Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Viking fighting equipment

2016-12-12T05:13:55Z

User 144: /* Armour */

The fighting equipment of [[Viking]]s is drawn from pre-[[Christian]] burial remains, sacrifices and other lost and now recovered artefacts. This brief guide covers the period coming associated with the [[Viking]]s in Western [[Europe]] of 800 to 1100.

The [[saga]]s give us some indication of their fighting methods and [[weapon]]s but due to their being written many hundreds of years later, are deemed to be, at best, unreliable sources.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with [[wing]]s and generally [[socket]]ed. Some were light enough to be easily thrown.
* [[axe]] - common household [[tool]] sometimes with pronounced [[beard]].
* [[saex]] - knife
* lang[[seax]] - longer, single edged [[blade]] substituted by some in place of a sword.
* [[arming sword|sword]] - single handed weapon with short [[crossguard]] that might be straight or slightly curved forward on both sides of the blade and thought to be an influence of the [[Saxon]]s. Blade could be pattern welded, would have a rounded tip and the blade would usually be no longer than 76 cm (30 inches). [[Pommel]] of various types (cocked hat, 'tea cosy' and lobed predominating). [[Hilt]] small only just large enough to accommodate an average sized modern hand. Only used by the wealthy.
* Dane [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands. Likely only used by the wealthiest of warriors and only in good quaility [[armour]]
* [[longbow]] - of [[yew]], with side [[nock]] on the upper [[limb]] which could have an odd bent section. Lower limb tied to string.
* [[arrow]]s with [[tang]]ed [[head]]s and self [[nock]]s. [[Eagle]] feather [[flight]]s bound onto the [[shaft]] in a spiral pattern.

===Armour===
* none
* padded armour (''gambeson'' or ''aketon'') - conjectural with no known examples surviving
* [[leather]]/reindeer hide - conjectural with no known surviving examples. One saga mentions a number of warriors being equiped with reindeer hides that could turn swords as well as mail, but these are magical.
* [[maille|mail]] - short sleeved and short in the body composed of alternating rows of punched/welded links (roughly rectangular or flattened round section) and riveted (roundish drawn wire) of approximately 1.2 to 1.5 mm diamter with an internal diameter of 5-6mm internal diameter for the rings. Wealthy only. The length later, likely in the [[11th century]], changed to include elbow or forearm length sleeves and knee length body probably split in the front and back.
* [[shield]] - [[centre boss]] style. Width between 65 to 95 cm in diameter, and thickness of approx 8mm. Covered with leather with an [[iron]] [[boss]].
* [[Norman shield|Norman]] or [[kite shield]] a possibility for [[11th century]] Vikings.
* Conical [[centre boss]] [[shield]] - conjectural
* [[spectacle helmet]] - [[Gjermundbu]] style with round top, multiplate construction with [[maille|mail]] [[aventail]].
* [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] with [[nasal]]. Single or multiplate construction -conjectural from ill defined picture stones and contemporary helmets
* [[helmet]] - conical or rounded with [[metal]] frame and hardened [[leather]] sides.

===Clothing===
*[[tunic|kyrtle]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of linen
*[[hose]] of wool
*[[wickelbander]] of wool
*ankle boots or turn [[shoe]]s of leather

===Misconceptions===
* two handed swords - not known
* double headed axes - not known
* swords with dragons
* swords with circular pommels
* swords with elaborate basket-style hand guards
* swords with very heavy, blunt blades.
* [[greave]]s - not known
* [[vambrace]]s - not known
* [[gauntlet]]s - not known
* furry vests - not known
* furry ugg-boot style shoes - not known
* cross gartering - not known
* rough [[amber]] necklaces
* calf length 'sea boots' - this appears to be an invention of The Vikings group in the UK

[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:8th century]]
[[category:9th century]]
[[category:10th century]]
[[category:11th century]]
[[Category:viking]]
[[category:starting out]]

Maille

2011-02-23T16:34:15Z

User 144: /* Construction */

'''Maille''' is the [[period]]-correct [[French]] term for a [[metal]] defence of interlocking rings. ''Mail'' or ''mayle'' are the equivalent [[English]] terms, ''magula'' the [[Italy|Italian]]. The modern equivalent is simply, ''mail''.

All these terms are derived from the Latin ''macula'' meaning ''net''. The use of ''maille'' rather than ''mail'' is deemed an unnecessary affectation, by many [[re-enactor]]s (unless they actually portray and speak as [[medieval]] [[France|French]] warriors).

It is known from about the [[5th century BC]] and survived in various forms up until the [[20th century]] where it was last issued as a defence against shrapnel inside tanks. [[Medieval]] versions of this [[armour]] are common in the forms of [[hauberk]]s, and [[byrnie]]s as well as in smaller sections in [[voider]]s and [[standard]]s.

Since the [[Victorian]] era this type of [[armour]] has been refered to as ''chainmail'' and this practise caries over into the vernacular and in [[roleplaying]] games such as [[Dungeons and Dragons]].

== Manufacture ==
In [[Europe]], the 4-in-1 pattern was completely dominant. In [[East Asia]] (primarily [[Japan]]), mail was also common, but here several more patterns were utilized and an entire nomenclature developed around them. In the [[Middle East]] and [[India]], yet other patterns were developed (but 4-in-1 being the most common) and often combined with metal plates linked in with the rings.

Some late period [[plate armour]] incorporated 6-in-1 in small patches to cover vulnerable joints at the elbow, armpit and knee. Laced to the [[gambeson]], the dense, heavy 6-in-1 pattern provided excellent protection from piercing weapons, but was far too heavy for use in an entire [[hauberk]], using twice as much [[metal]] to cover the same area as the traditional 4-in-1 pattern.

==Recreationist Mail==
Historically, the rings composing mail [[armour]] would be riveted, welded shut or constructed of punched rings, to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an [[arrow]]. Also structural integrity of the garment could be held without a heavier gauge of wire, when compared to butted mail.

In modern [[re-enactment]] (uncommon) and [[live-action roleplaying]] games (most often), split sprung [[steel]] washers are sometimes used. Usually two pairs of pliers are used to bend the washers open and closed whilst "knitting" the chainmail. The resulting mail is usually heavier than traditional wire-wound mail, which is also used by reenactment groups.

Members of the [[New Varangian Guard]] and other Australian reenactment groups sometimes make their maille from spring steel rings. By using spring steel, you can use a finer gauge of wire and still retain strength.

However, for truly tough and light maille, you cannot go past riveted maille and many [[re-enactment]] groups are increasingly moving to this option. In the last couple of years 6mm ID mail has become available and its price has dropped to become quite affordable.

Another option, if you have the money, is always titanium - strong, light and if you ask some nicely they might anodize it for you. It is not, however, historically correct.

In the [[SCA]] and other [[recreationist]]s societies, you will find people whose skill at making historically accurate mail varies right across the spectrum; from amateur to true artisan.

==Historical Mail (Physical Form) ==
=== Size ===
Historically mail was smaller than most mail currently used by recreationist societies. Extent [[Viking]] Age mail was made from approximately 1.2 mm diameter iron wire with an internal diameter of 5.5 to 6 mm. Later period [[hauberk]]s and [[voider]]s followed the same size.

Modern experiments with a mail [[byrnie]] made to similar dimensions to historical examples have revealed that is it possible to not only swim in mail, but also to float.

=== Construction ===
Extent [[byrnie]]s have been tested and demonstrated to be made of alternatively riveted and punched mail. By the mid 15th century mail was entirely riveted.

[[Viking]] age mail links frequently have a round or oval section, although some solid rings have a profile that is almost square.

==Riveted Maille==
Evidence suggests that the vast majority of medieval [[European]] maille was composed of [[rivet]]ed links, not butted.

===Components===
====Links====
Riveted links are quite dissimiliar to the butted wire links found on many modern replicas. While inner/outer dimensions are usually the same, the link itself is normally flat, not round. The two ends of the link overlap and are flattened further. A slot or hole goes through both overlapping segments.

The link begins life as raw material (usually some form of [[steel]] of a similar composition to modern mild steel). From this, [[Making wire|wire is made]]. The circular links are formed on a [[mandrel]], then flattened in a press. A special tool is used to punch the slot or hole for the rivet.

====Rivets====
[[Rivet]]s can be either a thin triangular wedge, or a traditional (though quite small) solid rivet.

* Wedge rivets are usually made by snipping from a ribbon of sheet steel. They are triangular in form, with a larger height than base.
* Solid steel rivets are pressed from a rod.
===Construction===
Riveted maille garments come in two configurations:
# '''Fully-riveted:''' Every link has a rivet.
# '''Half-riveted:''' Every other link is solid.
Links are manipulated similiarly to butted maille, with [[pliers]]. Additionally, an [[anvil]], [[hammer]], and [[rivet setter]] are required. To close a link, the rivet is placed into the slot or hole on the link, and then placed into the jaw of the [[rivet setter]], which pushes the rivet solidly into place. The [[rivet setter]] is then used to compress the protruding point or tip of the rivet, usually with aid of the [[hammer]] and [[anvil]], by placing the [[rivet setter]] jaws on the anvil with the link held tightly, and striking the top of the setter.

Great care must be taken when integrating links into a sheet, because once riveted in place, no adjustments can be made short of cutting out the link. Additionally, all links must be addded such that the heads of the rivets face the same direction (usually away from the wearer). When following the half-riveted configuration, it is critical to add four solid links onto any riveted link you intend to attach (minus riveted links that act as mere connectors), lest a riveted link be attached that later needs a solid link added (which is impossible without deconstruction).

===Benefits===
The primary benefit of riveted maille is strength. Links will rarely be shed, reducing maintenance in the long run. Secondly, they cannot easily be split by force (such as from an [[arrow]]), as butted maille can. Finally, the flattened links reduce the overall weight of the garment.

==External Link==
*[http://www.users.bigpond.net.au/fireandsteel/swim.htm Swimming in Viking Age Mail]
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=155 Atlantian A&S Links: Mail]
[[category:armour]]

Hay bale

2011-01-28T14:27:17Z

User 144:

A '''bale''' is a block of compressed organic material ([[hay]] or straw), sometimes physically bound together.

==Hay bales and the SCA==
Hay bales (they may actually be straw but are nevertheless called hay) are used in the [[SCA]] to form representations of walls, or borders of any sort (for example, the edges of a [[bridge battle|bridge]]). Bales are used because of ease of acquiring, weight, and relative harmlessness if used in [[war scenario|combat scenario]]s (it is not uncommon for [[fighter]]s to be knocked into or over a bale).

