https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=208.182.75.11&feedformat=atomCunnan - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T10:59:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15763Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-25T13:37:57Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[movies]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Cat&diff=15663Cat2006-04-19T15:23:38Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''cat''' is a quad-raped mammal of the genus, ''Felis''. They are effective hunters (valued for their ability to reduce vermin although domesticated cats were less common than [[possum]]s during the [[medieval]] period as cats were very often regarded with suspicion. Cats were sometimes contained in wicker effigies and burnt and skinned for their tiny [[testes]].<br />
<br />
[[Exeter]] [[cathedral]] had an offical cat. <br />
<br />
Some individuals have an intense dislike of this [[animal]], although must had some affection as the [[15th century]] "''The Book of Curtesy''" reminds us not to pet the cat whilst at the table.<br />
<br />
Cats are uncommon as a [[heraldic]] [[charge]].<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Cat (Maplet)|Cat according to Maplet's ''A Greene Forest'']]<br />
<br />
[[category:animal]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15635Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T15:15:30Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge dangerously cheesey turmoil. The debates between the [[Nudists]] and [[Republicans]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Rebel]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Nudists and the Republicans]]). I HAVE GAS. VOTE FOR PEDRO!!!!!!!!!!! I LOVE CHEESE<br />
<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in prostitutes during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Hennessy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15631Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T15:14:48Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge dangerously cheesey turmoil. The debates between the [[Nudists]] and [[Republicans]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Rebel]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Nudists and the Republicans]]). I HAVE GAS.<br />
<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in prostitutes during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Hennessy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15630Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T15:13:09Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge dangerously cheesey turmoil. The debates between the [[Nudists]] and [[Republicans]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Rebel]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Nudists and the Republicans]]).<br />
<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in prostitutes during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15629Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T15:11:36Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge dangerously cheesey turmoil. The debates between the [[Nudists]] and [[Republicans]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Rebel]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Nudists and the Republicans]]).<br />
<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese I like cheese<br />
<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15627Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T15:07:42Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge dangerously cheesey turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformation&diff=15636Protestant Reformation2006-04-17T14:57:29Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is [[User:Anton|Anton]] here, and I'd like to warn you that my own feces are going to fall into this topic. This is also very much work-in-progress ... it also needs a major rewrite, which is a major pain in the genitals. [[User:Cian|Cian]] has already added links and done some spelling corrections. I wanted to stay away from it, but to get it to make sense, I'm goanna hafta talk about [[Charlemagne]], the Donation of [[Constantine]], Lay [[Investiture]], One [[Sword]], Two Swords, Emperors Barefoot in the Snow and the rest of it ...<br />
<br />
To get it up front at the start, I think that by the time all the smoke from the crack-cocaine cleared, the Reformation was (a) a continuation by other means of normal medieval Church-State relations, and (b) on balance a Bad Thing.<br />
<br />
The next thing I think we need to talk about is the very word 'Reform'.<br />
<br />
Politics in the Short [[20th century|Twentieth Century]] (1914-1992) was about revolutionaries, and us moderns are used to a political spectrum that goes<br />
<br />
Revolutionaries - Reformers - Conservatives - Reactionaries<br />
<br />
Therefore, we see Reformer as someone quite a bit milder than the it could be.<br />
<br />
To think about the word 'Reform' in a [[16th century|sixteenth century]] sense, think of it as re-form. As in, how can you re-form a cracked bell ; you melt it down for the bronze, and then re-cast it.<br />
<br />
Puts a bit of a different slant on the word, huh ...<br />
<br />
OK, with that out of the way, let's start at the beginning, with the [[Roman Empire]].<br />
<br />
Rome conquered the world, and she made her Emperors Gods.<br />
<br />
This meant that [[Christian]]s, who could worship no other God, got on badly with the Empire, and many Christians were martyred. A good example of early Christian/Imperial relations is here ... http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.html <br />
<br />
Eventually, the Empire and the [[Church]] came to co-exist, and Constantine made Christianity the State Religion of the Empire.<br />
<br />
In the [[Greece|Greek]], or Eastern half of the Empire, things pretty much continued that way, at least until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.<br />
<br />
In the western half of the Empire, slowly but inexorably, the Empire changed and mutated, as Italian Emperors gave way to those from the provinces, and as more and more Emperors were simply successful Legionary generals. After that there came the openly barbarian Emperors (i.e. those who came from outside the Empire, and ruled by virtue of conquest, although still holding to the Roman patterns) until there was little that was recognisably Roman at all.<br />
<br />
One of the things that was recognisable is that cities still had [[Bishops]] - and these Bishops were one of the few sources of continuity and certainty in a world consumed by famine, plague, disorder and war.<br />
<br />
Many religious people donated land and other wealth to the Church, and many Bishoprics and so on started to get some quite impressive land holdings. Some cities in [[Germany]], such as Mainz and Cologne, even ended up with the [[temporal]] ruler being the local Archbishop, who was also the local [[spiritual]] authority.<br />
