Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Rosee (recipe)

2008-01-04T12:37:47Z

Tiff:

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''''ROSEE''. XX.II. XII.'''

:Take thyk mylke as to fore ''welled''. cast �erto sugur a gode porcioun pynes. Dates ymynced. canel. & powdour gynger and see� it, and alye it with flores of white Rosis, and flour of rys, cole it, salt it & messe it forth. If �ou wilt in stede of Almaunde mylke, take swete cremes of kyne.

==Translation==
(tentative, unfinished) Take thick milk as before directed. Cast into sugar a good portion of pynes, minced dates, cassia and ginger powder and seethe it, and alye it with flowers of white roses and riceflour, cole it, salt it and serve it. If you wish, instead of almond milk, use sweet cream of kyne.

=== Notes ===
* ''Rosee''. From the white roles therein mentioned. See No. 41. in Mi. Ed. but No. 47 there is totally different.
* ''welled'', f. ''willed''; directed.



[[Category:Forme of Cury]]

Talk:Half moon knife

2007-03-20T04:15:11Z

Tiff:

Surely the spike on the knife would have been rather large an inefficient to use as a sewing awl. But I can see it would be very efficient as a "scratching awl" ie to lightly scratch out the pattern that was to be cut. What think you?
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

*Possible, but it would seem an inefficient way to do it. If it broke you would need another awl anyway. I'm not sure.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 21:51, 16 March 2007 (EST)

*I assume you mean it would be inefficient to use such a large implement as a scratching awl, rather than using a scratching awl would be inefficient? (because the later does seem to be doccumentable)
I suppose it could just be for poking much larger holes when you need them. I also see pictures of thes knives stored by poking the point into the wooden bench or stool. This implys a realtively blunt edge (on the spike) to be.
Marc Carlson's site ([[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/RESEARCH/GLOSSARY/bdeft.htm see under trenket]] - apparently probably the name for this object) has no no comments on the use of the spike
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 15:15, 20 March 2007 (EST)

Talk:Drinking

2007-03-20T04:14:06Z

Tiff:

Perhaps this article should be merged with [[drink]].--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 19:21, 16 March 2007 (EST)

I agree. Also, I recall articles on discreetly damp and similar that might be worth linking to.[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Talk:Mangy Mongol Tavern

2007-02-12T09:26:03Z

Tiff:

The last rollback change - It wasn't by a vandal, but by a partisan editor, so I think it deserves an explaination of why the change happened. I presume it was because we are trying to hold a neutral point of view. So "claiming to be the best tavern in the known world" would be acceptable. Then again, I have heard nothing but good tales of the aforesaid tavern, so it is just possible that impartial travellers of the known world have given such reviews that "possibly the best tavern in the known world" could be justified. Still "best tavern" in what variety - best drinks, atmosphere, service, authenticity...

[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Orchesography

2007-01-31T03:23:31Z

Tiff:

'''Orchesography''' is the major source for French [[Renaissance Dance]]. It was published in Langres in 1589, under the name [[Thoinot Arbeau]]. This is a pseudonym based on the author's actual name, Jehan Tabourot. The book is written in a dialogue style between Arbeau and a student called Capriol.

==See Also==

*[[List of Dances from Orchesography]]
*[[List of Dance Steps from Orchesography]]

===External Resources===

* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=musdi&fileName=219/musdi219.db&reNum.=0 Library of Congress Facsimile]
* [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cotgrave/ Cotgrave's 1611 dictionary] useful for translating above facsimilie

{{Dance books}}

[[Category:books]] [[Category:dance]]
[[Category:16th century]]

Talk:Bay tree

2007-01-29T09:08:30Z

Tiff: todo

This article could be improved. Maybe i'll do so later, but it's dinnertime. Ideas:
*to incorporate:
[http://www.gallowglass.org/jadwiga/herbs/teen.htm Medieval Use of Herbs ]
*find better reference for prophetesses & bay leaves phsycoactive eefects
*so-so reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_laurel
*http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Laur_nob.html
*http://www.floridata.com/ref/L/laur_nob.cfm

Talk:SCAism

2007-01-29T08:55:45Z

Tiff: pertaining to sca useage of the word garb

Even if the ''steward'' would in many senses be a better term than the autocrat, the latter has remedial characteristics, that would encourage using it further more.

