. As supplies remained low, Raymond was raiding extensively, trying to feed his army; the troops became increasingly restless and undisciplined. <br />
<br />
By late autumn the tensions between Raymond and Bohemund reached a head. At the fortress of [[Maarat an-Numan]] the Franks were besieged and suffered great privations while Raymond and Bohemund wrangled about competing claims to the town. In disgust their own men undermined and toppled the walls, making the town strategically useless and compelling their lords to press on. An agreement was reluctantly reached: Raymond would abandon his claim to Antioch for Bohemund's assistance taking Jerusalem.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Jerusalem ==<br />
After abandoning Maarat an-Numan, the Frankish army crossed to the coast, taking the port of [[Tortosa]] by trickery, unsuccessfully besieging the town of [[Arqa]], and establishing a [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] bishopric at [[Ramleh]] in defiance of [[Alexius I|Alexius]]' [[Orthodox]] church. After this, [[Tancred]] led a small force to [[Bethlehem]] to liberate the inhabitants, a large morale boost for the Franks.<br />
<br />
On 7 June 1099 the Crusade reached Jerusalem, held by [[Egypt]]ian and [[Sudan]]ese troops under the command of [[Iftikhar ad-Daula]], who seized the property of all Christians within the walls and expelled them, in the hopes of burdening the besiegers. The Franks surrounded the city but knew they could not afford a long siege, as desertions were on the rise and infighting between the nobles was increasing. Faltering morale was boosted by a [[fast]] and barefoot procession around the city walls on 8 July. The next day the Franks brought up hastily-constructed siege engines, causing alarm within the city. During the night of 13 July, the engines were brought close to the walls under cover of darkness and the battle was joined in earnest.<br />
<br />
By 15 July a siege tower under [[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godfrey]] had reached the walls and a footholds had been secured within the city. Godfrey hastily sent men through the streets to seize and open the gates, while [[Tancred]] attacked and pillaged the Dome of the Rock, an act of great sacrilege to [[Muslim]]s. A large number of Muslims fled to the [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] and Tancred seized them for ransom, but was unable to stop his fellow crusaders from massacring them in the mosque itself.<br />
<br />
As the defenses crumbled in panic, the Franks poured into the city and began an appalling slaughter. Three years of deprivation and hardship was transmuted into the massacre of the majority of the inhabitants of Jerusalem with little regard for the niceties of [[ransom]] and [[chivalry]]. In the initial rush, everyone the Franks met, man, woman or child, was put to the sword without mercy. [[Fulcher of Chartres]] claimed that in the al-Aqsa Mosque some ten thousand people were beheaded (despite Tancred's efforts to protect his valuable hostages) and the blood ran ankle-deep within the sanctuary. Many of the city's [[Jew]]s, seeking shelter in the [[synagogue]], were sealed in and burned alive when the building was [[fire]]d.<br />
<br />
After the massacre, the [[Gesta Francorum]] records that the streets were filled with dead, and the Frankish leaders commanded the corpses be dragged out of the city and cremated on "pyres like pyramids", and in this fashion "countless pagans" were burnt.<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Although the various Crusader lords had sworn oaths of allegiance to [[Alexius I]] specifically pledging to return freed lands to the [[Byzantum|Byzantine Empire]], this was not done. Alexius' failure to provide support at Antioch was regarded as a betrayal and an abrogation of the oath. <br />
<br />
Likewise, many of the Crusader lords were planning on returning to Europe, and the rulership of Jerusalem was in debate. Raymond, whose popularity had waned after the debacle with Bohemund, was not a serious candidate, and Bohemund already held [[Antioch]]. Eventually the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|throne of Jerusalem]] was offered to [[Godfrey of Bouillon|Godfrey]], who accepted it but declined the title of King, claiming the more pious title ''Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri'' -- "Defender of the [[Holy Sepulcher]]" -- a move which enraged Raymond, who withdrew to [[Jericho]] in anger, although he would later be instrumental in driving off an [[Egypt]]ian counter-invasion.<br />
<br />
The divisions between the Crusaders would result in an extremely complex series of alliances and [[fealty|fealties]], the basis of which would become the [[Crusader States]]. In addition, two great orders of [[monk|monastic]] knighthood were formed to protect [[pilgrim]]s and to guarantee Christian access to the Holy Land -- the Knights [[Templar]] and the Knights [[Hospitaller]]. Over the next few centuries, [[Muslim]] attempts to drive the Franks out of what would become known as [[Outremer]] would result in several more Crusades, the first of these being the [[Crusade of the Faint-Hearted|Crusade of 1102]], a minor reinforcement sometimes called the "Crusade of the Faint-Hearted", as it was led by several nobles of the First Crusade who had turned back before reaching Jerusalem, such as [[Stephen of Blois]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Crusades}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Crusades]]<br />
[[category:11th century]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Hospitaller&diff=39816Hospitaller2009-08-21T13:26:58Z<p>Nyckname: /* Hospitallers in the SCA */</p>
<hr />
<div>== The Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem ==<br />
The '''Knights of St. John''', better known as the '''Knights Hospitaller''', were a [[monk|monastic]] order of chivalry established after the [[First Crusade]] to defend the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and provide care and comfort to [[pilgrim]]s in the Holy Land. They took their name from their chief [[hospital]] in Jerusalem itself.<br />
<br />