<br />
Talking of Donations, I should probably mention at this point the Donation of Constantine, a document that had the Roman Emperor Constantine giving the Papacy "Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace, Africa and Italy and the various islands". A copy of the document is here http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/donatconst.html<br />
<br />
The ink was almost certainly dry on the parchment when it was first used to support Papal claims to certain lands in northern [[Italy]] in about 750 AD. <br />
Even [[19th century|Nineteenth Century]] pro-[[Catholic]] historians now admit it was a blatant forgery, but it was regarded as genuine through the entire Medieval period, although its importance was disputed <br />
<br />
In Rome, on Christmas Day of AD 800, a particularly successful [[Frank|Frankish]] King, [[Charlemagne]], was crowned Emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Pope]] [[Leo III]].<br />
<br />
This was widely seen as uniting [[temporal]] and [[spiritual]] power in one person - a divinely appointed Emperor.<br />
<br />
And if an Emperor is appointed by God, then surely he can appoint Bishops and so on, right ?<br />
<br />
This was known as Lay [[Investiture]] - that a [[secular]], or Lay, person could invest Bishops.<br />
<br />
The fact that the Emperor had a big army that could ... convince ... many members of the Church to see things his way too, especially if, say, an Election for the Pope was coming up.<br />
<br />
This is what happened with the Emperor [[Otto III]], who around 1000 AD with the help of his army managed to get his brother appointed as Pope, and then put him back after an upset Roman citizenry threw him out. He also appointed the next Pope, [[Sylvester II]], who was rumoured to be a magician.<br />
<br />
This was a struggle about in a struggle (a) whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and (b) who can sack whom and when.<br />
<br />
This was probably the peak of successful Imperial intervention in Papal affairs, although Emperor [[Charles V]]'s army did do a rather solid job in sacking Rome in 1527 (in case you are reading ahead, Charles V was definitely a [[Catholic]] when his army did this. Disputes exist whether they did it with or without orders ... )<br />
<br />
Seventy years later, around 1066 AD we saw a long, messy and involved struggle between Emperor [[Henry IV]], and his handpicked anti-Pope [[Clement III]], and Pope [[Gregory VII]], and his handpicked anti-Emperor [[Rudolph II]], in a struggle about (a) whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and (b) who can sack whom and when.<br />
<br />
One of the key people in the war was the redoubtable [[Mathilde of Canossa]], ruling Countess of Tuscany. If she had backed the Emperor rather than the Pope, Gregory would almost certainly have been deposed. A good web page about her is here http://www.geocities.com/mizzmelisende/woman65.html<br />
<br />
In the end, a compromise was established, whereby the Pope would mostly appoint Bishops, but the Emperor would confirm them. Note that this deal only applied in Germany ...<br />
<br />
But those wild and crazy Germans couldn't leave good enough alone, and under Frederick they had another go at dominating Italy ...<br />
<br />
The next major interlude in Church-State relations was the conflict between the French King ?[[Charles VIII]]? and Pope [[Boniface]], over whether the French King could tax the Church in [[France]]<br />
<br />
The basic idea promulgated by the Papacy was that Christendom should have one Church, with a consistent doctrine, just like it should have one secular head - the Emperor. OK, OK, those Greeks over in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] should have been part of a Universal and Catholic Church too, but they wouldn't agree on certain political and doctrinal points.<br />
<br />
This meant that the church needed one [[Bible]] in one language - [[Latin]]. Imagine the problems if my translation of the Bible says 'Thou shalt not suffer a poisoner to live' and yours says 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live'. <br />
<br />
Now, things got complicated when you had over-powerful Emperors like [[Otto III]] who made a habit of [[Investiture dispute|appointing Popes]], or overpowerful Popes like [[Innocent III]] (*) who made a habit of sacking Emperors, but after a long series of wars in the [[11th century|eleventh]], [[12th century|twelfth]] and [[13th century|thirteenth centuries]] where Pope tried to have Emperors sacked and vice-versa, it pretty much got sorted out that the Pope wouldn't intervene in politics if the Emperor didn't try and tell him what to do. <br />
<br />
In short, the Temporal power and the Spiritual power compromised, and didn't try to muscle in on each others' territories.<br />
<br />
This basic rule also more-or-less applied with independent kingdoms like [[England]] and [[France]], although the issue of who should appoint people to those nice, rich Church positions kept cropping up - but no King tried to tell the Church what should or should not be doctrine.<br />
<br />
(I feel I am not paraphrasing John of Paris too badly if I say his view on it was 'Does it say France anywhere? No? Then Boniface can get stuffed - he has to pay taxes like every other landowner in France')..<br />
<br />
Time rolled on, and the [[14th century|fourteenth century]] saw the seat of the Pope was moved to [[Avignon]] in France. Well, more accurately, the seat of one of the three Popes moved to Avignon, with a pro-French Pope appointed by the King of France there, an anti-French Pope elected by the College of Cardinals in Rome, and at times a third Pope in Pisa, and all of them exchanging insults, excommunications and interdicts.<br />
<br />
Not good for a Universal Church, huh.<br />
<br />
Eventually, things got sorted out with the [[Council of Constance]] in 1414-18, which got things back to an even footing, with one Pope, who lived in Rome.<br />
<br />
The wars between Pope and Emperor had a side effect; northern and central [[Italy]] became independent from both the Pope and the Emperor, and [[Milan]], [[Genoa]], [[Venice]] and [[Florence]] started carving out their own little Empires.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, the same idea occurred to a gentleman by the name of Guiliano della Rovere, better known as Pope [[Julius II]], who was elected on his third attempt in 1503, but basically controlled the Papacy from 1484 or so. To quote the Catholic Encyclopedia "the chief task of his pontificate he saw in the firm establishment and the extension of the temporal power. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier".<br />
<br />