The word autocrat communicates rather nicely the fact, that this person is ultimately in charge of the event bearing the responsibility and thus having a rather final say on how things will run in the event. With the meaning of sole ruler, this particular term is the very best in communicating the mandate and responsibility.

The question is, if this communication is really necessary, sadly I have seen that it sometimes really is.

-- Dim foreigner
* True, but it is part of the old argument in the [[SCA]] - what is better? Doing something as they did in [[period]] (for at least one part of the world) or doing it as we have [[tradition]]ally done it in-house for years? There is no right or wrong sometimes, but SCA terms and SCA definitions of existing terms (e.g. [[reeve]]) are sometimes easier to work with when interacting with modern expectations and the modern world. Being a pedantic linguist, I like to use old terms with their original definitions, rather than inventing new ones. I find it more "quaint" and adds to the atmosphere that we call the Dream. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]]

Both valid points - it may not be up to Cunnan to decide. Would anyone like to rewrite SCAism with an emphasis on neutrality?
- [[User:Morgant|Morgant]] 20:51, 17 Aug 2005 (CDT)

I see the word [[SCAism|S.C.A.ism]] and had interpreted it to mean �the practices and custsoms of the [[SCA|S.C.A.]]� as opposed to the '''Jargon''' of the [[SCA]].

The jargon context of [[SCAism|S.C.A.ism]] would be better off to be worded as �S.C.A.ese�. It is more linguistically consistent with the words such as computerese (computer jargon), legalese (legal jargon), officialese (offical jargon), etc. - [[User:ScotaLaureate|ScotaLaureate]]

* [shrugs] That may be so, but we are trying to record/explain terms etc that the SCA and other groups use, and [[SCAism]] is what people say rather than SCAese, and it has the two meanings. We are the record keepers, not the linguistic police (says he who spends most of his time on [[Cunnan]] correcting formatting, spelling and grammar :^) ). -- [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 17:38, 13 Feb 2006 (CST)

Thou shouldst look at the [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia], anything with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ism -ism] in it relateth to a doctrine of somesort, but '''not''' language use except for maybe with the word �[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism neologism]�.

Basically, I�d interpreted that this �[[SCAism|S.C.A.ism]]� meaneth the cultures and practices as exhibited within the [[SCA|S.C.A.]] as opposed to [http://www.geocities.com/softigerain/terminology.html S.C.A. Terminology], and I always will. ☺

To avoid any possible misinterpretations of the word �[[SCAism|S.C.A.ism]]�, I�d basically recommend that this article should be renamed to something like �[http://www.geocities.com/softigerain/terminology.html S.C.A. Terminology]� or �S.C.A. Jargon�.

*I'm with Cian on this one. Words become words not because they make sense, but because they are adopted into common usage. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 17:12, 19 Feb 2006 (CST)

== About the use of the word 'garb' ==

Hi all!
Wondering how old the word 'garb' was, I turned to the Oxford English Dictionary, and it looks like ''right at the very end'' of the SCA period it was beginning to be used to denote clothing, or a fashion.

To quote the OED, http://dictionary.oed.com
garb, n
{dag}3. Style, manner, fashion; manner of doing anything, style of living, form of behaviour. Also, a prevailing ‘mode’ or custom, ‘the fashion’. Obs.
*1599 SHAKES. Hen. V, V. i. 80 You thought, because he could not speake English in the natiue garb, he could not therefore handle an English Cudgell.
*1599 B. JONSON Ev. Man out of Hum. IV. iv, His seniors give him good slight looks, After their garbe.