The Knights Hospitallers wore distinctive [[arms]]: ''[[sable]] a [[Maltese cross]] [[argent]]'' in contrast with the arms of their rivals, the [[Knights Templar]].<br />
<br />
More generally, a hospitaller was anyone associated with aiding the sick in a [[hospital]] (i.e. giving them hospice).<br />
<br />
== Hospitallers in the SCA ==<br />
<br />
A '''Hospitaller''', sometimes called '''chatelaine''' or '''castellan''' depending on the [[Kingdom]], is responsible for looking after the needs of new [[member]]s to the [[SCA]]. Though you will find most people look after [[newbies]] anyway, it's specifically their job to assist them with [[garb]] and [[feasting gear]], if so required. They may also be in charge of storing the [[regalia]] for their [[groups|group]].<br />
<br />
The Kingdom Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan is one of the Greater Kingdom [[Officer|Offices]]. Kingdoms list their Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan in their [[Regnum]] of officers.<br />
<br />
NOTE: There is an [[SCAism|old tradition in the SCA]] of adding the letter &#8220;e&#8221; after some offices to denote they are being held by a female, e.g. Chatelain or Chatelaine, Seneschal or Seneschale. This is up to the Kingdom and Local Groups if they want to do this. <br />
<br />
=== Duties ===<br />
What a Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan does varies from group to group. <br />
In a perfect world, the Chatelaine is responsible for providing an introduction to the [[Current Middle Ages]] to new or prospective members. They should be available to advise newcomers of the conventions of the Society, their Kingdom and group; and for encouraging participation in the group. The Chatelaine can provide access to educational information such as handouts, booklets and other materials. In all of these activities, the Chatelaine's main charge is to represent the SCA accurately and favorably, and to encourage all members to do likewise. <br />
<br />
The Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan is a very important office within a group. Without new members, the SCA would stagnate. Without the influx of new energy and new ideas, the same people would go on doing the same things year after year until they would burn out or drop out. Without positive public exposure, the Society would suffer from stereotyping, rumors and have a hard time interacting with other groups and individuals. <br />
<br />
Whenever possible, the Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan should be someone who has been a [[member]] of the SCA, and the local group, for a number of years and is someone who knows and understands the group&#8217;s dynamics. They should have a pleasant personality and get along well with others. Outgoing enough to meet and talk to new people, but understanding enough to give some people the space they may want. The Chatelaine should be someone whom the [[Seneschal]] feels could represent the group well to others. <br />
<br />
In many groups, the Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan can also be responsible for group [[Demo|demonstrations]], (or "demos" as they're commonly called), the [[Gold Key]] Office (which maintains garb and feast gear) and/or for Publicity.<br />
<br />
[[category:SCA officers]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Hospitaller&diff=39815Hospitaller2009-08-21T13:26:37Z<p>Nyckname: /* Hospitallers in the SCA */</p>
<hr />
<div>== The Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem ==<br />
The '''Knights of St. John''', better known as the '''Knights Hospitaller''', were a [[monk|monastic]] order of chivalry established after the [[First Crusade]] to defend the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and provide care and comfort to [[pilgrim]]s in the Holy Land. They took their name from their chief [[hospital]] in Jerusalem itself.<br />
<br />
The Knights Hospitallers wore distinctive [[arms]]: ''[[sable]] a [[Maltese cross]] [[argent]]'' in contrast with the arms of their rivals, the [[Knights Templar]].<br />
<br />
More generally, a hospitaller was anyone associated with aiding the sick in a [[hospital]] (i.e. giving them hospice).<br />
<br />
== Hospitallers in the SCA ==<br />
<br />
A '''Hospitaller''', sometimes called '''chatelaine''' or '''castellan''' depending on the [[Kingdom]], is responsible for looking after the needs of new [[member]]s to the [[SCA]]. Though you will find most people look after [[newbies]] anyway, but it's specifically their job to assist them with [[garb]] and [[feasting gear]], if so required. They may also be in charge of storing the [[regalia]] for their [[groups|group]].<br />
<br />
The Kingdom Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan is one of the Greater Kingdom [[Officer|Offices]]. Kingdoms list their Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan in their [[Regnum]] of officers.<br />
<br />
NOTE: There is an [[SCAism|old tradition in the SCA]] of adding the letter &#8220;e&#8221; after some offices to denote they are being held by a female, e.g. Chatelain or Chatelaine, Seneschal or Seneschale. This is up to the Kingdom and Local Groups if they want to do this. <br />
<br />
=== Duties ===<br />
What a Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan does varies from group to group. <br />
In a perfect world, the Chatelaine is responsible for providing an introduction to the [[Current Middle Ages]] to new or prospective members. They should be available to advise newcomers of the conventions of the Society, their Kingdom and group; and for encouraging participation in the group. The Chatelaine can provide access to educational information such as handouts, booklets and other materials. In all of these activities, the Chatelaine's main charge is to represent the SCA accurately and favorably, and to encourage all members to do likewise. <br />
<br />
The Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan is a very important office within a group. Without new members, the SCA would stagnate. Without the influx of new energy and new ideas, the same people would go on doing the same things year after year until they would burn out or drop out. Without positive public exposure, the Society would suffer from stereotyping, rumors and have a hard time interacting with other groups and individuals. <br />