To be slightly fairer to Julius, if the Papacy is a Temporal power with its own lands, castles and army, then it is going to be more difficult for its potential temporal enemy (eg German Emperor, King of France, Roman people etc) to force it into, for example, selecting their preferred Papal candidate at swordpoint. Not That That Ever Happened, Of Course.<br />
<br />
Note that temporal powers need armies, and armies need money (unless you hire English mercenaries, like Hawkwood, and pay them by letting them sack your enemy's territory).<br />
<br />
Temporal powers also need to cut deals with other temporal powers; it is notable that while the Papal-led League of Cambrai in 1508 was theoretically aimed at the [[Turkey|Turks]], it actually spent its time smacking the shit out of [[Venice]].<br />
<br />
Venice was the only power that could prevent the rise of Turkish power in the Mediterranean, [[Constantinople]] having fallen to the Turks in 1453, and the Order of St.John on Malta (Cyprus & Rhodes having become somewhat unhealthy for them, what with people expecting them to fight the Turk)being sundered by a schism between the ageing Spanish contingent, determined to keep power (and the money) in their hands, and the other nationalities, who would have liked to fight Turks now and again, but couldn't take, or fund, such a decision. Thus Turkish power continued to rise until the failed Siege of [[Vienna]] in 1529.<br />
<br />
Note that this base politicking by the Papacy did not go un-noticed by Europe at large - it is difficult to display moral leadership of Christendom as a whole when you are conspiring to rip some dependant city off another Italian power, or to prevent them doing the same to you.<br />
<br />
A favoured method of raising money for the army and the building program was selling [[indulgence]]s - a method of having sins forgiven in exchange for a cash payment.<br />
<br />
I'm sure we can all see what sort of abuses this could lead to.<br />
<br />
The combination of the prestige of the Church being reduced by its involvement as a Temporal power in secular wars against Christians, combined with the abuses inherent in raising large amounts of cash to pay for the above (well, that and Julius' building and art program, including things like St Pauls and the Sistine Chapel ceiling) laid the foundation for the Reformation that was about to happen ...<br />
<br />
The occasion of the Reformation was [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg in 1517 against various abuses to do with the sale of Indulgences. See http://www.gty.org/~phil/history/95theses.htm for a copy <br>.<br />
<br />
But what was more important - in my view - was not what end the Reformation had in mind, but what it was not, and how it was to be accomplished.<br />
<br />
Luther's reforms as presented to the German Princes in his 1520 "Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" were not a universal reform of the Christian Church but a reform specifically limited to [[Germany]]. A copy of the letter is here http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/nblty-01.html<br />
<br />
The reforms he proposed in this letter were for Germany alone ; they were an abandonment of the idea of a universal Christian Church.<br />
<br />
Secondly, the mechanism for Reform is to be the temporal [[prince]]s of Germany ; they are to take control of appointments to the Church in their principalities, of Church taxes, of laws over moral affairs, and so on.<br />
<br />
Luther accused Popes of wanting to become Emperors; by allowing the Temporal power to have power over church taxes and appointments his reform permitted Emperors to become Popes (and more than Popes -- with an army, raised from their Imperium, they could (once again) have controlled the Papal elections).<br />
<br />
This Prince-based scheme of Reform was reinforced by the events of the [[Peasants' War]], a great German peasants' rebellion in 1524-26 ; his pamphlet, 'Against the Peasants' he says that<br />
<br />
"First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's command, 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's,' and, 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers.' But since they have deliberately and sacrilegiously abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying, disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do."<br />
<br />
Let us compare this to what Luther, in his Open Letter, says about the duty of temporal powers to rebel against the Pope ;<br />
<br />
"Therefore, when necessity demands, and the pope is an offense to Christendom, the first man who is able should, a faithful member of the whole body, do what he can to bring about a truly free council. No one can do this so well as the temporal authorities, especially since now they also are fellow-Christians, fellow-priests, "fellow-spirituals," fellow-lords over all things, and whenever it is needful or profitable, they should give free course to office and work in which God has put them above every man. "<br />
<br />
Wittenburg was part of the lands of the Elector of [[Saxony]], [[Frederick the Wise]] and as well as the sale of Indulgences, the Germans had a couple of objections to the way the Church worked.<br />
<br />
Firstly, if the Church in general and the [[Monasteries]] in particular were immune to taxation, then this made the burden of the costs of local defence worse on everyone else.<br />
<br />
Secondly, the Church was clearly more interested in raising money to play politics in Italy than in the care and saving of souls.<br />
<br />
Thirdly, the [[Monasteries]] tend to buy little and sell much on local markets, thus depressing the prices for everyone else.<br />
<br />
Fourthly, many corrupt and incompetant church officials existed, and the Church was doing little about them.<br />
<br />
Finally, there should be a German Church for the German people.<br />
<br />
(as a side note, recent research by Michael Wilks among others shows that [[Lollardry]] was not a peasant-based rebel movement, but rather absolutely based around the English court, and with the tacit and overt support of the English State. The kid-glove "sentences" for heresy should have been a giveaway)<br />
<br />
(*) Note that as a good general rule, Popes called Innocent or Pious are neither pious nor innocent. Also note that popes called Victor generally lose. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Short Bibliography :===<br />
*Mattingly, Renaissence Diplomacy (great summary of the Italian Wars, among other things) <br />
* The Catholic Encyclopedia http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ (but keep your bias filter turned on ; this is Rome's version of what happened)<br />
* Project Wittenburg http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html (the Lutheran reply to the Catholic Encyclopedia) <br />
* Luther's Against the Peasants is at http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/peasants1525.html<br />