{dag}b. Fashion, make, sort (in quot. 1599 with allusion to GARB n.1; cf. L. ejusdem farinæ).
*1599 B. JONSON Ev. Man out of Hum. II. i, I am so haunted at the court, and at my lodging with your refined choice spirits, that it makes me clean of another garb, another sheaf, I know not how!

There are later references to garb being specifically clothes, but in the sense, that 'so-and-so is wearing Tudor garb' then it seems to be a (very late) period useage. When it comes to people 'making garb' then there doesn't seem to be a medieval basis for the usage.

Of course, this debate may not be for Cunnan to decide, but it could be interesting to know?
--[[User:203.214.15.120|203.214.15.120]] 12:03, 28 January 2007 (EST)

I think I knew that the word garb had historical origins, but the way it is used in the sca seems to me nothing like historical useage. I think of historical useage as being closer to a synonym for outfit. Eg I'd be happy with "he wears the garb of a peasant" or "garbed as a servant", but I haven't done the histoical research to prove it. I find sca useage un-historical eg "garb-making", "garb vs mundane clothes" "a piece of garb" "I need to change into garb" "loan me some garb" etc.

As such I think it deserves to be called an scaism, but it probably would be appropriate (and good!) to have a page devoted to how sca useage differs from renaisance useage, if anyone could be bothered writing it.
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Bay tree

2007-01-29T08:52:50Z

Tiff: could use an update.

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:baytree.jpg]]</div>

The '''Bay tree''' which provides the culinary leaf is ''laurus nobilis''. Also known as the laurel, the leaves have traditionally been used in a [[laurel wreath|wreath]] to crown those of great achievement. It is from this tradition that the [[SCA]] takes the idea of the [[Order of the Laurel]] from.

Bay leaves nicely flavour [[soup]]s and particularly [[stew]]s. Their nice glossy green colour when fresh makes them a nice garnish. They work well dried, and even better when fresh. Bay leaves are easily dried - just tie a twig of leaves to a hook in your [[kitchen]] roof- and last a long time dried.

'''Did you know:'''
* Bay trees can be easily shaped as young plants into [[topiary|topiaries]], and can be happily kept in pots for many years as such.
* Bay leaves consumed in sufficient (i.e. LARGE) quantities can have psychoactive effects. Do some reading into Greek prophetesses living in houses thatched with bay leaves and chewing bay leaves all day - they had visions.

The oil obtained from the berries of the bay tree was also used for a variety of uses, including perfume.

''see also'':
* other [[herbs]]
*[[Laurel (Askham)|Laurel according to ''Askham's Herbal'']]

[[Category:Herbs]]

Talk:Bay tree

2007-01-29T08:36:46Z

Tiff:

to incorporate:
[http://www.gallowglass.org/jadwiga/herbs/teen.htm Medieval Use of Herbs ]

Laurel

2007-01-29T08:36:16Z

Tiff:

The symbol of the [[laurel wreath]] was traditionally given to [[scholar]]s, artists, athletes and [[soldier]]s in [[Ancient Greece]] as [[symbol]]s of excellence. This symbolism is still with us today with the word ''Baccalaureate'' or laurel-berry, as a title for people who, for example, have completed a bachelor degree at university.

''Laurus nobilis'', also known as [[Bay_tree | Bay-Leaves]] was used in the middle ages as [[incense]] and [[cooking]].

==Laurels in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], entry into the [[Order]] of the '''Laurel''' is awarded to those who excel in a particular area of [[Arts and Sciences]], and it's in the job description for them to pass on knowlege to others. These people also judge [[A&S]] competitions, pass on recommendations to the [[Crown]] as to who future laurels should be, and are examples of courtesy and chivalric conduct. A Laurel may take on an [[apprentice]] to train up to 'laurelhood', often in a particular field similar to their own.