[[category:artefact (modern)]]

Rabbit

2011-01-25T15:28:01Z

User 144:

[[Image:rabbit.jpg|right|150px]]
A '''rabbit''' is a small herbivorous quadruped, generally living under ground in burrowed tunnel-systems. Introduced to [[England]] by the [[Rome|Romans]], rabbits then died out after the Romans left England. They were then re-introduced from [[France]] after the [[Norman Conquest]], and the [[Domesday Book]] records established warrens of rabbits as a bankable resource of the [[king]]. During the medieval period rabbit was a luxury good and the common people were kept away from them. They have always been seen as ready source of [[food]] and [[fur]], provided you can [[hunting|catch them]].

Commonly anthropomorphised, even in [[period]], as cunning little blighters always after people's food, they also have a reputation for rapid multiplication.
First rabbit: ''There are a pack of wolves coming''.
Second rabbit: ''Quick -- down this hole -- give it ten minutes and we can come out and surround them!''.

Commonly alluded to as "bunnies" or "coneys" (but, apparently, not as "cunnies") they are also supposed to be part of the inspiration behind the ''hobbit'' of recent [[legend]]s.

== External Links ==
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=1303 Atlantian A&S Links: Rabbits, Hares, & Cuniculture]

[[category:animal]]
[[category:food]]

Rabbit

2011-01-25T15:22:58Z

User 144:

[[Image:rabbit.jpg|right|150px]]
A '''rabbit''' is a small herbivorous quadruped, generally living under ground in burrowed tunnel-systems. Introduced to [[England]] by the [[Rome|Romans]], rabbits then died out after the Romans left England. They were then re-introduced from [[France]] after the [[Norman Conquest]], and the [[Domesday Book]] records established warrens of rabbits as a bankable resource of the [[king]]. They have always been seen as ready source of [[food]] and [[fur]], provided you can [[hunting|catch them]].

Commonly anthropomorphised, even in [[period]], as cunning little blighters always after people's food, they also have a reputation for rapid multiplication.
First rabbit: ''There are a pack of wolves coming''.
Second rabbit: ''Quick -- down this hole -- give it ten minutes and we can come out and surround them!''.

Commonly alluded to as "bunnies" or "coneys" (but, apparently, not as "cunnies") they are also supposed to be part of the inspiration behind the ''hobbit'' of recent [[legend]]s.

== External Links ==
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=1303 Atlantian A&S Links: Rabbits, Hares, & Cuniculture]

[[category:animal]]
[[category:food]]

Steel

2011-01-25T15:16:30Z

User 144:

'''Steel''' is an alloy of [[iron]] and carbon. Most [[sword]]s and [[armour]] in early [[period]] were not made of steel, but iron, owing to the difficulty of [[blacksmith|forging]] steel. Later period smelting techniques were able to produce good quality steel and in large quantities.

In [[period]], [[Japan|Japanese]] swords are notable for the quality of their steel despite being produced from poor quality (and extremely scarce) iron sands. [[Damascus]] and [[Toledo]] blades were also renowned for their quality.

[[Weapon]]s and armour used in the modern re-enactment can be made of much higher quality steel than [[medieval]] equivalents, since modern manufacturing produces very homgenous steel.

Both steel and [[iron]] will form iron oxide ([[rust]]), which weakens the metal as the rust is water soluble and washes the material away exposing more of the original metal to oxidize. For this reason, period armour was often painted or left covered in [[forge|forgeblack]], rather than being polished. If armour was polished, it needed frequent scouring and oiling to maintain it.

Plain steel is often called [[mild steel]] by modern metalworkers, and will rust quite quickly if left unoiled. Modern [[stainless steel]] is less prone to oxidization, but will rust if left in a pool or water or sweat. Modern [[galvanized steel]] turns dark grey or black as the coating oxidises, but doesn't lose any strength from this process. Do not hot-work galvanized steel as it produces toxic fumes at high temperatures. Galvanized steel was developed during the industrial revolution and not used in [[period]] nor was [[stainless steel]].

==Steel, Drawing==
A term used to indicate that someone drawing a [[blade]]d [[weapon]].

See Also: [[live steel]].
[[category:materials (medieval)]]

[[category:metal]]

Real weapons in the SCA

2011-01-25T15:11:39Z

User 144:

Always make sure:
* Real weapons (knives, swords, etc.) are '''not''' be drawn at an [[SCA]] [[event]].
* Fighting with [[steel]] [[weapon]]s (referred to as [[live steel]] in the [[US]]) is '''not permitted at SCA events'''. If you want to do this, a number of [[re-enactment]] and other groups have this as a focus for their combat. Also note we are not talking about authorised [[rapier]] fighting with approved ''practice'' [[weapon]]ry.
* Follow your local [[mundane]] laws with regards to carrying weapons. This may require you to have the weapons in a secure bag or container when not at an event or even require a permit or a license.
* Be responsible and do not touch other people's weapons without permission, be they real or SCA weapons. If you are given permission to handle someone's weapon, be aware that the oils on your fingers can cause damage to a metal blade, and hold the weapon only by the hilt (unless the owner instructs you otherwise).

The only exceptions to the first rule are:
#In honour of the [[crown]]
#Displaying the [[blade]] ("[[clear|Clear!]]" must be called before doing this to let surrounding people know what you're doing)

Many 'real' swords owned by [[SCAdian]]s are more decorative than functional. These types of "[[weapons]]" are sometimes referred to as [[sword like objects]] or SLO's and are generally owned by those using swords as a costume accessory, as an unsharpened sword is much safer and more practical for this purpose.

At the same time, there are some true weapons enthusiasts in the SCA and other groups, with an interest in determining the actual capabilities of weapons. As such [[test cutting]] of weapons has increased in the last decade. These tests are aimed at assessing claims of the types and amounts of damage that can be delivered by weapons to both organic and inorganic targets.

[[category:SCA]]
[[category:weapons]]

Real weapons in the SCA

2011-01-25T15:09:52Z

User 144:

Always make sure:
* Real weapons (knives, swords, etc.) are '''not''' be drawn at an [[SCA]] [[event]].
* Fighting with [[steel]] [[weapon]]s (referred to as [[live steel]] in the [[US]]) is '''not permitted at SCA events'''. If you want to do this, a number of [[re-enactment]] and other groups have this as a focus for their combat. Also note we are not talking about authorised [[rapier]] fighting with approved ''practice'' [[weapon]]ry.
* Follow your local [[mundane]] laws with regards to carrying weapons. This may require you to have the weapons in a secure bag or container when not at an event.
* Be responsible and do not touch other people's weapons without permission, be they real or SCA weapons. If you are given permission to handle someone's weapon, be aware that the oils on your fingers can cause damage to a metal blade, and hold the weapon only by the hilt (unless the owner instructs you otherwise).

The only exceptions to the first rule are:
#In honour of the [[crown]]
#Displaying the [[blade]] ("[[clear|Clear!]]" must be called before doing this to let surrounding people know what you're doing)

Many 'real' swords owned by [[SCAdian]]s are more decorative than functional. These types of "[[weapons]]" are sometimes referred to as [[sword like objects]] or SLO's and are generally owned by those using swords as a costume accessory, as an unsharpened sword is much safer and more practical for this purpose.

At the same time, there are some true weapons enthusiasts in the SCA and other groups, with an interest in determining the actual capabilities of weapons. As such [[test cutting]] of weapons has increased in the last decade. These tests are aimed at assessing claims of the types and amounts of damage that can be delivered by weapons to both organic and inorganic targets.

[[category:SCA]]
[[category:weapons]]

String slap

2011-01-25T13:56:21Z

User 144:

''String slap'' is an archery term that refers to the event when a bow string strikes the inside of the forearm when a bowstring is released.

They degree of string slap dependent on a number of factors including the distance the string is from the bow itself and the position of the arm holding the bow.

A device called a [[bracer]] can be worn to protect against the impact. Medieval bracers were of [[horn]] or [[leather]] construction. There does appear to be a level of 'tough than thou' with smaller bracers being preferred.

Vambrace

2011-01-25T13:50:03Z

User 144:

The '''vambrace''' is a piece of defensive [[armour]] worn on the forearms. A modern term sometimes used to describe the same is lower cannon of the vambrace. These appear from the very early [[14th century]] and possibly late [[13th century|13th]].
Vambraces might be made of [[metal]], [[leather]] or other materials depending on the period and location.

The term is also used to describe the combination of vambrace, [[couter]] and [[rerebrace]] when wearing full ''arm harness''. In addition the [[England|English]] would use the term [[bracer]] to refer to the same.
They differ from the modern [[bracer]] which is used to protect the internal forearm against '[[string slap]]' (where the string of a [[bow]] hits the inside of the forearm).

[[category:armour]][[category:full harness]][[category:14th century]][[Category:artefact (medieval)]]

Saxon fighting kit

2011-01-19T17:27:19Z

User 144: moving link

The '''fighting equipment of [[Saxon]]s''' is drawn from [[burial]] remains, sacrifices and other found lost and now recovered artifacts. This brief guide covers the period of the Saxon in [[England]] of 500 to 1100.

==Equipment==
===[[Weapons|Arms]]===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with wings and generally socketed. Some were light enough to be easily thrown. This weapon is typically associated with Saxon fighting men.
* [[axe]] - a common household [[tool]], sometimes with pronounced [[beard]]. Thought to be less common in Saxon [[army|armies]] than their contemporaries, the [[Viking]]s. Seems to decline with the arrival of the [[saex]].
* [[saex]] - a [[knife]] and typically associated with all free Saxons. Appears around 600 and seems to correspond to the decline of the [[axe]].
* [[sword]] - a single-handed weapon with short [[crossguard]] that might be straight or slightly curved forward on both sides of the blade and this is thought to be [[Saxon]] in origin. [[Blade]] could be [[pattern welding|pattern welded]], would have a rounded tip and the blade would usually be no longer than 76 cm (30 inches). [[Pommel]] of various types (cocked hat predominating). [[Hilt]] small only just large enough to accommodate an average sized modern hand. Only used by the wealthy.
* Dane [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands. Likely only used by the wealthiest of warriors and only in good quality [[armour]]. A weapon much associated with the [[11th century]] [[Housecarl|Huscarl]]s.
* [[longbow]] - of yew, with side nock on the upper limb which could have an odd bent section. Lower limb tied to string.
* [[arrow]]s with tanged heads and self nocks. Likely to be similar to [[Viking]] [[arrow]]s and thus [[eagle]] [[feather]] flights bound onto the shaft in a spiral pattern.