* Millor (ed) The Letters of John of Salisbury (John was the point man for the Archbishop of Cantebury during the Papal succession crisis of 1159. He gives a participant's view of a struggle between pope and Imperial-backed anti-pope)<br />
* Internet Medieval Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html (it's all good) <br />
* Lynn Nelson's lectures at UKansas are excellent ; http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/index.html<br />
* Giles of Rome ; pro-papal theorist. Read his stuff, and you know why his side lost.<br />
* Matthew of Paris ; pro-Gallician theorist. Pretty readable.<br />
<br />
<br />
* Wikipedia has a substantial article at http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Protestant_Reformation&diff=15624Protestant Reformation2006-04-17T14:55:17Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is [[User:Anton|Anton]] here, and I'd like to warn you that my own feces are going to fall into this topic. This is also very much work-in-progress ... it also needs a major rewrite, which is in progress. [[User:Cian|Cian]] has already added links and done some spelling corrections. I wanted to stay away from it, but to get it to make sense, I'm goanna hafta talk about [[Charlemagne]], the Donation of [[Constantine]], Lay [[Investiture]], One [[Sword]], Two Swords, Emperors Barefoot in the Snow and the rest of it ...<br />
<br />
To get it up front at the start, I think that by the time all the smoke cleared, the Reformation was (a) a continuation by other means of normal medieval Church-State relations, and (b) on balance a Bad Thing.<br />
<br />
The next thing I think we need to talk about is the very word 'Reform'.<br />
<br />
Politics in the Short [[20th century|Twentieth Century]] (1914-1992) was about revolutionaries, and us moderns are used to a political spectrum that goes<br />
<br />
Revolutionaries - Reformers - Conservatives - Reactionaries<br />
<br />
Therefore, we see Reformer as someone quite a bit milder than the it could be.<br />
<br />
To think about the word 'Reform' in a [[16th century|sixteenth century]] sense, think of it as re-form. As in, how can you re-form a cracked bell ; you melt it down for the bronze, and then re-cast it.<br />
<br />
Puts a bit of a different slant on the word, huh ...<br />
<br />
OK, with that out of the way, let's start at the beginning, with the [[Roman Empire]].<br />
<br />
Rome conquered the world, and she made her Emperors Gods.<br />
<br />
This meant that [[Christian]]s, who could worship no other God, got on badly with the Empire, and many Christians were martyred. A good example of early Christian/Imperial relations is here ... http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.html <br />
<br />
Eventually, the Empire and the [[Church]] came to co-exist, and Constantine made Christianity the State Religion of the Empire.<br />
<br />
In the [[Greece|Greek]], or Eastern half of the Empire, things pretty much continued that way, at least until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.<br />
<br />
In the western half of the Empire, slowly but inexorably, the Empire changed and mutated, as Italian Emperors gave way to those from the provinces, and as more and more Emperors were simply successful Legionary generals. After that there came the openly barbarian Emperors (i.e. those who came from outside the Empire, and ruled by virtue of conquest, although still holding to the Roman patterns) until there was little that was recognisably Roman at all.<br />
<br />
One of the things that was recognisable is that cities still had [[Bishops]] - and these Bishops were one of the few sources of continuity and certainty in a world consumed by famine, plague, disorder and war.<br />
<br />
Many religious people donated land and other wealth to the Church, and many Bishoprics and so on started to get some quite impressive land holdings. Some cities in [[Germany]], such as Mainz and Cologne, even ended up with the [[temporal]] ruler being the local Archbishop, who was also the local [[spiritual]] authority.<br />
<br />
Talking of Donations, I should probably mention at this point the Donation of Constantine, a document that had the Roman Emperor Constantine giving the Papacy "Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace, Africa and Italy and the various islands". A copy of the document is here http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/donatconst.html<br />
<br />
The ink was almost certainly dry on the parchment when it was first used to support Papal claims to certain lands in northern [[Italy]] in about 750 AD. <br />
Even [[19th century|Nineteenth Century]] pro-[[Catholic]] historians now admit it was a blatant forgery, but it was regarded as genuine through the entire Medieval period, although its importance was disputed <br />
<br />
In Rome, on Christmas Day of AD 800, a particularly successful [[Frank|Frankish]] King, [[Charlemagne]], was crowned Emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Pope]] [[Leo III]].<br />
<br />
This was widely seen as uniting [[temporal]] and [[spiritual]] power in one person - a divinely appointed Emperor.<br />
<br />
And if an Emperor is appointed by God, then surely he can appoint Bishops and so on, right ?<br />
<br />
This was known as Lay [[Investiture]] - that a [[secular]], or Lay, person could invest Bishops.<br />
<br />
The fact that the Emperor had a big army that could ... convince ... many members of the Church to see things his way too, especially if, say, an Election for the Pope was coming up.<br />
<br />
This is what happened with the Emperor [[Otto III]], who around 1000 AD with the help of his army managed to get his brother appointed as Pope, and then put him back after an upset Roman citizenry threw him out. He also appointed the next Pope, [[Sylvester II]], who was rumoured to be a magician.<br />
<br />
This was a struggle about in a struggle (a) whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and (b) who can sack whom and when.<br />
<br />
This was probably the peak of successful Imperial intervention in Papal affairs, although Emperor [[Charles V]]'s army did do a rather solid job in sacking Rome in 1527 (in case you are reading ahead, Charles V was definitely a [[Catholic]] when his army did this. Disputes exist whether they did it with or without orders ... )<br />
<br />
Seventy years later, around 1066 AD we saw a long, messy and involved struggle between Emperor [[Henry IV]], and his handpicked anti-Pope [[Clement III]], and Pope [[Gregory VII]], and his handpicked anti-Emperor [[Rudolph II]], in a struggle about (a) whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and (b) who can sack whom and when.<br />
<br />
One of the key people in the war was the redoubtable [[Mathilde of Canossa]], ruling Countess of Tuscany. If she had backed the Emperor rather than the Pope, Gregory would almost certainly have been deposed. A good web page about her is here http://www.geocities.com/mizzmelisende/woman65.html<br />