Becoming a Laurel (or any type of [[peer]]) takes about 10 years of dedicated work, on average.

A Laurel is addressed with the [[title]] of Master or Mistress, and bears a symbol of the laurel wreath. Some may also wear a [[Chain of Fealty]] if they are in [[fealty]] to the [[Crown]].

==Kingdom Specific Information==
The [[Lochac]] Order of the Laurel have a web page: http://www.sca.org.au/laurels

[[Category:People]]

Laurel

2007-01-29T08:34:47Z

Tiff: turned mention of bay leaves into link to bay tree

The symbol of the [[laurel wreath]] was traditionally given to [[scholar]]s, artists, athletes and [[soldier]]s in [[Ancient Greece]] as [[symbol]]s of excellence. This symbolism is still with us today with the word ''Baccalaureate'' or laurel-berry, as a title for people who, for example, have completed a bachelor degree at university.

''Laurus nobilis'', also known as [[Bay-Leaves Bay_tree]] was used in the middle ages as [[incense]] and [[cooking]].

==Laurels in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], entry into the [[Order]] of the '''Laurel''' is awarded to those who excel in a particular area of [[Arts and Sciences]], and it's in the job description for them to pass on knowlege to others. These people also judge [[A&S]] competitions, pass on recommendations to the [[Crown]] as to who future laurels should be, and are examples of courtesy and chivalric conduct. A Laurel may take on an [[apprentice]] to train up to 'laurelhood', often in a particular field similar to their own.

Becoming a Laurel (or any type of [[peer]]) takes about 10 years of dedicated work, on average.

A Laurel is addressed with the [[title]] of Master or Mistress, and bears a symbol of the laurel wreath. Some may also wear a [[Chain of Fealty]] if they are in [[fealty]] to the [[Crown]].

==Kingdom Specific Information==
The [[Lochac]] Order of the Laurel have a web page: http://www.sca.org.au/laurels

[[Category:People]]

Hastletes (recipe)

2007-01-19T02:31:53Z

Tiff:

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''''HASTLETES'' OF FRUYT. XX.IX. VII.'''

:Take Fyges ''iquarterid''. Raysouns hool dates and Almandes hoole. and ''ryne'' hem on a spyt and roost hem. and ''endore'' hem as pomme dorryes & serue hem forth.

===Translation===
Take quartered figs, raisins, whole dates and whole almonds. and run them on a spit and roast them. and lightly brown (golden) them as pomme dorryes and serve them forth.

=== Notes ===
* ''Hastletes''. ''Hasteletes'', Contents.
* ''iquarterid''. iquartered.
* ''ryne''. run.
* ''endore''. endorse, MS. Ed. 42. II. 6. v. ad 147.



[[Category:Forme of Cury]]

Payn Foundewe (recipe)

2007-01-19T02:13:17Z

Tiff: /* Period Recipe */

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''PAYN ''FONDEW''. XX.II. XIX.'''

:Take brede and frye it in grece o�er in oyle, take it and lay it in rede wyne. grynde it with raisouns take hony and do it in a pot and cast �erinne ''gleyres'' of ayrenn wi� a litel water and bete it wele togider with a ''sklyse''. set it ouer the fires and boile it. and whan the ''hatte'' arisith to ''goon'' ouer, take it adoun and kele it, and whan it is �er clarified; do it to the o�ere with sugur and spices. salt it and loke it be stondyng, florish it with white coliaundre in confyt.

===translation===
Take bread and fry it in greece or oil, take it and lay it in red wine. Grind it (up) with rasins, take honey and put it in a pot and add to it the whites of eggs with a little water, and beat it together well with a spatula. Set it over the fire and boil it. And when the "hat arises to go over" (it bubbles), take it off and cool it, and when it is clarified; add it to the other (mixture) with sugar and spices. Salt it and look to see it is very thick, decorate it with sugar coated white colliander seed

=== Notes ===
* ''foundewe''. Contents. It seems to mean ''dissolved''. V. ''found'' in Gloss.
* ''gleyres''. Whites.
* ''Sklyse''. Slice.
* ''hatte''. Seems to mean ''bubling'' or ''wallop''.
* ''goon''. Go.