===[[Armour]]===
* none
* padded armour (''[[gambeson]]'' or ''aketon'') - conjectural with no known examples surviving
* [[leather]] - conjectural with no known surviving examples.
* [[maille|mail]] - short sleeved and short in the body composed of alternating rows of punched/welded links (roughly rectangular or flattened round section) and riveted (roundish drawn wire) of approximately 1.2 to 1.5 mm diameter with an internal diameter of 5-6mm internal diameter for the rings. Wealthy only. The length lately likely in the [[11th century]] changed to include elbow or forearm length sleeves and knee length body probably split in the front and back.
* [[shield]] - [[centre boss]] style. Width between 40 to 95 cm in diameter, and thickness of approx 6.5 mm ([[4th century]]), 7.6 mm ([[5th century|5th]] to [[6th century]]), 8.5 mm (late [[6th century]] onwards). Covered on both sides with [[leather]] or [[rawhide]] (conjectural)with possibilty of being curved in the vertical plane, with an [[iron]] [[boss]] typically carinated and conical.
* [[Norman shield|Norman]] or [[kite shield]] a possibility for [[11th century]] Saxons.
* Conical [[centre boss]] shield - conjectural
* [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] with nasal. Single or multiplate construction -conjectural from ill defined picture stones and contemporary helmets
* [[helmet]] - rounded multiplate with cheek plates and [[aventail]] (e.g. Coppergate and Bentley Grange)). [[Bronze]] [[animal]] decoration on top for wealthy but may have fallen from favour by the [[10th century]] early period. May have face plate in earlier periods (e.g. Sutton Hoo).
* [[helmet]] with [[metal]] frame and [[cuir bouilli]] sides.
* [[Iron]] [[greave]]s from a [[9th century]] find, but little evidence otherwise to suggest their presence.
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=154 Atlantian A&S Links: Anglo-Saxon Armour]

===[[Clothing]]===
*[[tunic|kyrtle]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of [[linen]]
*[[hose]] of wool
*[[wickelbander]] of wool
*ankle [[boot]]s or turn[[shoe]]s of leather

===Common misconceptions===
* swords with circular pommels
* swords with very heavy, blunt blades.
* [[vambrace]]s - not known
* [[gauntlet]]s - not known
* [[fur]]ry ugg-boot style shoes - not known
* [[cross gartering]] - not known
* rough [[amber]] [[necklace]]s

==Links==
*[http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=717 Atlantian A&S Links: Anglo-Saxon Clothing]

[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:8th century]]
[[category:9th century]]
[[category:10th century]]
[[category:11th century]]
[[category:starting out]]

Tea

2010-01-28T20:04:54Z

User 144:

''This page is about the beverage using tea leaves.'' 
''You may be after a [[feast|meal]], sometimes called dinner.''
----

'''Tea''' is a [[beverage]] made from infusing tea leaves in boiling water. [[Sugar]] is often added to sweeten the taste with [[cream]] or [[milk]] to cool it.

Tea was first drunk in [[Asia]]. Records mention its existence in [[China]] in the 10th century [[BC]]. The first [[Europe]]an mentions of it were from travellers' notes, like those of [[Marco Polo]]. However, the first record of it being in Europe was in the early [[17th century]], when a [[ship]] of the [[Dutch East India Company]] brought the first green tea leaves to [[Amsterdam]] from China.

== Tea in the SCA ==

In the [[SCA]], Tea and [[coffee]] are generally regarded as [[period by consensus]] and enjoyed by many.

[[category:food]]
[[category:materials (modern)]]

Coffee

2010-01-28T20:04:20Z

User 144:

'''Coffee''' usually refers to the roasted and ground [[bean]]s of the Coffea plant. It was first discovered in [[Ethiopia]] by the indigenous population. It was first cultivated circa 675 [[CE]] in [[Arabia]]. By the [[ninth century]], it was also drunk in [[Persia]]. [[Abu ibn Sina]] (aka Avicenna) was acquainted with coffee around 1000 CE.

In 1475, the first coffee shop opened in [[Istanbul]]. Kiva Han is still open
today. The first[[ Europe]]an to mention coffee was [[Prospero Alpino]] of [[Padua]], a visitor to [[Ottoman]]-controlled [[Egypt]] in 1580.

During the [[17th century]] [[coffee house]]s opened in [[England]] and became quickly popular meeting places for men to engage in discussions. This distressed
[[alehouse|alewives]] (due to competition) and some women (who believed coffee reduced men's virilty).

=== Major References ===

Private emails from [[Baron]] Hrölf Herjölfssen, [[OP|O.P.]], [[SCA]] [[Barony of Ynys Fawr]], [[Kingdom of Lochac]]

==Coffee in the SCA==
While coffee was not known in [[Europe]] during the [[medieval]] period, it is considered [[period by consensus]] in the [[SCA]].

== References ==

==External Links==
*[http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=1263 Atlantian A&S Links: Coffee]

[[category:food]]
[[category:17th century]]
[[category:materials (modern)]]

Pike and Musket Society

2009-04-28T17:56:20Z

User 144:

The '''Pike and Musket Society''' or the '''Routiers''' are a [[living history]] organisation whose focus is on the military aspects of [[17th century]] [[Europe]]. It was formed in [[Australia]] but has international associations.

They concentrate on the Trained Bands (or "Trayned Bandes" if you prefer) of [[London]] during the period of the [[English Civil War]]. Even more specifically, the Second Captain's Company of the Green Band. The Society's aim is for as much historical accuracy as is practicable. [[Clothing]], [[weapon]]s and accoutrements are carefully reconstructed, based on historical [[research]], preferably using [[primary source|primary (period) sources]].

Their reasoning is "to take historical [[re-enactment]] seriously, and ourselves seriously not at all!" - the opposite tack to some other organisations.

Website: http://www.theroutiers.org/

<center>
''The above description is based on the content of http://www.theroutiers.org/whatis.htm''
</center>

==External Links==
'''See Also:'''
* [http://www.theroutiers.org The Pike and Musket Society]
[[category:re-enactment groups]]

Gorget

2009-04-18T17:02:48Z

User 144:

A '''gorget''' is a plate neck protection that covers much of the neck and hollow of the throat as well as some of the collarbone near the top of the ribs.

There is some indication that gorgets may have sat under [[breastplate]]s to take spread the weight of the shoulder pieces of a back and breast and they continued to be worn even after other pieces of [[armour]] were abandoned. eg in the mid [[17th century]].

Even much later many armies still had them in symbolic forms for officers.

In the [[15th century]] a [[maille|mail]] [[standard]] or standart forms a similar function.

==Gorgets in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], a neck defence that encircles the neck is given this name and are a required part of [[armour]] for both [[rapier|light]] and [[heavy fighting|heavy]] [[combat]] and are typically made of [[leather]] or metal.
[[category:armour]]

Combat

2009-04-18T16:11:24Z

User 144: /* Weapons */

'''Combat''' refers to [[armed]] or [[unarmed]] physical conflict between groups or individuals.

Victory may be determined as the:
* one who holds the field at the end of the conflict
* last to yield
* last to be alive
* an other previously defined parameter

Combat could be in earnest or could be staged as a sport, eg a tournament.

==SCA Combat==
The following articles relate primarily to [[SCA]] combat, both Armored Combat & Rapier Combat.

There are two primary divisions in fighting: [[single combat]] and [[team combat]]

=== Topics ===
==== [[Weapons]] ====
*[[Heavy combat|Armoured Combat]]
**[[Sword]]
**[[Mace]]
**[[Axe]]
**[[Polearm]]
*[[Fencing|Rapier Combat]]
**[[Rapier]]
**[[Dagger]]
**[[Schlager]]
**[[Epee]]
**[[Foil]]
*[[Throwing weapons]]
**[[Chakram]]
**[[Dart]]
**[[Throwing Axe]]s
**[[Rocks]]
**[[Javelin]]
*[[Melee weapons]]
**[[Bow]]
**[[Crossbow]]
**[[Siege weapons]]

==== Tactics ====
*[[Hand to hand combat tactics|Hand to Hand Combat Tactics]] - [[Heavy Fighting]] / Armoured Combat
*[[Archery]] - [[Light combat]]
*[[Fencing|Art of defence]] - [[Rapier]]
*[[Formations]]
*[[Unit Commands]]

==== [[Tournament]]s ====
*[[Running a Tournament]]
*[[Tournament style]]s
*[[Tournament Ranking]]

==== [[Laws|Rules and Regulations]] ====
*[[Authorisation]]
*[[Legal target areas]]
*[[Rules of the list]]
*[[Conventions of Combat]]
*[[Marshal's handbook]]
*[[Minimum armour]]
*[[Assumed armour]]
*[[Armour]] [[inspection]]

[[Category:Combat]]

==Internal Links==
See also:
* [[armour]]
* [[weapon]]s
* [[fighting kit|overall fighting equipment list]]
* [[fechtbuch|fighting manuals]]
* [[Bellatrix|Bellatrix Fighting Style]]
* [[Oldcastle|Oldcastle Fighting Style]]
[[category:starting out]]

Rapier

2009-04-17T10:35:26Z

User 144:

[[category:weapons]]
[[image:swepthiltrapier.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica swept hilt rapier.]]
A '''rapier''' is a slender, sharply pointed, two-edged [[sword]] with a blade at least 90 [[centimetre]]s in length and generally possessing both distal and profile taper, often sporting an elaborate [[hilt]] and hand-[[guard]]. The [[SCA]] uses [[reproduction rapier]]s in "heavy rapier" [[fencing]].

The rapier developed in the second half of the [[16th century]] as a modification of what is now known as the "cut-and-thrust" style [[sword]]. It was slimmer and nimbler than the thrusting [[broadsword]], a feature that enabled it to grow longer, and increased the usefulness of thrusting attacks thanks to its reach.

The rapier became popular in [[Europe]] in the 16th century primarily as a weapon for civilian use. In parallel to the rapier, other weapons were developed for use in war in response to the increasing protection offered by fully articulated plate [[armour]]. These included the [[estoc]] and many speciality [[polearm]]s-- such as the later versions of [[halberd]].