<br />
Whenever possible, the Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan should be someone who has been a [[member]] of the SCA, and the local group, for a number of years and is someone who knows and understands the group&#8217;s dynamics. They should have a pleasant personality and get along well with others. Outgoing enough to meet and talk to new people, but understanding enough to give some people the space they may want. The Chatelaine should be someone whom the [[Seneschal]] feels could represent the group well to others. <br />
<br />
In many groups, the Hospitaller/Chatelaine/Castellan can also be responsible for group [[Demo|demonstrations]], (or "demos" as they're commonly called), the [[Gold Key]] Office (which maintains garb and feast gear) and/or for Publicity.<br />
<br />
[[category:SCA officers]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Blank_Desire_(recipe)&diff=39814Blank Desire (recipe)2009-08-21T12:40:22Z<p>Nyckname: /* Translation */ added link to almond milk</p>
<hr />
<div>== Period Recipe ==<br />
From the [[Forme of Cury]].<br />
:'''FOR TO MAKE ''BLANK DESNE''. XX.IX. XIII.'''<br />
<br />
:Take Brawn of Hennes or of Capouns ysoden withoute þe skyn. & hewe hem as smale as þou may. & grinde hem in a morter. after take gode mylke of Almandes & put þe brawn �erin. & stere it wel togyder & do hem to seeþ. & take flour of Rys & amydoun & alay it. so þat it be chargeant. & do þerto sugur a gode party. & a party of white grece. and when it is put in disshes strewe uppon it blaunche powdour, and þenne put in blank desire and ''mawmenye'' in disshes togider. And serue forth.<br />
<br />
=== Translation ===<br />
<br />
Take [[boil|boiled]] white meat of [[capon]]s or of [[chicken]]s without the skins, chop into small pieces and grind in a [[mortar]]. Take good [[Almond_Milk|almond milk]] and add the [[meat]] to it, and stir it together. Set it to [[simmer]], and add rice [[flour]] and [[amydoun]] and mix it in so that it will be thick, and add a good bit of [[sugar]] and a piece of white grease. When it is plated, sprinkle it with [[blanche powder]] and then put blank desire and [[Mawmoune recipe)|mawmenee]] together in the dishes, and serve forth.<br />
<br />
'''Notes'''<br />
* ''blank "Desne" ''. ''Desire'', Contents; rect�. V. Gloss. The Recipe in MS. Ed. 29 is much the same with this.<br />
* ''Mawmenye''. See No. 194.<br />
<br />
VicCG Note: This has not be tested yet.<br />
<br />
==Redaction==<br />
=== Ingredients ===<br />
* Item.<br />
* Item.<br />
<br />
=== Method ===<br />
# Do stuff.<br />
# Do stuff.<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
The historical version of this recipe was taken from the [[Project Gutenberg]] e-text of the [[Forme of Cury]]. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:recipes]] [[category:Forme of Cury]]<br />
[[category:VicCG]] [[category:VicCG-Raw]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Almond_Milk&diff=39813Almond Milk2009-08-21T12:38:33Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Almond Milk''' was a very common ingredient in Medieval cooking. It was used instead of real [[milk]] in [[Lent]], but also appears in many non-Lenten dishes. <br />
<br />
==Recipe==<br />
<br />
*1c freshly ground [[almond]]s<br />
*2c [[boil]]ing water<br><br />
<br />
Combine the almonds and water and let stand until tepid. Strain. Makes a little over a cup of almond milk. <br />
<br />
[[category:food]]<br />
[[Category:Recipes]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Naalbinding&diff=39812Naalbinding2009-08-21T11:50:12Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Naalbinding''' (Nalbinding, nadelbindung, "woven with a needle", stitched, knotless knitting,...) is a technique that produces materials that look somewhat like they've been knitted, but have actually been created by a different technique. Naalbinding produces a fairly tight [[fabric]], and unlike [[knitting]] doesn't ladder when you drop a stitch. (A to distinguish it from knitting which older books frequently mislabel it as). It shapes easily, and is an ideal candidate for [[sock]]s, [[mitten]]s, and the like. It's slow to work. <br />
<br />
The naalbinding technique predates the development of knitting, and has been known from [[China|Chinese]] [[hat]]s from 1000BC, and in [[Europe]] from at least the [[1st century]] AD. It was used by the Coptic ([[Egypt]]) peoples for socks, and the [[Viking]]s for [[sock]]s and [[mitten]]s. In the middle [[medieval]] [[period]] it was used to make very fine [[glove]]s and [[hose]], and continued in minor use after the [[16th century]] in items such as [[milk]] strainers and [[rug]]s, as well as traditional items.<br />
<br />
== What you need ==<br />
<br />
For this technique, you'll need a largish, preferably blunt, [[needle]], and whatever yarn you like--preferably [[wool]]. Naalbinding is worked by pulling the entire length of the yarn through every stitch, so you need to work with shorter pieces; about 18 inches (40 cm) is good, although some experts work with lengths of 3m (beginner's don't try this at home). Additional lengths of yarn can be joined by a variety of techniques - splicing is a traditional favourite for many wools, techniques for binding ends together or weave their ends in tend to be used for yarns that refuse to splice. Whatever works.<br />
<br />
== Basic instructions ==<br />
<br />
(also see the external links below)<br />
Cut a piece of wool to the desired length (I use two arm lengths, though it is a good idea to use less if this is your first attempt) and thread your [[needle]] (you may need a needle threader if the wool is quite thick) leaving a substantial tail (about 15-20cm works well for me).<br />
<br />
Take the tail and wrap it two to three times clockwise around a finger on your left hand, making sure the end of the wool is tucked into the circle. <br />
Slip it off your finger, and if you don't want a finger-sized hole in your project you can squish or pull the circle smaller. <br />
Take your needle and push it through the loop from top to bottom. Once the [[needle]] is clear of your loop make sure it goes OVER the thread, so you're tying a knot around the loop rather than wrapping wool around it. <br />