[[Category:Forme of Cury]]

Raisiowls (recipe)

2007-01-19T01:49:40Z

Tiff: /* Period Recipe */

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''''RASYOLS''. XX.VII. XII.'''

:Take swyne lyuoers and see� hem wel. take brede & grate it. and take zolkes of ayrenn. & make hit ''sowple'' and do �erto a lytull of lard ''carnoun lyche a dee''. chese ''gratyd'' & whyte grece. powdour douce & of gyngur & ''wynde it to balles'' as grete as apples. take �e calle of �e swyne & cast ''euere'' by hym self �erin. Make a Crust in a ''trape''. and lay �e ball �erin & bake it. and whan �ey buth ynowz: put �erin a layour of ayrenn with powdour fort and Safroun. and serue it forth.

===Translation (incomplete)===
Take pig flesh and boil it well. Take Bread and grate it. And take yolks of eggs. & make it suptle and add to it a little lard diced, cheese grated and white greece, powder douce of ginger and make it into balls as big as apples. Take the "calle" of the pig & put each in one at a time/by itself. Make a pie crust in a pie dish, and pit the ball into it and bake it. And When they both "ynowz": add a layer of eggs with powder fort and saffron. And serve it forth.

=== Notes ===
* ''Rasyols''. Rasiowls, Contents. Qu. the etymen.
* ''sowple''. supple.
* ''carnoun lyche a dee''. Cut like dice, diced. Fr. ''De''; singular of ''Dice''.
* ''gratyd''. grated. ''igrated'', No. 153.
* ''wynde it to balles'', make it into Balls.
* ''euere''. each.
* ''trape''. pan, or dish. French.


[[Category:Forme of Cury]]

Conversion

2007-01-07T12:54:36Z

Tiff: guess which book I got for christmas!

==Conversion - Dance==
[[Arbeau]] describes a move he calls a conversion (french:conuersion = wheel round), which is used to change direction suddenly when faced with an obstacle (eg the end of the hall). He describes its use in the [[pavanne]], but it seems equally applicable to some other linear dances.

To perform a conversion, the lady continues to move in a forwards direction, while the man performs his steps in a backwards direction. Not only should the couple continue to hold hands during this manuever, but the man should guide the lady's direction with his hand. This allows a much tighter turn to be performed than would be done if both dancers tried to proceed in a U turn, and neither partner has to adjust their step length.

This move is a neat alternative to both dancers moving backwards, for it is easier for the Lady to dance, and she is less likely to trip over. Arbeau mentions that the lady may not see hinderances when moving backwards, but does not explicitly mention the likelihood of tripping on her own skirt. He may have been writing when [[fathinggales]] were in fashion, so this may have been less of a problem, but it is definately a problem in the [[SCA]] where dancers are likely to be dressed from a variety of periods, some with clinging skirts or [[train]]s.

===Links:===
*Conversion [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=musdi&fileName=219/musdi219.db&recNum=59 described by Arbeau] in a facsimilie of the original manuscript, this corresponds to page 58 of the translation by Mary Steward Evans (Dover edition).
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/dihtml/divideos.html#vc038 short video clip] of a conversion being danced

Cartography

2007-01-02T08:04:07Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Ireland/treasures_en.xml]] or more detail at [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Middle eastern map of the world 963AD, centuries before Europe began making this type of map[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Bulgaria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Portugese Atlas c1576 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Portugal/treasures_en.xml]]
*Map of the town and fortress of Luxemborg c1560 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Luxembourg/treasures_en.xml]]
*world map 1482 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Finland/treasures_en.xml]] see also on this page Italian atlas c1560 and book with coastal navigation profiles.