During the [[17th century]] the cup hilt was added to the rapier giving the hand increased protection again thrusts.

The rapier is capable of both slashing and thrusting attacks, but the style of fighting popular during its advent and heyday favoured the thrusting attacks we popularly associate with "[[fencing]]".

The rapier's slimmer cousin, the [[smallsword]] (reproduced using its descendant, the modern [[foil]]), is the sword most often associated with the [[duel]]s of [[honour]] depicted in [[literature]] and movies, such as ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''.

For a more detailed explanation of the primary use of the rapier-- Dueling-- see [[European dueling sword]].

For a thorough and somewhat technical discusion of the rapier see:
* Characteristics of the Rapier by Chris Evans - http://swordforum.com/articles/ams/char-rapier.php

===Rapiers in the SCA===
In the [[SCA]], the term 'rapier' is commonly used instead of '[[fencing]]'. In those kingdoms that utilize both [[epee]]s and rapiers, they are respectively called "light" rapier refering to [[foil]] or epee and "heavy" rapier refering to [[reproduction rapier]]s or [[schlager]]s and on a limited basis [[backsword|back]] and [[side sword]]. In [[Lochac]], 'rapier' also refers to the in-house [[fibreglass rapier|fibreglass]] blades.
[[category:swords]]

Lindisfarne (Song)

2009-03-26T19:04:10Z

User 144:

This version sourced from The Mangy Mongol songbook, page ??, AS XLIII.

Author: Ragnar Magnussen 
Tune: Green Grows my Bogling Fork

==Lyrics==

I'll sing you one, oh, 
Sword, axe and spear, oh, 
What is your one-oh?

One we got to Lindisfarne and burn it to the ground, oh! 
Two, two the Chrsitian monks lying in their blood, oh... 
Three, three, we're Vikings... 
Four for the ships we sail in... 
Five for the symbols on our shields... 
Six for the Saxons that we've killed... 
Seven for the wenches that we've raped... 
Eight for the gold we've stolen... 
Nine for the cities that we've sacked... 
Ten for the mighty Odin... 
Eleven for bright Valhalla... 
Twelve for the gods in Asgard...

[[category:Filk]]
[[Category:Songs]]
[[Category:Mong]]

Onward Sauron's Soldiers

2009-03-26T19:02:05Z

User 144:

This version sourced from The Mangy Mongol songbook, page 72, AS XLIII.

Tune: Onward, Christian Soldiers
==Lyrics==

Onward, Sauron's soldiers, 
Marching off to war 
With the Eye of Sauron 
Going on before 
Darkness like a banner 
Shadows all the foe 
Forward into battle 
See the Nazghul go!

CHORUS: 
Onward, Sauron's soldiers, 
Marching off to war, 
With the Eye of Sauron 
Going on before.

Trolls and Balrogs mangle, 
Dragons burn and bite! 
With us you must tangle 
Or run and scream in fright! 
Evil is our watchword, 
Pain is our delight; 
Middle-Earth must crumble 
Under Mordor's might!

CHORUS

From the dread Dark Tower, 
To black Khazad-Dum 
We'll send elves and hobbits 
Shrieking to their tomb 
Men and dwarves together 
Go down in defeat. 
In the hunger after battle 
They'll be good to eat.

CHORUS

Conquer every village! 
Yell our battle cry! 
"Murder, rape and pillage, 
Then spit in their eye!" 
See the craven victims 
Quivering with fear; 
We'll be leaving Mordor 
Sometime late next year!

CHORUS

[[category:Filk]]
[[Category:Songs]]
[[Category:Mong]]

Waist hoop

2009-03-24T13:33:46Z

User 144:

'''Waist hoops''' were a short lived abdominal defence consisting of a series of [[metal]] hoops articulated around the waist. They appear in around 1360 and are superceded by the [[fauld]] in the 1370's.

[[category:armour]]

Viscount

2009-03-19T15:21:10Z

User 144:

A '''viscount''' is a [[noble]] who is [[rank]]ed higher than a [[baron]] but below a [[count]]. Traditionally, they are the son or younger brother of a count.
In [[England]], the [[title]] was also used after the [[Norman conquest]] for the [[Shire]] [[Reeve]] or [[sheriff]]. A [[viscountess]] is a female viscount. 
Formally the [[England|English]] viscounties were first created in 1440, but the title existed (as ''vice-comte'' or deputy-count) into the days of the [[Charlemagne|Carolingian]] empire.

==Viscounts in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], a viscount is a person who has ruled a [[principality]] at least once. They are referred to as "Your Excellency" and wear a [[coronet]] of their choice, most commonly with [[pearl]]s. However, in the [[Middle Kingdom]] and its descendant kingdoms ([[Calontir]], [[Ealdormere]] and [[Northshield]]), viscounts wear [[embattled]] silver coronets.

== See Also ==
[[Honorific]]

[[category:title]]

Courtesy

2009-03-19T10:23:21Z

User 144:

'''Courtesy''' is one of the [[virtue]]s expected from a [[chivalry|chivalric]] [[knight]].

==Courtesy in the SCA==
Courtesy is also expected from all [[member]]s of the [[SCA]] unto each other and those of the [[mundane]] world. This includes during [[war]] and [[tournament]] [[combat]] (c.f. rule 6 of the [[rules of the list]], and [[Conventions_of_combat#Conventions_of_combat_include_behaviour_on_the_field|Combat conventions]]).

[[category:etiquette]]

Reign

2009-03-19T10:19:20Z

User 144: /* The Reigh of SCA Kings */

A '''reign''' is the period during which a [[monarch]] rules.

==The Reign of SCA Kings==
In most [[SCA]] [[Kingdoms]], the [[King]] and [[Queen]] reign for six months at a time.
This means that King and Queen of [[Lochac]] and [[Ealdormere]], for example, only have to travel the vast distances of their kingdoms for six months before their successors take over.

This is generally considered a kindness for the monarchs' vehicles, and for the monarchs themselves.

Reign

2009-03-19T10:18:47Z

User 144:

A '''reign''' is the period during which a [[monarch]] rules.

==The Reigh of SCA Kings==
In most [[SCA]] [[Kingdoms]], the [[King]] and [[Queen]] reign for six months at a time.
This means that King and Queen of [[Lochac]] and [[Ealdormere]], for example, only have to travel the vast distances of their kingdoms for six months before their successors take over.

This is generally considered a kindness for the monarchs' vehicles, and for the monarchs themselves.

Battle cry

2009-03-19T10:16:20Z

User 144:

A '''battle cry''' is a word or phrase shouted by [[fighter|warriors]] in [[combat]], intended to strengthen the [[morale]] of friendly troops and shake the morale of the enemy. Battle cries are also used to [[rally]] troops at need.

A line of [[armed]] fighters roaring a battle cry as they crash into an enemy [[shieldwall]] is a formidable sight, indeed.

== Battle Cries in Period ==
In the [[medieval]] period, everyone had a battle cry. The various cries were usually [[religion|religious]] in nature.

Some examples:
* ''Olicrosse!'' (Holy Cross!) was the [[French]] battle cry at the [[Battle of Bouvines]].
* ''Santiago y Adelante!'' (Saint James and at them!) is a [[Spain|Spanish]] battle cry dating from the [[Reconquista]].
* ''Hakkaa p��lle!'' (Hack them down!) is a [[Finland|Finnish]] battle cry, documented during the [[17th century]].
* ''Lamh Ladir Abu!'' is an ancient [[Irish]] battle cry.
* ''Allah-u Akbar!'' (God is Great) is the traditional [[Islam|Muslim]] battle cry, partly because it is the duty of a devout Muslim to say these words before death.

== Battle Cries in the SCA ==
Many individual [[fighter|fighters]] and [[household|households]] have their own battle cries, as do [[Barony|Baronies]] and [[Kingdom|Kingdoms]].

Anyone in the [[SCA]] can have a battle cry of their own, but ideally it will be short, easy to shout clearly, and not overly [[obscene]].

[[category:combat]]

Science

2009-03-16T18:29:33Z

User 144:

Science

2009-03-16T18:28:42Z

User 144: Reverted edits by KarenLarsdatter (Talk); changed back to last version by Tiff

'''For a discussion of SCA Sciences you should see the [[Sciences]] article'''
----
Scientific progress, as we think of it, was limited during early [[period]]. Scientific thought bloomed during the [[Renaissance]], when "proper" [[scientific method]] was developed and the study of the world became separate to the teachings of [[religion]].

=== Progress toward the Scientific Method===
Anton here (6/11/03) :

The above is a very nineteenth century view that has been extensively challenged in recent years.

On the theory side,[http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus Albertus Magnus] and [[Roger Bacon]] are two examples of medieval thinkers who embodied the scientific method.

Another, even less known, example is Albertus Magnus' finest student St Thomas Aquinas (yeah, *the* Thomas Aquinas, the one all you Catholic schoolkids were made to read) - although he very seldom ventured out of Philosophy or Theology into what we would recognise as Science.

Here is two of his comments on discussion of Ptomely's scheme of how the stars work

'The suppositions that these astronomers have invented need not necessarily be true; for perhaps the phenomena of the stars are explicable on some other plan not yet discovered by men' (in Lib. ii. de Coelo, lect. 17).

'The reason alleged does not sufficiently prove the position; it only shows that when the position is assumed, the effects follow naturally. Thus in astronomy the system of eccentrics and epicycles is argued from the fact that the assumption enables us to explain the sensible phenomena of the motions of the heavenly bodies; this argument, however, falls short of a convincing proof, for possibly the phenomena might be explained on some other supposition' (Sum. Theol., i. q. 32, art. 1, ad. 2)

Note the emphasis on knowing the "sensible phenomena" (ie observation by the senses) and then coming up with a falsifiable theory ("some other plan not yet discovered by men") to explain it ... if Thomas had been more interested in optics, or the motion of bodies, then the history of thought could be quite different ("I bounced out of my Theology degree when I failed the Physics unit").

I am deeply indebted to Joseph Rickaby's "Scholasticism" for this, available via the Jacques Martinian Center web site at http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm

=== Technological Progress ===
On the practical side, the medieval era saw a large number of technical innovations in bridge building, architecture, metallurgy, ship building, the magnetic compass and so on - the Ancients may have had more high theory, but the medieval world had a genius for putting science to work.