<br />
In the end, a compromise was established, whereby the Pope would mostly appoint Bishops, but the Emperor would confirm them. Note that this deal only applied in Germany ...<br />
<br />
But those wild and crazy Germans couldn't leave good enough alone, and under Frederick they had another go at dominating Italy ...<br />
<br />
The next major interlude in Church-State relations was the conflict between the French King ?[[Charles VIII]]? and Pope [[Boniface]], over whether the French King could tax the Church in [[France]]<br />
<br />
The basic idea promulgated by the Papacy was that Christendom should have one Church, with a consistent doctrine, just like it should have one secular head - the Emperor. OK, OK, those Greeks over in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] should have been part of a Universal and Catholic Church too, but they wouldn't agree on certain political and doctrinal points.<br />
<br />
This meant that the church needed one [[Bible]] in one language - [[Latin]]. Imagine the problems if my translation of the Bible says 'Thou shalt not suffer a poisoner to live' and yours says 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live'. <br />
<br />
Now, things got complicated when you had over-powerful Emperors like [[Otto III]] who made a habit of [[Investiture dispute|appointing Popes]], or overpowerful Popes like [[Innocent III]] (*) who made a habit of sacking Emperors, but after a long series of wars in the [[11th century|eleventh]], [[12th century|twelfth]] and [[13th century|thirteenth centuries]] where Pope tried to have Emperors sacked and vice-versa, it pretty much got sorted out that the Pope wouldn't intervene in politics if the Emperor didn't try and tell him what to do. <br />
<br />
In short, the Temporal power and the Spiritual power compromised, and didn't try to muscle in on each others' territories.<br />
<br />
This basic rule also more-or-less applied with independent kingdoms like [[England]] and [[France]], although the issue of who should appoint people to those nice, rich Church positions kept cropping up - but no King tried to tell the Church what should or should not be doctrine.<br />
<br />
(I feel I am not paraphrasing John of Paris too badly if I say his view on it was 'Does it say France anywhere? No? Then Boniface can get stuffed - he has to pay taxes like every other landowner in France')..<br />
<br />
Time rolled on, and the [[14th century|fourteenth century]] saw the seat of the Pope was moved to [[Avignon]] in France. Well, more accurately, the seat of one of the three Popes moved to Avignon, with a pro-French Pope appointed by the King of France there, an anti-French Pope elected by the College of Cardinals in Rome, and at times a third Pope in Pisa, and all of them exchanging insults, excommunications and interdicts.<br />
<br />
Not good for a Universal Church, huh.<br />
<br />
Eventually, things got sorted out with the [[Council of Constance]] in 1414-18, which got things back to an even footing, with one Pope, who lived in Rome.<br />
<br />
The wars between Pope and Emperor had a side effect; northern and central [[Italy]] became independent from both the Pope and the Emperor, and [[Milan]], [[Genoa]], [[Venice]] and [[Florence]] started carving out their own little Empires.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, the same idea occurred to a gentleman by the name of Guiliano della Rovere, better known as Pope [[Julius II]], who was elected on his third attempt in 1503, but basically controlled the Papacy from 1484 or so. To quote the Catholic Encyclopedia "the chief task of his pontificate he saw in the firm establishment and the extension of the temporal power. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier".<br />
<br />
To be slightly fairer to Julius, if the Papacy is a Temporal power with its own lands, castles and army, then it is going to be more difficult for its potential temporal enemy (eg German Emperor, King of France, Roman people etc) to force it into, for example, selecting their preferred Papal candidate at swordpoint. Not That That Ever Happened, Of Course.<br />
<br />
Note that temporal powers need armies, and armies need money (unless you hire English mercenaries, like Hawkwood, and pay them by letting them sack your enemy's territory).<br />
<br />
Temporal powers also need to cut deals with other temporal powers; it is notable that while the Papal-led League of Cambrai in 1508 was theoretically aimed at the [[Turkey|Turks]], it actually spent its time smacking the shit out of [[Venice]].<br />
<br />
Venice was the only power that could prevent the rise of Turkish power in the Mediterranean, [[Constantinople]] having fallen to the Turks in 1453, and the Order of St.John on Malta (Cyprus & Rhodes having become somewhat unhealthy for them, what with people expecting them to fight the Turk)being sundered by a schism between the ageing Spanish contingent, determined to keep power (and the money) in their hands, and the other nationalities, who would have liked to fight Turks now and again, but couldn't take, or fund, such a decision. Thus Turkish power continued to rise until the failed Siege of [[Vienna]] in 1529.<br />
<br />
Note that this base politicking by the Papacy did not go un-noticed by Europe at large - it is difficult to display moral leadership of Christendom as a whole when you are conspiring to rip some dependant city off another Italian power, or to prevent them doing the same to you.<br />
<br />
A favoured method of raising money for the army and the building program was selling [[indulgence]]s - a method of having sins forgiven in exchange for a cash payment.<br />
<br />
I'm sure we can all see what sort of abuses this could lead to.<br />
<br />
The combination of the prestige of the Church being reduced by its involvement as a Temporal power in secular wars against Christians, combined with the abuses inherent in raising large amounts of cash to pay for the above (well, that and Julius' building and art program, including things like St Pauls and the Sistine Chapel ceiling) laid the foundation for the Reformation that was about to happen ...<br />
<br />
The occasion of the Reformation was [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg in 1517 against various abuses to do with the sale of Indulgences. See http://www.gty.org/~phil/history/95theses.htm for a copy <br>.<br />
<br />
But what was more important - in my view - was not what end the Reformation had in mind, but what it was not, and how it was to be accomplished.<br />
<br />
Luther's reforms as presented to the German Princes in his 1520 "Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" were not a universal reform of the Christian Church but a reform specifically limited to [[Germany]]. A copy of the letter is here http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/nblty-01.html<br />