Make another stitch in the same way to the right of your first stick, and continue moving clockwise until you've completed the loop. <br />
Now, simply continue, but rather than going through the main loop, go through the little loops made by your knots. <br />
If you continue in this way you will make a cylinder. If this is not what you want, then you will have to increase the diameter by adding two stitches to every loop as you go around. For smooth and gradual increases do one circle of double stitches followed by one or several single stitches. For decreases you do the opposite, stick two loops together.<br />
<br />
There are a lot of variations of stitches and techniques, and for these (and more instructions) take a look at the links below, but in the meantime the basic stitch is enough to make hats and pouches.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
=== Basic instructions ===<br />
* [http://www.stringpage.com/naal/naal.html Phiala's String Page--Naalbinding]<br />
* http://www.norsefolk.com/clothing/nalbinding.html<br />
* http://www.dilettante.info/nalbindingmain.htm (Click on the Oslo stitch primer link, which is near the bottom of the page. It is a pdf, but well worth the wait for it to download)<br />
* http://www.nadelbinden.de.vu/ (German site, scroll down and pick the English side)<br />
<br />
=== Historical examples ===<br />
* http://www.dueppel.de/nadelbind/nadelbkat.htm<br />
[[category:weaving]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Robert_III&diff=39811Robert III2009-08-21T11:40:27Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Robert III''' was the [[King]] of [[Scotland]] between 1390 and 1406.<br />
<br />
He was born around 1340, the eldest son of King [[Robert II]] by his mistress, Elizabeth Mure, although he became legitimised with the formal [[marriage]] of his parents about 1349. (They had previously married in 1336, but that ceremony had been impeached as being uncanonical.)<br />
<br />
In 1368 his great-uncle King [[David II]] created him [[Earl]] of Carrick, and he took some part in the [[government]] of the [[kingdom]] until about 1387, when a kick from a [[horse]] disabled him. Probably in consequence of this accident his brother Robert [[Stewart]], 1st [[Duke]] of Albany, and not the [[crown prince]] himself, became guardian of the kingdom in 1389; but it was the elder Robert who succeeded to the [[throne]] on his father's death in May 1390.<br />
<br />
At this time he changed his baptismal name of John - unpopular owing to its connection with [[John Balliol]] - for that of Robert, and became [[crown]]ed at [[Scone]] in August 1390 as King Robert III. Although he probably attended several [[parliament]]s, the new king was seen only nominally as the ruler of Scotland, the real power remaining in the hands of his brother.<br />
<br />
Robert III had married Annabella Drummond around 1365. She was the daughter of [[Sir]] John Drummond of Stobhall, and by her, in addition to two sons David (who became [[Duke]] of Rothesay), and [[James I|James]], who was to succeed him, he had four daughters (Margaret, Mary, Egidia, and Elizabeth). He also had an illegitimate son, James Stewart of Kilbride.<br />
<br />
In 1399, however, owing to the king's "sickness of the body," his elder son, David, Duke of Rothesay, gained appointment as lieutenant of the kingdom; but there followed an [[England|English]] invasion of Scotland, serious differences between Rothesay and his uncle, Robert, Duke of Albany, and finally in March 1402 Rothesay's mysterious death by starvation at Falkland [[Palace]].<br />
<br />
Fearing for the safety of his surviving son, James, the king had the boy hidden at Dirleton [[Castle]], with a view to smuggling him from there to [[France]]. However, a month later, in 1406, Englishmen captured the young James ''en route'', whereupon King Robert died, probably at Rothesay. The king allegedly died from grief over the capture of James. <br />
<br />
Robert asked to be [[burial|buried]] under a dunghill with the epitaph: ''Here lies the worst of Kings and the most miserable of men''. He was, in fact, interred at Paisley instead of at Scone, the traditional burial ground of the [[Scottish kings]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = Robert III | predecessor = [[Robert II]] | successor = [[James I]] | reign = 1390-1406}}<br />
<br />
''This article was originally based on the [[wikipedia:Robert III of Scotland|equivalent page]] in the [[Wikipedia]].''<br />
<br />
[[category:Monarchs_(medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=David_II&diff=39810David II2009-08-21T11:38:52Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''David II''' was the only surviving son (born 1324) of [[Robert I|Robert the Bruce]], and succeeded to the [[throne]] of [[Scotland]] on his father's [[death]] in 1329. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of Ulster.<br />
<br />
His first wife was Joan or Joanna, daughter of the [[English]] [[king]] [[Edward II]] and of Isabella of France (although by the time of the marriage Edward had been deposed, and the marriage was the fruit of Isabella's attempt (supported by her lover Mortimer) to secure the peace with Scotland). He married her in 1328, when he was 4, but this marriage alliance did not prevent his father-in-law from supporting the English usurper [[Edward Balliol]]. David was crowned and anointed king in 1331, but by 1333 Balliol, backed by [[English]] armies, had advanced far enough for David and his Queen to be sent to France for safety.<br />
<br />
There they were made welcome by '''Philip VI''' and housed in [[Richard I]]'s '''Chateau-Gaillard'''. In Scotland Balliol squandered what little goodwill he had attracted and by 1341 David was back in Scotland. In 1346, in alliance with [[France]], David invaded England, was defeated and taken prisoner, and spent 11 years in English imprisonment, until in 1357, for 100,000 [[marks]] he was ransomed. In fact Scotland was far too poor to pay (Edward III may have planned to seize the kingdom for failure to pay the debt, but David successfully distracted him by suggesting he could make Edward or one of his sons the successor to Scotland's throne (a proposal which would never have met with assent among the Scots nobility). <br />