A decent summary of medieval applied science is Frances and Joseph Gies' book "Cathedral, Forge and Water Wheel"
[[category:sciences]]

Talk:Science

2009-03-16T18:27:15Z

User 144: Moved from main page to more appropriate arena

Anton here (6/11/03) :

The above is a very [[19th_century|nineteenth century]] view that has been extensively challenged in recent years.

On the theory side, [[Wikipedia:Albertus_Magnus|Albertus Magnus]] and [[Roger Bacon]] are two examples of medieval thinkers who embodied the scientific method.

Another example is Albertus Magnus' student [[Thomas_Aquinas|St Thomas Aquinas]], although he very seldom ventured out of philosophy or theology into what we would recognise as science.

Here is two of his comments on discussion of [[Ptolemy|Ptolemy's]] scheme of how the stars work:

'The suppositions that these astronomers have invented need not necessarily be true; for perhaps the phenomena of the stars are explicable on some other plan not yet discovered by men' (in Lib. ii. de Coelo, lect. 17).

'The reason alleged does not sufficiently prove the position; it only shows that when the position is assumed, the effects follow naturally. Thus in astronomy the system of eccentrics and epicycles is argued from the fact that the assumption enables us to explain the sensible phenomena of the motions of the heavenly bodies; this argument, however, falls short of a convincing proof, for possibly the phenomena might be explained on some other supposition' (Sum. Theol., i. q. 32, art. 1, ad. 2)

Note the emphasis on knowing the "sensible phenomena" (ie observation by the senses) and then coming up with a falsifiable theory ("some other plan not yet discovered by men") to explain it ... if Thomas had been more interested in optics, or the motion of bodies, then the history of thought could be quite different ("I bounced out of my Theology degree when I failed the Physics unit").

I am deeply indebted to Joseph Rickaby's "Scholasticism" for this, available via the Jacques Martinian Center web site at http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm

Viking fighting equipment

2009-03-13T13:48:52Z

User 144: /* Misconceptions */

The fighting equipment of [[Viking]]s is drawn from pre-[[Christian]] burial remains, sacrifices and other lost and now recovered artefacts. This brief guide covers the period coming associated with the [[Viking]]s in Western [[Europe]] of 800 to 1100.

The [[saga]]s give us some indication of their fighting methods and [[weapon]]s but due to their being written many hundreds of years later, are deemed to be, at best, unreliable sources.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with [[wing]]s and generally [[socket]]ed. Some were light enough to be easily thrown.
* [[axe]] - common household [[tool]] sometimes with pronounced [[beard]].
* [[saex]] - knife
* lang[[seax]] - longer, single edged [[blade]] substituted by some in place of a sword.
* [[arming sword|sword]] - single handed weapon with short [[crossguard]] that might be straight or slightly curved forward on both sides of the blade and thought to be an influence of the [[Saxon]]s. Blade could be pattern welded, would have a rounded tip and the blade would usually be no longer than 76 cm (30 inches). [[Pommel]] of various types (cocked hat, 'tea cosy' and lobed predominating). [[Hilt]] small only just large enough to accommodate an average sized modern hand. Only used by the wealthy.
* Dane [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands. Likely only used by the wealthiest of warriors and only in good quaility [[armour]]
* [[longbow]] - of [[yew]], with side [[nock]] on the upper [[limb]] which could have an odd bent section. Lower limb tied to string.
* [[arrow]]s with [[tang]]ed [[head]]s and self [[nock]]s. [[Eagle]] feather [[flight]]s bound onto the [[shaft]] in a spiral pattern.

===Armour===
* none
* padded armour (''gambeson'' or ''aketon'') - conjectural with no known examples surviving
* [[leather]]/reindeer hide - conjectural with no known surviving examples. One saga mentions a number of warriors being equiped with reindeer hides that could turn swords as well as mail, but these are magical.
* [[maille|mail]] - short sleeved and short in the body composed of alternating rows of punched/welded links (roughly rectangular or flattened round section) and riveted (roundish drawn wire) of approximately 1.2 to 1.5 mm diamter with an internal diameter of 5-6mm internal diameter for the rings. Wealthy only. The length later, likely in the [[11th century]], changed to include elbow or forearm length sleeves and knee length body probably split in the front and back.
* [[shield]] - [[centre boss]] style. Width between 65 to 95 cm in diameter, and thickness of approx 8mm. Covered with leather with an [[iron]] [[boss]].
* [[Norman shield|Norman]] or [[kite shield]] a possibility for [[11th century]] Vikings.
* Conical [[centre boss]] [[shield]] - conjectural
* [[spectacle helmet]] - [[Gjermundbu]] style with round top, multiplate construction with [[maille|mail]] [[aventail]].
* [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] with [[nasal]]. Single or multiplate construction -conjectural from ill defined picture stones and contemporary helmets
* [[helmet]] - conical or rouned with [[metal]] frame and hardened [[leather]] sides.

===Clothing===
*[[tunic|kyrtle]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of linen
*[[hose]] of wool
*[[wickelbander]] of wool
*ankle boots or turn [[shoe]]s of leather

===Misconceptions===
* two handed swords - not known
* double headed axes - not known
* swords with dragons
* swords with circular pommels
* swords with elaborate basket-style hand guards
* swords with very heavy, blunt blades.
* [[greave]]s - not known
* [[vambrace]]s - not known
* [[gauntlet]]s - not known
* furry vests - not known
* furry ugg-boot style shoes - not known
* cross gartering - not known
* rough [[amber]] necklaces
* calf length 'sea boots' - this appears to be an invention of The Vikings group in the UK

[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:8th century]]
[[category:9th century]]
[[category:10th century]]
[[category:11th century]]
[[Category:viking]]
[[category:starting out]]

Viking fighting equipment

2009-03-13T13:47:50Z

User 144: /* Clothing */

The fighting equipment of [[Viking]]s is drawn from pre-[[Christian]] burial remains, sacrifices and other lost and now recovered artefacts. This brief guide covers the period coming associated with the [[Viking]]s in Western [[Europe]] of 800 to 1100.

The [[saga]]s give us some indication of their fighting methods and [[weapon]]s but due to their being written many hundreds of years later, are deemed to be, at best, unreliable sources.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with [[wing]]s and generally [[socket]]ed. Some were light enough to be easily thrown.
* [[axe]] - common household [[tool]] sometimes with pronounced [[beard]].
* [[saex]] - knife
* lang[[seax]] - longer, single edged [[blade]] substituted by some in place of a sword.
* [[arming sword|sword]] - single handed weapon with short [[crossguard]] that might be straight or slightly curved forward on both sides of the blade and thought to be an influence of the [[Saxon]]s. Blade could be pattern welded, would have a rounded tip and the blade would usually be no longer than 76 cm (30 inches). [[Pommel]] of various types (cocked hat, 'tea cosy' and lobed predominating). [[Hilt]] small only just large enough to accommodate an average sized modern hand. Only used by the wealthy.
* Dane [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands. Likely only used by the wealthiest of warriors and only in good quaility [[armour]]
* [[longbow]] - of [[yew]], with side [[nock]] on the upper [[limb]] which could have an odd bent section. Lower limb tied to string.
* [[arrow]]s with [[tang]]ed [[head]]s and self [[nock]]s. [[Eagle]] feather [[flight]]s bound onto the [[shaft]] in a spiral pattern.

===Armour===
* none
* padded armour (''gambeson'' or ''aketon'') - conjectural with no known examples surviving
* [[leather]]/reindeer hide - conjectural with no known surviving examples. One saga mentions a number of warriors being equiped with reindeer hides that could turn swords as well as mail, but these are magical.
* [[maille|mail]] - short sleeved and short in the body composed of alternating rows of punched/welded links (roughly rectangular or flattened round section) and riveted (roundish drawn wire) of approximately 1.2 to 1.5 mm diamter with an internal diameter of 5-6mm internal diameter for the rings. Wealthy only. The length later, likely in the [[11th century]], changed to include elbow or forearm length sleeves and knee length body probably split in the front and back.
* [[shield]] - [[centre boss]] style. Width between 65 to 95 cm in diameter, and thickness of approx 8mm. Covered with leather with an [[iron]] [[boss]].
* [[Norman shield|Norman]] or [[kite shield]] a possibility for [[11th century]] Vikings.
* Conical [[centre boss]] [[shield]] - conjectural
* [[spectacle helmet]] - [[Gjermundbu]] style with round top, multiplate construction with [[maille|mail]] [[aventail]].
* [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] with [[nasal]]. Single or multiplate construction -conjectural from ill defined picture stones and contemporary helmets
* [[helmet]] - conical or rouned with [[metal]] frame and hardened [[leather]] sides.

===Clothing===
*[[tunic|kyrtle]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of linen
*[[hose]] of wool
*[[wickelbander]] of wool
*ankle boots or turn [[shoe]]s of leather

===Misconceptions===
* two handed swords - not known
* double headed axes - not known
* swords with dragons
* swords with circular pommels
* swords with elaborate basket-style hand guards
* swords with very heavy, blunt blades.
* [[greave]]s - not known
* [[vambrace]]s - not known
* [[gauntlet]]s - not known
* furry vests - not known
* furry ugg-boot style shoes - not known
* cross gartering - not known
* rough [[amber]] necklaces

[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:8th century]]
[[category:9th century]]
[[category:10th century]]
[[category:11th century]]
[[Category:viking]]
[[category:starting out]]

Rowany Festival

2009-03-10T17:25:18Z

User 144: /* The history of Rowany Festival */

[[Image:Festivalwallabies.JPG|400px|right]]

The '''Rowany Festival''' (sometimes called just "Festival") is [[Australia]]'s largest [[SCA]] [[event]]. In [[2008]] it changed location to the Glenworth Valley [[Horse]] [[Riding]] centre, just north of [[Sydney]]. Anything that people do in the SCA (well, most things) will be on display in some form or other at Rowany Festival.

Festival happens every [[Easter]] long weekend - don't miss it for the world.

For more info, check out the website - http://www.sca.org.au/rowany/festival/

==Religious observance==
If [[religious]] reasons are inclined to slow down your attendance at an event over Easter, don't forget that a group of [[Christian]]s generally get together in a discreet place to hold a scheduled Easter Sunday mass. And if Pesach falls at the same time of year, I'm sure there will be people [[cooking]] in accordance with [[custom]]s - it's actually easier to avoid leavening agents in [[period]] cooking.

(Just so people are aware -- very occasionally, when Pesach does fall during Easter, a seder is held at the festival site. Contact [[User:Del|Del]] if you want to be included in this).