<br />
The reforms he proposed in this letter were for Germany alone ; they were an abandonment of the idea of a universal Christian Church.<br />
<br />
Secondly, the mechanism for Reform is to be the temporal [[prince]]s of Germany ; they are to take control of appointments to the Church in their principalities, of Church taxes, of laws over moral affairs, and so on.<br />
<br />
Luther accused Popes of wanting to become Emperors; by allowing the Temporal power to have power over church taxes and appointments his reform permitted Emperors to become Popes (and more than Popes -- with an army, raised from their Imperium, they could (once again) have controlled the Papal elections).<br />
<br />
This Prince-based scheme of Reform was reinforced by the events of the [[Peasants' War]], a great German peasants' rebellion in 1524-26 ; his pamphlet, 'Against the Peasants' he says that<br />
<br />
"First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's command, 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's,' and, 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers.' But since they have deliberately and sacrilegiously abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying, disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do."<br />
<br />
Let us compare this to what Luther, in his Open Letter, says about the duty of temporal powers to rebel against the Pope ;<br />
<br />
"Therefore, when necessity demands, and the pope is an offense to Christendom, the first man who is able should, a faithful member of the whole body, do what he can to bring about a truly free council. No one can do this so well as the temporal authorities, especially since now they also are fellow-Christians, fellow-priests, "fellow-spirituals," fellow-lords over all things, and whenever it is needful or profitable, they should give free course to office and work in which God has put them above every man. "<br />
<br />
Wittenburg was part of the lands of the Elector of [[Saxony]], [[Frederick the Wise]] and as well as the sale of Indulgences, the Germans had a couple of objections to the way the Church worked.<br />
<br />
Firstly, if the Church in general and the [[Monasteries]] in particular were immune to taxation, then this made the burden of the costs of local defence worse on everyone else.<br />
<br />
Secondly, the Church was clearly more interested in raising money to play politics in Italy than in the care and saving of souls.<br />
<br />
Thirdly, the [[Monasteries]] tend to buy little and sell much on local markets, thus depressing the prices for everyone else.<br />
<br />
Fourthly, many corrupt and incompetant church officials existed, and the Church was doing little about them.<br />
<br />
Finally, there should be a German Church for the German people.<br />
<br />
(as a side note, recent research by Michael Wilks among others shows that [[Lollardry]] was not a peasant-based rebel movement, but rather absolutely based around the English court, and with the tacit and overt support of the English State. The kid-glove "sentences" for heresy should have been a giveaway)<br />
<br />
(*) Note that as a good general rule, Popes called Innocent or Pious are neither pious nor innocent. Also note that popes called Victor generally lose. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Short Bibliography :===<br />
*Mattingly, Renaissence Diplomacy (great summary of the Italian Wars, among other things) <br />
* The Catholic Encyclopedia http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ (but keep your bias filter turned on ; this is Rome's version of what happened)<br />
* Project Wittenburg http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html (the Lutheran reply to the Catholic Encyclopedia) <br />
* Luther's Against the Peasants is at http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/peasants1525.html<br />
* Millor (ed) The Letters of John of Salisbury (John was the point man for the Archbishop of Cantebury during the Papal succession crisis of 1159. He gives a participant's view of a struggle between pope and Imperial-backed anti-pope)<br />
* Internet Medieval Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html (it's all good) <br />
* Lynn Nelson's lectures at UKansas are excellent ; http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/index.html<br />
* Giles of Rome ; pro-papal theorist. Read his stuff, and you know why his side lost.<br />
* Matthew of Paris ; pro-Gallician theorist. Pretty readable.<br />
<br />
<br />
* Wikipedia has a substantial article at http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Renaissance&diff=15620Renaissance2006-04-17T14:49:42Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].<br />
It is also known as "'''RinASScimento'''" (in Italian).<br />
<br />
The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].<br />
<br />
"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''boring''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].<br />
<br />
The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.<br />
<br />
More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.<br />
<br />
Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.<br />
<br />
Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].<br />
<br />
During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].<br />
<br />
== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.<br />
<br />
In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.<br />
<br />
=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.<br />
<br />
Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.<br />
<br />
== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]<br />
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]<br />
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]<br />
* [[William Shakespeare]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]<br />
<br />
=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].<br />
<br />
For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.<br />
<br />
=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]<br />
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]<br />
<br />
== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Painting and Sculpture]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===<br />
<br />
The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===<br />
<br />
Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].<br />
<br />
Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).<br />
<br />
Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].<br />
<br />
=== External Links ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/VirtualRen.html Renaissance Virtual Tour]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Renaissance&diff=15619Renaissance2006-04-17T14:48:36Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].<br />
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).<br />