<br />
Joan died in 1361-2 and, widowed, David married Margaret, daughter of Malcolm Drummond and widow of Sir John Logie, from whom he was divorced in 1369-70. He had children by neither wife, and had had insufficient time to marry Agnes Dunbar, his mistress. This meant that the Scots succession passed from the House of Bruce, via his sister Marjorie to her husband, Walter, the 6th [[High Steward (Scotland)|High Steward of Scotland]], thus founding the House of the Stewards, or the Stuarts as they became.<br />
<br />
On one hand, David lost almost everything that his father had gained for Scotland; on the other he had to cope with English kings determined to plough Scotland under, and managed to retain his country's independence, despite being first unseated, and then imprisoned.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = David II | predecessor = [[Robert I]] | successor = [[Robert II]] | reign = 1329-1371}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Monarchs_(medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Robert_I&diff=39809Robert I2009-08-21T11:38:10Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Robert I''' (also '''Robert the Bruce''') was the son of Robert de Brus, 6th [[Lord]] of Annandale, and of Margaret his wife, who was [[Countess]] of Carrick in her own right, as [[heir]] to her father, the [[Earl]]. Through his mother Robert became Earl in turn; through his father he inherited a claim on the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[throne]] as a descendant (albeit through a female line) of [[David I]]. He was born in 1274, and was therefore well aware of the kerfuffle when [[Edward I]] of [[England]] came north (with a sizeable [[army]]) to arbitrate the Scots succession after the death of [[Margaret]], the Maid of Norway at the tender age of 6, uncrowned, but [[queen]].<br />
<br />
Edward awarded the [[crown]] to [[John Balliol]], whom the Bruces considered to have a similar, but inferior, claim to their own. What Balliol did have, and the Bruces lacked, was a willingness to swear fealty to Edward and thereby reduce Scotland to the status of an English subordinate, much like a [[palatine]] [[county]], granted its own government but obliged to pay [[tax]]es and supply armies and men whenever and however required.<br />
<br />
Shortly thereafter Robert's grandfather surrendered his claim on the [[throne]] to his son, Robert's father (they were all called Robert, by the way), who in turn resigned the Carrick earldom to Robert. In 1295 Robert [[marriage|married]]. Isobel (or Isabella) was daughter to the Earl of Mar, but in the following year she died in childbed, their daughter Marjorie growing up to marry the [[High Steward (Scotland)|High Steward of Scotland]], and have a son of his, Robert, who would become [[Robert II]].<br />
<br />
In 1296, on the death of [[John Balliol|Balliol]] the Bruces, father and son, were obliged to swear [[fealty]] to [[Edward I|Edward]] but when, in the following year, the Scots rose in revolt against the Guardian (governor) Edward had sent north, Robert refused orders to support the Governor, but instead led troops to harry and lay waste the Scots supporters of Edward. Compelled to make terms, Bruce was pardoned in return for his allegiance and his infant daughter as a [[hostage]]. <br />
<br />
After the resignation, as Guardian, of [[William Wallace]], Bruce became joint guardian with John Comyn (who also had his own claim to the throne). They failed to rise above their personal differences, even when the [[Bishop]] of St.Andrews was appointed as third co-Guardian in 1299. In 1300 Bruce resigned and was replaced; in 1301 all 3 joint Guardians resigned, and an Englishman was appointed, who immediately tried to negotiate the return of [[John Balliol|Balliol]]. It may have been the threat of the return of Balliol that led Bruce and others, in 1302, to submit to Edward, thereby preserving what they had against the time of Edward's death.<br />
<br />
In 1302 Bruce also remarried, to Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter of the Earl of Ulster. By her he was to have 4 children, including his successor as [[king]], [[David II|David]].<br />
----<br />
1306 -- Bruce crowned [[King]]; [[Edward I]] invades, Bruce forced to flee to western isles.<br />
<br />
1307 -- [[Edward I]] dies; Bruce returns to mainland and begins series of victories ending in [[Bannockburn]] in 1314.<br />
<br />
1315 -- Bruce invades [[Ireland]], to open second front against [[England|English]]; his brother Edward is [[crown]]ed [[High King]].<br />
<br />
1328 -- [[Edward II]] of [[England]] formally recognises Scotland as independent,and Bruce as its [[king]].<br />
<br />
1329 -- Death of Bruce, at Cardross. Succeeded by son, David -- [[David II]].<br />
<br />
{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = Robert I <br>(the Bruce) | predecessor = [[John Balliol]] | successor = [[David II]] | reign = 1306-1329}}<br />
[[Category:14th century]]<br />
[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]<br />
[[category:people (medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Robert_I&diff=39808Robert I2009-08-21T11:35:29Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Robert I''' (also '''Robert the Bruce''') was the son of Robert de Brus, 6th [[Lord]] of Annandale, and of Margaret his wife, who was [[Countess]] of Carrick in her own right, as [[heir]] to her father, the [[Earl]]. Through his mother Robert became Earl in turn; through his father he inherited a claim on the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[throne]] as a descendant (albeit through a female line) of [[David I]]. He was born in 1274, and was therefore well aware of the kerfuffle when [[Edward I]] of [[England]] came north (with a sizable [[army]]) to arbitrate the Scots succession after the death of [[Margaret]], the Maid of Norway at the tender age of 6, uncrowned, but [[queen]].<br />
<br />