: Del's Pie Shop sells pies of various sorts -- the chicken and mushroom pies and the pyes of pares are kosher for passover. The others are not.

See also:
* [[religion|religion in the SCA]]

==[[Camping]] at Rowany Festival==
Hrmm... so you're coming along and don't know what to take? Perhaps you need a [[camping list]]?

==The history of Rowany Festival==
Rowany Festival officially came into being in [[1983]] ([[A.S. XVII]]), when it ran for four days, and cost $40 AUD. The [[2004]] Rowany Festival ran for six days, and cost a little more.

Rowany Festival has had four different locations - Fairholme Park in Wilton,
[[Tara]] Girl Guide camp in Silverdale, and the [[Crossroads]] medieval village site near Yass. In 2008 it moved to the [http://www.glenworth.com.au/ Glenworth Valley Horse Riding centre] near Petes Ridge, [[New South Wales]].

[[category:events]][[category:Events (Lochac)]]

Edgar Atheling

2009-03-10T17:24:06Z

User 144:

The son of [[Edward Atheling]] and grandson of [[Edmund Ironside]], Edgar was the [[king]] which [[England]] never had. His family were in exile under the [[Viking]] kings, and were believed dead, until they were found in [[Hungary]]. Edward was called home by [[Edward the Confessor]], to become his heir, but died mysteriously shortly after landing in England. Edgar then became a potential heir, but in the event the [[throne]] was seized by [[Harold Godwinson]]. On his death in 1066CE, in battle against the [[Norman]] [[William the Conqueror]], Edgar was proclaimed king by the royal council in London. He was, however, far too young, being only about 14 years old, and William took the throne, Edgar submitting to him.

In 1068 Edgar was drawn into a revolt by the [[earl]]s of [[Mercia]] and Northumberland, and, this failing, was obliged to flee to Scotland, with his sister Margaret. There they were sheltered by [[Malcolm III]], who married Margaret and supported Edgar. Edgar's ill-luck or ill-judgement continuted: reconciled with William in 1072, on William's death he picked the wrong brother to support and under [[William Rufus]] he had again to flee to Scotland, where he became involved in the succession conflict between [[Edgar|Edgar I]] and [[Donald III]].

Around 1098 it appears that he went to [[Constantinople]] and became involved in the [[First Crusade]]. He returned to Europe and fought for the wrong side at the [[battle]] of '''Tinchebrai'''. Repatriated to the England of [[Henry I]], who had married his neice Edith (otherwise Matilda) he was again pardoned and retired into obscurity, possibly dying in [[Scotland]].

[[Category: People (medieval)]]
[[category: 11th century]]

Peire d'Alvernhe

2009-03-10T13:49:23Z

User 144:

The [[troubadour]] '''Peire d'Alvernhe''' ([[fl]].1150-1180) is known to have visited the [[court]]s of Raimon V of [[Toulouse]] and Ermengard in Narbonne as well as [[Castile]]. According to his [[vida]] he was born in Clermont, the son of a [[bourgeois]]. Furthermore it states that he was [[education|educated]], charming and wrote the best melodies to [[vers]]'. He was the first troubadour mentioned by [[Dante Alighieri]] in ''De vulgari eloquentia''.

Of his twenty extant [[song]]s only one has a melody. His verses are refined and intricate, although his most famous (or infamous) song is probably an exception. ''Canterai d'aqestz trobadors'' is an amusing song in which he pokes fun at twelve separate troubadours in turn, including [[Guiraut de Bornelh]], [[Bernart de Ventadorn]] and [[Raimbau d'Aurenga]]. He leaves the last verse for himself in which he claims that he would be valued above all troubadours if only people understood him. Opinion is divided as to how serious he is about the final verse.

[[Category:Troubadour]][[category:people (medieval)]][[category:12th century]]

Anachronism

2009-03-10T13:48:19Z

User 144:

An '''anachronism''' is something that is chronologically out of place. Obviously, most [[SCA]] activities are Anachronisms.

Mace

2009-03-10T13:45:57Z

User 144: /* Mace (Weapon) */

==Mace ([[Weapon]])==
[[category:weapons]]
The '''mace''' is a heavy [[medieval]] [[war]] [[club]] with a spiked or flanged [[metal]] [[head]], used to crush [[armour]]. Note that real maces are prohibited in [[NSW]]. The point of it was to emulate a club, but with more weight and, optionally, the sharp edges of the spikes or flanges for concentrating force. Both [[infantry]] and [[cavalry]] used them -- the horseman's mace tended to be shorter in the [[shaft]], for easier wielding; the footman's longer for added power (albeit at the expense of speed).

Maces are believed by some to be primarily for incapacitating opponents. This was particularly useful in an age where [[ransom]]s could greatly enrich a person.

[[Category:Weapons]]
[[category:materials (medieval)]]
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]

===SCA Mace===
In the [[SCA]] '''maces''' often have a foam head with [[rattan]] splints attached to the outside. This is then taped over and is attached to a relatively short [[handle]] ([[haft]]).

The mace is considered a [[mass weapon]], and therefore must conform to the [[laws|rules]] that govern all mass weapons. The head must have at least half an inch of [[progressive give]] between the striking surface and the haft. The striking surface must also have rounded edges. Any striking [[thrusting tip]] must be at least two inches wide.

==Mace ([[Spice]])==
'''Mace''' is an aromatic [[spice]] that originally came from East [[Indonesia]]. Dried and [[leather]]y, mace has a very similar flavour to [[nutmeg]], which isn't surprising. They're both sourced from from the same plant - nutmeg is the kernel of the [[fruit]], mace is the lining that separates the kernel from the pulp.

''See also:''
*[[Mace (Askham)|Mace according to Askham's Herbal]]

[[Category:Spices]]

James II

2009-03-10T13:44:43Z

User 144:

''This is an article on James II of Scotland. James II of England is not [[period]].''
----
'''James II''' ruled as [[King]] of [[Scotland]] from 1437 to 1460. He was the second son of [[James I]] and his wife Joan Beaufort, a great-granddaughter of the [[England|English]] king [[Edward III]]. His elder twin, Alexander, died in infancy and James [[becoming king|inherited]] the [[throne]] when his father died.

Born in 1430, he was aged 7 when he succeeded, and his [[reign]] began with [[regent|guardians]] ruling for him. His mother was removed from guardianship when she [[marriage|remarried]] (to James [[Stewart]], [[lord]] of Lorn), leaving the main power balanced between [[Sir]] William Crichton and Sir Alexander Livingstone, the [[Governor]]s of the [[castle]]s of [[Edinburgh]] and of Stirling, who between them kept possession of the king's person.

The [[Earl]] of Douglas, said to have [[assassination|assassinated]] [[James I]], was executed together with allies whom they suspected of planning to seize the [[government]]. Subsequent events meant that such executions became somewhat common -- Douglas' successor and his brother, for example, perished in 1440 -- and when in 1449 he attained adulthood, his guardians continued to dominate political power. The Douglas family were, by then, in the ascendant (Crichton had fallen out of favour, and Livingstone attracted the young king's wrath and his family were removed from power), and it was from them that James sought to free himself over the next years. James himself took a hand when, in 1452, frustrated by the 8th Earl's attempts (as the king saw it) to form an axis of power in competition to the throne, he summoned Douglas to Stirling Castle and, in a fit of temper, stabbed him to death. A petty [[war]] ended in 1455 with the defeat of the Douglas forces by James' [[army]], backed by [[cannon]], somewhat a speciality of James, and the king moved on to an active reign, travelling widely through his [[kingdom]].

In 1460, outside Roxburgh Castle, a Scots castle held by the English, a [[cannon]] exploded, and shrapnel hit the King and killed him.

He was [[becoming king|succeeded]] by his son, [[James III]] and left 5 other children. James had married, in 1449, Mary of Gueldres, daughter of the [[Duke]] of [[Burgundy]], and by this marriage and those of his 6 sisters he was connected to more [[Europe]]an [[court]]s than any of his predecessors or successors for some time. His sister Margaret married [[Louis XI]] of [[France]]; his sister Isabella married Francis, [[Duke]] of [[Brittany]]; Joan married the Scots Earl of Morton; Eleanor married Sigismund, [[Archduke]] of [[Austria]]; Mary married the [[Count]] of Grand Pre, and Annabella, the Count of Geneva.

A bright facial birthmark earned James the [[name|cognomen]] of "''Fiery Face''".

{{Scottish Monarch | ruler = James II | predecessor = [[James I]] | successor = [[James III]] | reign = 1437-1460}}

''This page was originally based on the [[Wikipedia]] [[wikipedia:James II of Scotland|entry]] and other on-line sources.''
[[category:Monarchs_(medieval)]]
[[category:people (medieval)]]
[[category:15th century]]

Playford's Dancing Master

2009-03-10T13:43:07Z

User 144:

[[Image:Playford.PNG|right]]

'''The English Dancing Master''' by [[John Playford]] was first [[printing|printed]] in 1651. This edition contained the [[music|tunes]] and (at times limited) instructions for 105 [[dance]]s, and is the main source for [[English Country Dance]] in the [[SCA]]. The [[book]] was reprinted many times over the next 150 years, with new dances being added and old ones being removed as fashions changed.

==Playford in the SCA==

Despite the fact that Playford's book is out of [[period]], many dances from first addition are danced within the [[SCA]]. There are even a few dances that only appear in later editions, such as ''"Strip the Willow"'', that are danced in some regions.

==See Also==

*[[Dances from Playford]]
*[[Dance steps from Playford]]

===Offsite Links===

* [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/playford_1651/ Facsimile of the 1651 edition]
* [http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~flip/contrib/dance/playford.html Transcription of the 1651 Edition]

{{Dance books}}

[[Category:dance]]
[[category:artefact (modern)]]

Talk:Lame

2009-03-06T12:44:37Z

User 144:

I don't beleive that 'lam' is the correct term here rather it is simply a modern abbreviation of lamination, since lame comes from the French. Lame probably should be spelt with an accent over of the e.
--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 23:44, 6 March 2009 (EST)

Button

2009-02-28T18:47:28Z

User 144:

A '''button''' is a disc or knob sewn on to a [[clothing|garment]] and usually that is pushed through a gap (''[[buttonhole]]'') in a material so as to act as a fastener. They may also be used for decoration.