<br />
The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].<br />
<br />
"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''boring''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].<br />
<br />
The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.<br />
<br />
More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.<br />
<br />
Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.<br />
<br />
Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].<br />
<br />
During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].<br />
<br />
== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.<br />
<br />
In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.<br />
<br />
=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.<br />
<br />
Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.<br />
<br />
== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]<br />
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]<br />
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]<br />
* [[William Shakespeare]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]<br />
<br />
=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].<br />
<br />
For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.<br />
<br />
=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]<br />
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]<br />
<br />
== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Painting and Sculpture]] ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===<br />
<br />
The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].<br />
<br />
=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===<br />
<br />
Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].<br />
<br />
Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).<br />
<br />
Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].<br />
<br />
=== External Links ===<br />
<br />
* [http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/VirtualRen.html Renaissance Virtual Tour]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15618Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-17T14:48:15Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge cheese turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Pius II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=John_Lackland&diff=15581John Lackland2006-04-13T16:31:25Z<p>208.182.75.11: John Lackland</p>
<hr />
<div>'''John Hancock''' was a [[bad]] [[king]] of [[England]] (1199-1216 AD) and was brother to his predecessor, [[Richard I]] (who he made love to]]. He had many failures, losing his "virginity"(hence to a guy), making him gay. He is also known as the [[Prince Queer]] of the [[Gay Porn]] stories (and almost certainly '''was''' gay. However, he did manage to maintain a number sex partners..on being his father, [[Henry II]].<br />
<br />
He married twice. Both to guys...<br />
<br />
Indeed John seems to have had some cock problems. History also knows of a son JackMehoff, who died in 1205 old enough to be made lord of Penis and placed in nominal command of a small cock into John's backside. Another son named John appears to have become a clerk in the see of Cum, and there was a Henry fitz-Roy who was given the Cornish lands of Robert Fitz Walter, married a minor heiress, and lived well into Henry III's reign, acknowledged as the King's brother, as well as a Richard (apparently born to a sister of Earl WIlliam de Warren) who was to marry a prominent heiress, Rohese of Dover, and become lord of the castle and barony of Chilham in Kent.<br />
<br />
<br />
He was a loser if there ever was one. Not only was he plagued with the problems both he and [[Richard I]] created, but he was also gay<br />
<br />
To be fair to him, he appears to have been the first [[gay]] [[king]] to create an administration in the modern style -- with the [[Exchequer]] at [[Westminster]], a [[Chancery]] there, as well as one with his own mobile [[Court]], and (later in his reign) a system for gathering gays and fucking them, <br />
He was noted for owning his own bath, and having it taken round with him (we he wasnt along in the bath...hint hint !!hes gay!!); he appears to have been the first king to import [[strap-ons]], gay guys, by establishing gay rights, as well as founding [[queerism]], and he is the first king to own a dressing gown, and hes a cross dress...we have here a gay crossdressing king<br />
<center><br />
<table border = 1><br />
<tr><br />
<td width = 30% align = center><br />
Preceded by:<br>[[Richard I]]<br />
<td width = 40% align = center><br />
[[English Monarchs]]<br />
<td width = 30% align = center><br />
Succeeded by:<br>[[Henry III]]<br />
</table><br />
</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:12th century]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Dandelion&diff=15583Dandelion2006-04-13T16:31:06Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Dandelions''', although now currently thought of as a [[weed]] to be fed to [[cow]]s, [[rabbit]]s or guinea pigs, can actually be used in salads (both the [[flower]] and leaves).<br />
<br />
Aside from [[cooking|culinary uses]], apparently dandelion makes a nifty [[purple]] [[dye]]. But it mustn't be very colourfast, as it's not particularly talked about by people who do [[period]] [[dyeing]].<br />
<br />
Note: [[Australia]]ns should be aware that most of the "dandelion" plants we generally find in our lawns are actually wild lettuce, and should be careful about obtaining "real" dandelions if trying to use them in some sort of recipe.<br />
<br />
Note from an [[England|English]] perspective: dandelion (from the French ''dent de lion'' -- ''lion's tooth'', referring to the ragged, chewed-looking, edge to the leaves) is well-known as a diuretic. Eating it may, therefore, have unforeseen consequences (or foreseen ones, if you're a cruel practical joker).<br />
<br />
See also: <br />
* other [[herbs]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Herbs]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Category:Heraldic_poses&diff=15585Category:Heraldic poses2006-04-13T16:26:43Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>This [[:special:category|category]] is for articles describing the various postions used for [[ animals (Heraldry)|wild animals]] in a [[device]].<br />
[[category: device heraldry]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Category:Heraldic_poses&diff=15576Category:Heraldic poses2006-04-13T16:26:25Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>This [[:special:category|category]] is for articles describing the various postions used for [[ animals (Heraldry)|wild animals]] in [[bed]].<br />
[[category: device heraldry]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Category:Heraldic_poses&diff=15575Category:Heraldic poses2006-04-13T16:25:30Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>This [[:special:category|category]] is for articles describing the various postions used for [[animals (Heraldry)|animals]] in a [[device]].<br />