Edward awarded the [[crown]] to [[John Balliol]], whom the Bruces considered to have a similar, but inferior, claim to their own. What Balliol did have, and the Bruces lacked, was a willingness to swear fealty to Edward and thereby reduce Scotland to the status of an English subordinate, much like a [[palatine]] [[county]], granted its own government but obliged to pay [[tax]]es and supply armies and men whenever and however required.<br />
<br />
Shortly thereafter Robert's grandfather surrendered his claim on the [[throne]] to his son, Robert's father (they were all called Robert, by the way), who in turn resigned the Carrick earldom to Robert. In 1295 Robert [[marriage|married]]. Isobel (or Isabella) was daughter to the Earl of Mar, but in the following year she died in childbed, their daughter Marjorie growing up to marry the [[High Steward (Scotland)|High Steward of Scotland]], and have a son of his, Robert, who would become [[Robert II]].<br />
<br />
In 1296, on the death of [[John Balliol|Balliol]] the Bruces, father and son, were obliged to swear [[fealty]] to [[Edward I|Edward]] but when, in the following year, the Scots rose in revolt against the Guardian (governor) Edward had sent north, Robert refused orders to support the Governor, but instead led troops to harry and lay waste the Scots supporters of Edward. Compelled to make terms, Bruce was pardoned in return for his allegiance and his infant daughter as a [[hostage]]. <br />
<br />
After the resignation, as Guardian, of [[William Wallace]], Bruce became joint guardian with John Comyn (who also had his own claim to the throne). They failed to rise above their personal differences, even when the [[Bishop]] of St.Andrews was appointed as third co-Guardian in 1299. In 1300 Bruce resigned and was replaced; in 1301 all 3 joint Guardians resigned, and an Englishman was appointed, who immediately tried to negotiate the return of [[John Balliol|Balliol]]. It may have been the threat of the return of Balliol that led Bruce and others, in 1302, to submit to Edward, thereby preserving what they had against the time of Edward's death.<br />
<br />
In 1302 Bruce also remarried, to Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter of the Earl of Ulster. By her he was to have 4 children, including his successor as [[king]], [[David II|David]].<br />
----<br />
1306 -- Bruce crowned [[King]]; [[Edward I]] invades, Bruce forced to flee to western isles.<br />
<br />
1307 -- [[Edward I]] dies; Bruce returns to mainland and begins series of victories ending in [[Bannockburn]] in 1314.<br />
<br />
1<br />
<br />
315 -- Bruce invades [[Ireland]], to open second front against [[England|English]]; his brother Edward is [[crown]]ed [[High King]].<br />
<br />
1328 -- [[Edward II]] of [[England]] formally recognises Scotland as independent,and Bruce as its [[king]].<br />
<br />
1329 -- Death of Bruce, at Cardross. Succeed by son,n, David -- [[David II]].<br />
<br />
{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = Robert I <br>(the Bruce) | predecessor = [[John Balliol]] | successo= [[Davavid II]] | reign = 1306-1329}}<br />
[[Category:14th century]]<br />
[[Catego:M:Monarchs (medieval)]]<br />
[<br />
[category:people (medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Robert_I&diff=39807Robert I2009-08-21T11:34:17Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Robert I''' (also '''Robert the Bruce''') was the son of Robert de Brus, 6th [[Lord]] of Annandale, and of Margaret his wife, who was [[Countess]] of Carrick in her own right, as [[heir]] to her father, the [[Earl]]. Through his mother Robert became Earl in turn; through his father he inherited a claim on the [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[throne]] as a descendant (albeit through a female line) of [[David I]]. He was born in 1274, and was therefore well aware of the kerfuffle when [[Edward I]] of [[England]] came north (with a sizeable [[army]]) to arbitrate the Scots succession after the death of [[Margaret]], the Maid of Norway at the tender age of 6, uncrowned, but [[queen]].<br />
<br />
Edward awarded the [[crown]] to [[John Balliol]], whom the Bruces considered to have a similar, but inferior, claim to their own. What Balliol did have, and the Bruces lacked, was a willingness to swear fealty to Edward and thereby reduce Scotland to the status of an English subordinate, much like a [[palatine]] [[county]], granted its own government but obliged to pay [[tax]]es and supply armies and men whenever and however required.<br />
<br />
Shortly thereafter Robert's grandfather surrendered his claim on the [[throne]] to his son, Robert's father (they were all called Robert, by the way), who in turn resigned the Carrick earldom to Robert. In 1295 Robert [[marriage|married]]. Isobel (or Isabella) was daughter to the Earl of Mar, but in the following year she died in childbed, their daughter Marjorie growing up to marry the [[High Steward (Scotland)|High Steward of Scotland]], and have a son of his, Robert, who would become [[Robert II]].<br />
<br />
In 1296, on the death of [[John Balliol|Balliol]] the Bruces, father and son, were obliged to swear [[fealty]] to [[Edward I|Edward]] but when, in the following year, the Scots rose in revolt against the Guardian (governor) Edward had sent north, Robert refused orders to support the Governor, but instead led troops to harry and lay waste the Scots supporters of Edward. Compelled to make terms, Bruce was pardoned in return for his allegiance and his infant daughter as a [[hostage]]. <br />
<br />
After the resignation, as Guardian, of [[William Wallace]], Bruce became joint guardian with John Comyn (who also had his own claim to the throne). They failed to rise above their personal differences, even when the [[Bishop]] of St.Andrews was appointed as third co-Guardian in 1299. In 1300 Bruce resigned and was replaced; in 1301 all 3 joint Guardians resigned, and an Englishman was appointed, who immediately tried to negotiate the return of [[John Balliol|Balliol]]. It may have been the threat of the return of Balliol that led Bruce and others, in 1302, to submit to Edward, thereby preserving what they had against the time of Edward's death.<br />
<br />
In 1302 Bruce also remarried, to Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter of the Earl of Ulster. By her he was to have 4 children, including his successor as [[king]], [[David II|David]].<br />