They have been made from [[lead]], [[tin]], [[bronze]] and from [[fabric]]. They might be made by [[casting]] with separate or integral shanks, a composite of two sheets of [[metal]] or by a bunched scrap of [[cloth]] sewn into a ball. Sometimes buttons might have a fabric covering such as [[silk]] or a metal covering such as [[silver]]

Buttons used during the [[15th century]] (and likely earlier) were sewn onto the edge of the fabric rather than on the face, as we see in modern buttons.

Buttons were common from the [[13th century]] onwards although they are known from earlier finds.

[[category:clothing]][[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Poynts

2009-02-28T18:45:45Z

User 144:

'''Poynts''' are places where an item is laced to another item, e.g. [[armour]] is laced together with armour poynts. It was generally the method used to hold certain types of [[clothing|clothes]] on e.g. [[hose]] to a [[doublet]] and [[sleeve]]s to the [[bodice]] of a gown.

Poynts can also refer to the [[lacing]] itself - which was generally made of some form of [[braid]]. This braid had to be narrow enough to pass through the holes created in the garment/armour, and also had to be strong and hard-wearing enough to serve the purpose for which it was created (especially the case with [[armour]] poynts).

Poynts also needed [[aglet]]s both to stop the end of the braid from fraying, and also to assist in lacing the poynt through the holes.

=== Why is it spelt ''poynts''? ===

In [[period]] it was spelled in the usual multitude of ways. These days either points or poynts is equally valid, but if you use poynts - it's easier to distinguish it from any other meaning of the word point.

Amongst [[re-enactor]]s this spelling is gaining the same stigma as ''maille'' does for ''[[mail]]''.
[[category:clothing]]
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Papyrus (Maplet)

2009-02-28T18:43:07Z

User 144:

This is the entry for [[Papyrus]] from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''.

===Of Papirus or the Rushe of �gypt.===

''Papirus'' or the ''Rush'' of ''�gypt'', and ''Syria'', in length is reported to be ten Cubits. It groweth in the Fen and Marshie groundes. Of this was Paper at the first made, and hys name yet seemeth to testifie. This kinde of ''Rush'' being well dryed, is the fire his best nourishment: with this also in ''�gypt'' and ''Syria'', they make Candelles and Torches (even as we) without wicke and cotton.

[[Category:Maplet]]
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]

2009

2008-11-15T10:00:50Z

User 144: /* Events */

<center>
[[2008|Previous year]] - 2009 - [[2010|Next year]]
</center>
In the [[SCA]] the year '''2009''' contains the end of [[A.S. XLIII]] and the beginning of [[A.S. XLIV]].

== Events ==
Australasian Medieval Conference, Castle Mountain - Easter
[[Category: Years - modern]]
{{stub}}

SCA sword

2008-10-09T16:37:17Z

User 144:

[[SCA]] [[fighting]] is not choreographed. What makes this possible is our [[armour standards]] and [[weapon]]ry. The SCA Heavy Fighter's sword is essentially a [[club]]: it's a stick of [[rattan]] wrapped in [[fibre tape]] and [[duct tape]], given a [[blade]] side (defined with [[electrical tape]]), often with a [[basket hilt]] although [[cross hilt|cross hilts]] are common. SCA Rapier Fighters use schlagers or reproduction rapiers.

Most reenactment groups also fight in unchoreographed combat. In some specific situations such as a display where sometimes a desired result is needed as part of a show, the final result is known but earlier parts of combat are unscripted.

To make a sword for SCA Heavy Combat, first get a stick of rattan. After getting your stick of rattan, cut it down to a nice size. A "standard length" for a sword is a length that enables you to swing it loosely back and forth by your side and the tip just barely touches the ground - but, of course, you can make it to whatever you feel comfortable with. Wrap your rattan in fibre tape, then a good few layers of duct tape. Decide which side feels comfy and which side would make a good blade side (there are various arguments about which way the blade should go, but in the end, it's '''UP TO YOU'''). Attach the [[hilt]]. You may also like to add a [[thrusting tip]].

There is your new SCA sword!

All other SCA Heavy Combat weapons are basically a variant on this.

==External Links==
*http://www.io.com/~caladin/sword.htm''
[[category:weapons]][[category:swords]][[category:artefact (modern)]]

Pattern welding

2008-07-17T21:00:52Z

User 144: /* Decorative and Functional */

'''Pattern welding''' is a process where [[metal]]s of different composition (typically lower and higher carbon [[iron]]) are [[forge]]d together. This process could be typically found in [[blade]]s such as [[sword]]s and [[knife|knives]].

==Decorative and Functional==
This process results in alternating bands of [[colour]] and are thought to be the ''waves'' mentioned when referrring to [[Dark Age]] [[sword]]s.

It also results in a stronger, more homogenous [[blade]] than one [[forge]]d of poorer quality [[metal]] without being [[forge]]d entirely of the better quality [[iron]]/[[steel]]. [[Viking]]s were fond of pattern welded blades and would seek such [[blade]]s in [[trade]] and would then have a local [[smith]] set them with fittings. Not thought to have been used on [[axe]]s.

Swords with pattern welded blades would have edges of steel welded to them to provide a good quality edge.

==History==
Thought to have been first used by the [[Roman]]s, and was relatively common by the year 700. The process appears to have disappeared by the end of the [[12th century]].

==Internal Links==
*[[sword]]
*[[saex]]
*[[Viking]]
*[[Saxon]]

[[category:materials (medieval)]]

Blade

2008-07-17T20:59:21Z

User 144: /* Live Steel */

A '''blade''' is any sharpened edge made with the intention of cutting things (but we guess you already knew that).

== 'Blades' in the SCA ==
=== Live Steel ===
Live steel (any real edged weapon) is strictly forbidden on the [[field]] by the [[rules of the list]].
If you are going to be using a [[knife]] or similar tool in a way that could hurt anyone you should make sure that no one is nearby and warn anyone who is (this seems obvious but accidents do happen). Some people in the SCA like to say "[[clear]]!" when they unsheath blades near others.

=== Heavy fighting ===
For [[heavy fighter]]s in the [[SCA]] the "blades" on [[weapons]] used in [[combat]] are in fact strips of tape in a contrasting color along the side of the rattan to indicate the cutting edge. The weapon is "blunt" to limit serious damage being inflicted onto [[fighter]]s (although being hit hard enough with what is essentially a club can hurt anyway).

=== Fencing ===
The only group of fighters currently permitted to use a metal blade are [[fencing]] combatants. See the article on [[fencing]] for a more thorough discussion of types of weapons used.

== Re-Enactment Blades ==
Regular combat blades (called 'live steel' by [[US]] [[metal weapons groups|re-enactment groups]]) are basically blunt [[steel]] blades. In the [[UK]] the standard is to have a 2mm edge, Australia has 1.6mm edge and the majority in the US use 1.6mm. As the edge of the blade is thicker than a historical weapon they tend to be slightly heavier than their historical counterparts. Modern reenactment blade makers are quite good at balancing their weapons for use, but the quality varies.

'''Semi-sharps''' are blades that have edges much thinner than regular combat blades and tend to be used in training for [[historical swordsmanship]].

'''Sharps''' are relatively rare and are primarily used for [[living history]] displays or test cutting.

Unfortunately the cost of a weapon does not necessarily indicate its quality. It is a good idea to speak to someone who has purchased a blade from a particular company before purchasing one.

[[category:weapon parts]]

Pipe

2008-06-29T18:04:20Z

User 144:

A '''Tobacco Pipe''' is used to smoke [[tobacco]]. It generally consists of a bowl to hold the burning tobacco, a stem, and a mouthpiece. Many pipe affectionadoes collect interesting or exotic pipes made from a variety of materials.

The use of pipes to smoke tobacco was not uncommon in the late [[Medieval]] period and became widespread throughout the [[Renaissance]]. In [[Elizabeth I|Elizabethan]] times, unglazed pipes of fine white [[clay]] were commonly used for this purpose, some surprisingly small by modern standards.

Though the smoke is stronger and more aromatic, at [[SCA]] events smoking a pipe often is considered ''less'' offensive than smoking a [[cigarette]], if only because it has a [[medjeeval|medievalish]] feel, likely an association with fantasies like ''The Lord of the Rings''. However, as with all tobacco, smokers are generally encouraged to maintain a discreet distance from nonsmokers, owing to potential allergies and personal comfort levels.

[[category:artefact (modern)]]

Shield

2008-06-29T18:02:19Z

User 144: /* Shields and Heraldry (SCA) */ fixing spelling

A '''Shield''' is a small, portable barrier carried into [[combat]] for protection. Beyond that, shields vary greatly in style and handling. Most shields were carried in the left hand, strapped to the left arm, or both. For much of [[period]] shields were an essential part of the soldier's equipment, and only stopped being used when [[armour]] construction allowed for [[plate armour|full plate]] covering, thus reducing the necessity of a shield.

Since they were large, flattish surfaces, shields were almost always decorated, and by the middle of the [[medieval]] era an elaborate system of rules around this decoration had developed, known as [[heraldry]].

The shield itself could be large or small, but the primary requirement for [[Europe]]an shields was that it be extremely sturdy and light enough to be handled nimbly.

== Shield Styles ==

There are a large number of shield styles, and most are appropriate for SCA combat. Shield styles were often impacted by technological considerations, as well as regional preferences. It should be noted that specific cultures and periods would have a specific style, and using a style not suitable for your [[persona]] is a little [[twee]].
*[[Buckler]]
*[[Bunny round]]
*[[Centre boss]] round
*[[Heater shield]]
*[[Judicial duelling shield]]
*[[Kite shield]]
*[[Rapier shield]]
*[[Roman shield]]
*[[Round shield]]
*[[Square shield]]
*[[Tower shield]]
*[[Pavise]]

== Shield Construction ==
===Shield Construction (Period)===

A great deal of effort went into period shield construction. While differences in local style and technological levels did occur, there are some basic points that apply to most shields.

Medieval shields could have been made of a sort of [[plywood]], that is, of a series of laminated strips made of thin [[wood]], layered together and glued with the wood-grain of each layer perpendicular to the layers above and below, adding strength. Planked shields are very common throughout history. [[Linden]]-wood along with other woods such as [[willow]] and [[poplar]] were all used for shields. Woods were chosen based on varying amounts of strength, lightness and resistance to splitting.