[[category: device heraldry]]</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15580Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T16:00:52Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Straights]] and [[Gays]] eventually lead to the debates that began the the "Gay Pride Parades", and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Stripper]]s and the [[Pimps]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that(i like cheese), the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the movies.<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Magic Don Juan (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France(queers)]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15567Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:57:45Z<p>208.182.75.11: /* Important figures of the Reformation */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Straights]] and [[Gays]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Stripper]]s and the [[Pimps]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that(i like cheese), the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the movies.<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Magic Don Juan (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Hugenuts] in [[France(queers)]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15564Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:56:18Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Straights]] and [[Gays]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Stripper]]s and the [[Pimps]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that(i like cheese), the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the movies.<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Magic Don Juan (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France(queers)]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15563Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:56:03Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Straights]] and [[Gays]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Stripper]]s and the [[Pimps]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that(i like cheese), the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Magic Don Juan (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France(queers)]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Kingdom&diff=15582Kingdom2006-04-13T15:55:58Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15562Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:52:37Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that(i like cheese), the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Magic Don Juan (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France(queers)]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15559Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:50:14Z<p>208.182.75.11: /* Important figures of the Reformation */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Pooper]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Pooperanism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Renaissance&diff=15558Religion in the Renaissance2006-04-13T15:50:01Z<p>208.182.75.11: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Religion in the Renaissance''' can be best summed up by saying that the [[Renaissance]] was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The debates between the [[Humanists]] and [[Scholastics]] eventually lead to the debates that began the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the [[Reformer]]s and the [[Catholic Church]]. Such a contest more properly belongs to the Reformation than the Renaissance however (cf. [[Humanists and the Reformation]]).<br />
<br />
Having said that, the man in the street took a much greater interest in religion during the Renaissance than during the [[Middle Ages]] -- if only because the religious discourses of the time affected his or her life to a much greater extent than previously. Joe Average of 1540 would be much more likely to hold a strong [[religious opinion]] than Joe Average of 1340 -- who would most likely have simply believed whatever he heard at the [[pulpit]].<br />
<br />
== Important [[Pope]]s and other [[Church]] notables ==<br />
<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V Pope Nicholas V] (1447 - 1455)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II Pope Dope II] (1458 - 1464)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV Pope Sixtus IV] (1471 - 1484)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI Pope Alexander VI] (1492 - 1503)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II Pope Julius II] (1503 - 1513)<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X Pope Leo X] (1513 - 1523) -- [[Pope]] at the time of [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg.<br />
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola Girolamo Savonarola] (1452 - 1498), a noted anti-[[Renaissance]] preacher, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican Dominican] priest, and book-burner.<br />
<br />
== Important figures of the [[Reformation]] ==<br />
<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif John Wyclif] (1320 - 1384), English professor of Oxford university, whose teachings influenced <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hus Jan Hus] (1369 - 1415, [[burned at the stake]]), an early reformer in southern [[Bohemia]] and founder of the [[Hussite]]s.<br />
* [[Martin Luther]] (1483 - 1546), the founder of [[Lutheranism]].<br />
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldreich_Zwingli Huldreich Zwingli] (1484 - 1531), mad as a cut snake and the founder of the [[Reformation]] in [[Switzerland]], especially [[Zurich]].<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin] (1509 - 1564), the founder of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism Calvinism], which was the religious basis of the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot Huguenots] in [[France]] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian Presbyterians] of [[Scotland]] and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
== [[Religion]] and [[Free Thought]] ==<br />
<br />
Note that the reformation didn't always promote religious free thought. Neither Luther nor Calvin were great advocates of free thought -- but perhaps [[Michael Servetus]] was. Of course he got [[burned at the stake]] for [[Heresy]], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin John Calvin]'s Geneva -- where the [[Program of Reform]] in 1523 actually banned all Catholic forms of worship.<br />
<br />
While the [[Hussite]]s were very much in opposition to some of the [[Catholic church]] [[dogma]], their insistence that all forms of worship should be strictly in accordance with the [[Bible]] was very my-way-or-the-highway.</div>208.182.75.11