----<br />
1306 -- Bruce crowned [[King]]; [[Edward I]] invades, Bruce forced to flee to western isles.<br />
<br />
1307 -- [[Edward I]] dies; Bruce returns to mainland and begins series of victories ending in [[Bannockburn]] in 1314.<br />
<br />
1315 -- Bruce invades [[Ireland]], to open second front against [[England|English]]; his brother Edward is [[crown]]ed [[High King]].<br />
<br />
1328 -- [[Edward II]] of [[England]] formally recognises Scotland as independent,and Bruce as its [[king]].<br />
<br />
1329 -- Death of Bruce, at Cardross. Succeeded by son, David -- [[David II]].<br />
<br />
{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = Robert I <br>(the Bruce) | predecessor = [[John Balliol]] | successor = [[David II]] | reign = 1306-1329}}<br />
[[Category:14th century]]<br />
[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]<br />
[[category:people (medieval)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=House_Leatherwolf&diff=39800House Leatherwolf2009-08-20T11:16:17Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>For information on this [[SCA]] [[Household]], go to:<br />
* House Leatherwolf webpage: http://www.modaruniversity.org/Leatherwolf.htm<br />
<br />
[[category:households (SCA)]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Shoes&diff=39799Shoes2009-08-20T01:42:59Z<p>Nyckname: /* Health Issues */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Shoes''' is a general modern term for a class of [[clothing|costume]] worn on the feet, ostensibly to protect the feet, although often footwear is worn simply for style.<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
In the [[Middle Ages]] in English, the term referred specifically to a sort of footwear that only came to the level of the ankle, or lower on the foot.<br />
<br />
During the [[Middle Ages]] there were many types and styles of footwear. These were made from a variety of different styles of construction, the three most common being single piece construction, turned construction, and an early version of modern welted construction. Other forms that appear in the archaeology are [[wood]]en shoes, [[pattens]], shoes of woven cord, [[sandals]], and even in some rare cases, shoes with metal soles.<br />
<br />
===Single Piece Construction===<br />
The simplest technology for making a shoe is the single piece construction. In this type of construction, a single piece of [[leather]] or [[hide]] is used to make a single shoe, usually by wrapping around the foot. This is then either stitched up the back and centre seam, or gathered up around the circumference. They were most frequently made from of undressed, untanned, or [[rawhide]]. The ease of manufacture and replacement meant that this sort of footwear was most often worn by the lowest of [[social class]]es.<br />
<br />
These shoes first appear in the literature and archaeology in Europe during the [[Bronze Age]] and were among the earliest of shoes among the [[Greek]]s, [[Roman]]s and early [[Celtic]] peoples. They continued to be worn until the [[20th century]], where they eventually become little more than a part of some traditional folk dress.<br />
<br />
These shoes are frequently called, among other names: Brogue, Carbatíne, Hudsko, Kreplau, Llopan, Moccasin, Opanke, Pampootie, Pedules, Rewylynys, Rifeling, Rivelins, Rivilin, Riwelingas, Rowlingas, Rullions, Rulyions, Skin-sko, Culponius, Peronatus, and Carpatinæ. These terms are all accurate for specific regional or cultural variations, but none of them is really correct for the concept as a general term. The terms Ghillies, and Ghillie Brogues are completely inaccurate, as these terms refer to a modern style of dance slipper. The most common medieval English term is Revelin.<br />
<br />
During the [[Classical]] period, the Greeks and Romans appear to have started making these shoes from oil cured and tanned hides with attached soles. It is from these that eventually turned shoes derive beginning in the [[4th century|300s]].<br />
<br />
===Turned Construction===<br />
Turned work indicates a shoe or boot that has been made inside out, then turned right-side out. As mentioned above, turned work first appears in [[Europe]] in the 4th century in Roman shoemaking, and remains in use for various sorts of shoes until the middle of the 20th century, at which point they were used for little more than dance slippers, and baby ''first shoes''. It should be noted that the earliest known turned shoes appear in the archeaology during the Egyptian 18th Dynasty at Deir el-Medina.<br />
<br />
From the early [[Middle Ages]] until the early [[15th century]], turned shoes were worn by most of the higher [[social class]]es.<br />
<br />
''Turned shoes'' were often single-sole shoes that to modern sensibilities often seem like slippers. These were most often made on a [[Last]], (or a specially carved wooden form). They were made with specific rights and lefts, as opposed to the much later straight lasted shoes. While it is possible to make turned shoes without a last, these are generally not as well made, and do not reflect the archaeology.<br />
<br />
During the Middle Ages, turned shoes were often made with a welt set between the overleathers (or uppers) and the sole, hence the [[Latin]] terms Intercucium and Intercutium. The use of this welt (which also first appears in Egyptian shoes) serves to protect the thread in the turned seam, and eventually to create a more snug fit on lasted shoes. This welt is often referred to erroneously as a "rand" by modern Archaeologists, and this usage has slipped into the re-enacting and recreationist communities.<br />
<br />
During the High Middle Ages, some double soled shoes were made, with a heavier outer sole, to extend the life of the shoe, and give greater protection to the foot. These soles are sometimes erroniously referred to as "[[clump sole]]s" and "turned-welt construction" by archaeologists.<br />
<br />
===Welted Construction===<br />
''Welted shoes'' is a modern term for shoes that were made right-side out on a last. In this case, the welt is moved from between the Uppers and the inner sole to outside the Uppers, and then layed flat and stitched to the outer sole. This technology made its first appearance during the late [[15th century|1400s]] in [[Germany]]. This construction makes a heavier, stronger shoe, and quickly pushed turned shoes and boots from the upper classes, relegating turned work to servant's and sailor's shoes.<br />