The face of the shield could have been covered in [[rawhide]] and were often cover with [[leather]] to add tensile strength to the shield. These materials could have been glued to the surface (and several glue recipes survive from the [[period]], including one made from [[cheese]]) and fastened down by the edging of the shield and the centre-boss (if any). Some shields included a layer of grass between wood and facing.

The shield would have been edged in either rawhide (early period shields) or [[iron]] (mid- to late period shields), or a mixture of the two; this would adding a stiffening factor to the shield's strength and providing protection for the edges of the wood-grain, thus preventing splitting. Since the edge of the shield would take a large number of blows (as the enemy tried to get around it), strong edging may have been very important.

Some late period shields (especially [[joust]]ing shields) would have been faced in sheet [[steel]], making them extremely durable. Steel was expensive and heavy, however, and not typically used for combat shields. Regardless of the style of the shield, it could be flat or curved. Curved shields were much more difficult to make, but superior in strength, since they added structural strength to the existing strength of the wood and rawhide. A [[warrior]] would have bought the very best shield he could afford, since it was his life on the line.

===Shield Construction (SCA)===

Construction standards for SCA shields are little more lax than in [[period]], but there ''are'' safety standards in place. SCA shields are normally made of [[plywood]] of half an inch thickness. This is the absolute minimum -- chipboard and particle board are ''not sufficient''. Many SCA shields are made of [[metal]] (aircraft aluminum is popular) with minimum thickness of 16-gauge (a typical North American [[road sign]]). Other SCA shields are made from [[plastic]], of the same type that makes as [[plastic-barrel armour]] (puck-board is also popular), but these are ugly and look very "plasticky", so effort should be made to disguise them. For safety reasons, all shields are required to be edged, usually with plastic hose or [[closed-cell foam]].

There is great debate on shield style and weight in the [[SCA]]. A shield must be sturdy enough to absorb the impact of blows from [[weapon]], but beyond that there is considerable variation. Some people believe the shield should be as heavy as you can handle so it has more resistance to your opponents' blows, although some may find this less maneuverable. Others say it should be as light as you can get away with, although this means your shield can be more easily moved by your opponent, and that it will break more quickly. Shield shape, [[strap]]ping, and handling are all topics of rousing debate in any gathering of [[stickjock]]s.

Few SCA shields are curved owing to the difficulty of construction, but those [[heavy fighter]]s who use them are often quite enthusiastic about them.

Beginning [[SCA]] [[fighter]]s are advised to experiment with several kinds of shield before settling on one particular type.

===Shield Construction (Other Re-enactment Groups)===
Shields for other [[re-enactment]] groups (i.e. [[live steel]]) combat tend to hold more emphasis on strict historical accuracy than their SCA equivalents. Ideally, re-enactment shields are shaped according to available evidence and will match the time frame chosen for the individual group, although there is variety as individual research and commitment can result in differing ideas.

Generally, for re-enactment combat, shields are constructed of [[plywood]] with thicknesses varying between 9mm and 12mm on average. They will generally have a [[canvas]] covering to add a level of extra resilience to the face and thus reduce splintering. Compared to the SCA, material substitutions are more limited in [[re-enactment]] and tends to be restricted to substituting a variation of the same material for another (i.e. one type of [[wood]] for another).

Edging of shields (where appropriate) is generally done in [[leather]] or [[rawhide]] as [[metal]] burrs under the impact of the [[steel]] [[weapon]]s producing an edge that may cut exposed skin if it hits an opponent (although this was obviously not a concern for real warfare).

Some [[re-enactment|re-enactors]] use shields constructed wholly of period materials in the same style as the original, and some of these shields become part of [[living history]] displays and/or are used in combat.

== Shields and Heraldry (SCA)==

A shield is a good place to show off your [[device]]. One can either paint it directly onto the shield, or cover the shield in canvas and then paint it (this has the advantage of protecting your wood, but it'll weigh down your shield a lot). Another idea is that you can make a slip that goes over your shield (think of your ironing board cover. That sort of thing.) You can paint your device, your [[household]]'s device, your [[barony]]'s device, or whoever you're fighting for.

[[category:Combat]][[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Shield

2008-06-29T18:02:00Z

User 144: /* Shield Construction (Other Re-enactment Groups) */

Shield

2008-06-29T18:01:23Z

User 144: /* Shield Construction (Period) */

A '''Shield''' is a small, portable barrier carried into [[combat]] for protection. Beyond that, shields vary greatly in style and handling. Most shields were carried in the left hand, strapped to the left arm, or both. For much of [[period]] shields were an essential part of the soldier's equipment, and only stopped being used when [[armour]] construction allowed for [[plate armour|full plate]] covering, thus reducing the necessity of a shield.

Since they were large, flattish surfaces, shields were almost always decorated, and by the middle of the [[medieval]] era an elaborate system of rules around this decoration had developed, known as [[heraldry]].

The shield itself could be large or small, but the primary requirement for [[Europe]]an shields was that it be extremely sturdy and light enough to be handled nimbly.

== Shield Styles ==

There are a large number of shield styles, and most are appropriate for SCA combat. Shield styles were often impacted by technological considerations, as well as regional preferences. It should be noted that specific cultures and periods would have a specific style, and using a style not suitable for your [[persona]] is a little [[twee]].
*[[Buckler]]
*[[Bunny round]]
*[[Centre boss]] round
*[[Heater shield]]
*[[Judicial duelling shield]]
*[[Kite shield]]
*[[Rapier shield]]
*[[Roman shield]]
*[[Round shield]]
*[[Square shield]]
*[[Tower shield]]
*[[Pavise]]

== Shield Construction ==
===Shield Construction (Period)===

A great deal of effort went into period shield construction. While differences in local style and technological levels did occur, there are some basic points that apply to most shields.

Medieval shields could have been made of a sort of [[plywood]], that is, of a series of laminated strips made of thin [[wood]], layered together and glued with the wood-grain of each layer perpendicular to the layers above and below, adding strength. Planked shields are very common throughout history. [[Linden]]-wood along with other woods such as [[willow]] and [[poplar]] were all used for shields. Woods were chosen based on varying amounts of strength, lightness and resistance to splitting.

The face of the shield could have been covered in [[rawhide]] and were often cover with [[leather]] to add tensile strength to the shield. These materials could have been glued to the surface (and several glue recipes survive from the [[period]], including one made from [[cheese]]) and fastened down by the edging of the shield and the centre-boss (if any). Some shields included a layer of grass between wood and facing.

The shield would have been edged in either rawhide (early period shields) or [[iron]] (mid- to late period shields), or a mixture of the two; this would adding a stiffening factor to the shield's strength and providing protection for the edges of the wood-grain, thus preventing splitting. Since the edge of the shield would take a large number of blows (as the enemy tried to get around it), strong edging may have been very important.

Some late period shields (especially [[joust]]ing shields) would have been faced in sheet [[steel]], making them extremely durable. Steel was expensive and heavy, however, and not typically used for combat shields. Regardless of the style of the shield, it could be flat or curved. Curved shields were much more difficult to make, but superior in strength, since they added structural strength to the existing strength of the wood and rawhide. A [[warrior]] would have bought the very best shield he could afford, since it was his life on the line.

===Shield Construction (SCA)===

Construction standards for SCA shields are little more lax than in [[period]], but there ''are'' safety standards in place. SCA shields are normally made of [[plywood]] of half an inch thickness. This is the absolute minimum -- chipboard and particle board are ''not sufficient''. Many SCA shields are made of [[metal]] (aircraft aluminum is popular) with minimum thickness of 16-gauge (a typical North American [[road sign]]). Other SCA shields are made from [[plastic]], of the same type that makes as [[plastic-barrel armour]] (puck-board is also popular), but these are ugly and look very "plasticky", so effort should be made to disguise them. For safety reasons, all shields are required to be edged, usually with plastic hose or [[closed-cell foam]].

There is great debate on shield style and weight in the [[SCA]]. A shield must be sturdy enough to absorb the impact of blows from [[weapon]], but beyond that there is considerable variation. Some people believe the shield should be as heavy as you can handle so it has more resistance to your opponents' blows, although some may find this less maneuverable. Others say it should be as light as you can get away with, although this means your shield can be more easily moved by your opponent, and that it will break more quickly. Shield shape, [[strap]]ping, and handling are all topics of rousing debate in any gathering of [[stickjock]]s.

Few SCA shields are curved owing to the difficulty of construction, but those [[heavy fighter]]s who use them are often quite enthusiastic about them.

Beginning [[SCA]] [[fighter]]s are advised to experiment with several kinds of shield before settling on one particular type.

===Shield Construction (Other Re-enactment Groups)===
Shields for other [[re-enactment]] groups (i.e. [[live steel]]) combat tend to hold more emphasis on strict historical accuracy than their SCA equivalents. Ideally, re-enactment shields are shaped according to available evidence and will match the time frame chosen for the individual group, although there is variety as individual research and commitment can result in differing ideas.

Generally, for re-enactment combat, shields are constructed of [[plywood]] with thicknesses varying between 9mm and 12mm on average. They will generally have a [[canvas]]covering to add a level of extra resilience to the face and thus reduce splintering. Compared to the SCA, material substitutions are more limited in [[re-enactment]] and tends to be restricted to substituting a variation of the same material for another (i.e. one type of [[wood]] for another).

Edging of shields (where appropriate) is generally done in [[leather]] or [[rawhide]] as [[metal]] burrs under the impact of the [[steel]] [[weapon]]s producing an edge that may cut exposed skin if it hits an opponent (although this was obviously not a concern for real warfare).

Some [[re-enactment|re-enactors]] use shields constructed wholly of period materials in the same style as the original, and some of these shields become part of [[living history]] displays and/or are used in combat.

== Shields and Heraldry (SCA)==

A shield is a good place to show off your [[device]]. One can either paint it directly onto the shield, or cover the shield in canvas and then paint it (this has the advantage of protecting your wood, but it'll weigh down your shield a lot). Another idea is that you can make a slip that goes over your shield (think of your ironing board cover. That sort of thing.) You can paint your device, your [[household]]'s device, your [[barony]]'s device, or whoever you're fighting for.

[[category:Combat]][[category:artifact (medieval)]]

Talk:Gesso

2008-06-03T21:00:24Z

User 144:

It appears that modern gesso is made with calcium carbonate and that historically gesso was made with gypsum which is actually a caclium sulphate.

Unless there are any arguments I shall make a few changes in the next day or so.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 07:00, 4 June 2008 (EST)