<br />
===Heels===<br />
Although integral "spring heels" are often found through the [[16th century|1500s]], separate raised heels are not found until after 1600 on boots, and later on shoes (except in some rare occurrences regarding carved wooden or [[cork]] soles in the 16th century).<br />
<br />
===Shoemakers===<br />
Shoemakers (or Cordwainers) and Cobblers are not the same thing. Shoemakers were required to work in new leather, while Cobblers were required to work in old, used leather. There were serious class distinctions between the two. The [[English]] term "Cobbler" and [[German]] name "Schubach" both mean "repairer of shoes". Schuhster is a contemporary German term for a shoemaker.<br />
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===Other sorts of footwear===<br />
Overshoes called [[patten]]s were made of wood, cork, or leather soles with a leather strap. They raise the foot up off the ground, extending the life of the shoes and preventing one's foot from getting wet in damp conditions. Medieval terms for these also include: Clog, Clogge, Galache, Galoch, Galosh, Golosh, Galoche, Galegge, Galliochios, Galloche, Gaulish Shoes, Paten, Patyn, Trippe and in Latin; Calopodla, Calopedes, Callopedium, Crepitum, and Crepita. It should be noted that Crepida has other meanings during the Roman period.<br />
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Piked shoes, or shoes in the "Polish fashion", also called Poulaines, are turned shoes that have long pointed toes. The length of the point was often a mark of social class. There is no real evidence of piked shoes that were long enough that they had to be chained to the knees, and were there any such they would have been restricted to the highest of Princes. <br />
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===Shoes in the SCA===<br />
Shoes are given the least amount of effort by most people in the [[SCA]]. As they are expensive to have made, many people do not see them as a viable part of their portrayal. However, the making of shoes (particularly turnshoes) is relatively simple once the pattern has been made. There are multiple websites with historical patterns on them.<br />
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===Shoes in Re-Enactment===<br />
Period shoes are considered ''de rigour'' for most [[metal weapons groups|re-enactment groups]]. The adage: ''Clothes maketh the man'' has been reappropriated to become ''Shoes maketh the man''. Any re-enactment group not making the effort to ensure that their shoes are historically accurate are not generally taken as a serious group.<br />
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Making their own shoes is considered a rite of passage by some groups as they learn that shoemaking is not a difficult task nor is it an expensive one. <br />
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Movement while wearing period shoes changes slightly and a greater understanding of combat is gained from the experience.<br />
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===Health Issues===<br />
Arguments that period shoes are dangerous are typically based on:<br />
* Supposed ankle injuries while wearing armour, but this does not seem to be born out by the numerous re-enactors wearing them every weekend.<br />
* Many archaeological examples of shoes and that have been modified to relieve painful foot ailments, as well as corresponding examples of damage found in bones of people buried in the period. However, it is likely that these were caused by the prevalence of second hand shoes and shoes made in limited sizes worn by the poor.<br />
* Anecdotal incidents of modern people complaining about problems with wearing poorly fitted or badly made shoes that cause pressure on the tarsals from using improper lasts meant for heels, but have been used to make flat shoes.<br />
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''See also:''<br />
* [[Clothing]]<br />
* [[Fashion]]<br />
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=== External Links ===<br />
*[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/SHOEHOME.HTM Footwear of the Middle ages] - (there are more extensive links there)<br />
*[http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=45 Atlantian A&S Links: Shoes & Shoemaking]<br />
*[http://members.ozemail.com.au/~chrisandpeter/shoe/construction.html Parliament St, York Shoe Pattern]<br />
[[category:clothing]]<br />
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]<br />
[[category:shoes]]</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Fibre_tape&diff=39798Fibre tape2009-08-19T12:15:30Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as strapping tape, '''fibre tape''' is a semi-transparent adhesive [[tape]], reinforced by strands of fibreglass. Used by some [[fighter]]s to prolong [[weapon]] life, it is very hard to tear sideways, but can be easily split lengthwise. While it is very strong, it is not very adhesive, and sticks best to itself.<br />
[[category:materials (modern)]]<br />
<br />
Helpful hint: If lacking a cutting implement, strapping tape may be broken by folding the non-sticky side back on itself, rubbing in a crease with your thumbnail, and then giving the tape a good sharp tug.</div>Nycknamehttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Fibre_tape&diff=39797Fibre tape2009-08-19T12:14:55Z<p>Nyckname: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as strapping tape, '''fibre tape''' is a semi-transparent adhesive [[tape]], reinforced by strands of fibreglass. Used by some [[fighter]]s to prolong [[weapon]] life, it is very hard to tear sideways, but can be easily split lengthwise. While it is very strong, it is not very adhesive, and sticks best to itself.<br />
[[category:materials (modern)]]<br />
<br />
Helpful hint: If lacking a cutting implement, strapping tape may be broken by folding the non-sticky side back on itself, rubbing in a crease with your thumbnail, and then giving the tape a good, sharp tug.</div>Nyckname