Cartography

2007-01-02T08:00:34Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Ireland/treasures_en.xml]] or more detail at [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Middle eastern map of the world 963AD, centuries before Europe began making this type of map[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Bulgaria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Portugese Atlas c1576 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Portugal/treasures_en.xml]]
*Map of the town and fortress of Luxemborg c1560 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Luxembourg/treasures_en.xml]]
*Italian atlas c1560 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Finland/treasures_en.xml]] scroll down to second entry

Cartography

2007-01-02T07:54:15Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

Cartography

2007-01-02T07:50:08Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Middle eastern map of the world 963AD, centuries before Europe began making this type of map[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Bulgaria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Portugese Atlas c1576 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Portugal/treasures_en.xml]]
*Map of the town and fortress of Luxemborg c1560 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Luxembourg/treasures_en.xml]]

Cartography

2007-01-02T07:10:17Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Middle eastern map of the world 963AD, centuries before Europe began making this type of map[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Bulgaria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Portugese Atlas c1576 [[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Portugal/treasures_en.xml]]

Cartography

2007-01-02T06:50:55Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]
*Middle eastern map of the world 963AD, centuries before Europe began making this type of map[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Bulgaria/treasures_en.xml]]

Cartography

2007-01-02T06:44:49Z

Tiff: /* External Links */

[[Image:Newe worlde 1572.png|thumb|right|A map of the "Newe Worlde" from 1572]]

There are a few things that held back '''cartography''' in [[period]] most of which were only a problem on large scales (people could produce good maps of a town or the local area but not of an entire continent). Large scale [[maps]] of what was known of the world were not often seen and the belief that the world was flat didn't help much.

==Maps of the World==

===The T-O Map===

The most common form of map in the [[Middle Ages]] was the '''T-O Map''', so called because the maps looked like an "O" with a "T" inside, partititioning the map into the three continents.

The map was ''oriented'' such that the east appeared on top, with [[Asia]] representing half the land mass. [[Europe]] appeared on the bottom left, and [[Africa]] the bottom right. In a eclesiatically important point, [[Jerusalem]] was situated in the centre of the map. Of the three lines partitioning the continents, the Mediterranean separated Europe from Africa, the Nile separated Africa from Asia, and the river Don (which in fact has its source south of Moscow) separates Europe from Asia.

===The Ptolemaic Maps===

One of the few advantages of the [[sacking of Constantinople]] was that the fleeing educated classes brought with them valuable books, which were then disseminated throughout Europe.

The book '''Geography''' by Ptolemy was one such book, and it was to become one of the most popular books of the [[15th Century]]. In this book Ptolemy gives scientific evidence for a spherical Earth, gives a calculation for its size, and contains maps based on these theories. In the end though, Ptolemy's calculation for the size of the earth is too small, which is why [[Christopher Columbus]] thought he was in [[India]] when he was in the Carribean.

==External Links==
*[http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&I=5&M=imageseule&Y=ImagesFixes 12th Century French map of Britain] and [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-11&M=notice&Y=ImagesFixes manuscript information] for it.
*12thC Irish schematic map. [http://www.isos.dias.ie/english/index.html] Click "next" "next" "National Library of Ireland", "MS 700", and scroll along to f48r.
*1587 Map showing the great southern land [[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm2099]]
[[Category:sciences]]
*1551 map of South America by the Spanish Collonial Office[[http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Austria/treasures_en.xml]]

User talk:202.173.158.162

2006-12-20T13:32:35Z

Tiff:

This would be user [[User:Tiff|Tiff]] when she forgets to log in.

Parsons farewell

2006-12-17T14:12:48Z

Tiff:

--notes for conrad:--
trickiest bits of the reconstruction danced at krae glas dec meeting (to best of my memory)

---last verses:---
very important to know what happens next as otherwise will not complete hay. (but then that's true of most hay's isnt it?)

*1-4 turn partner full circle with x hand
*5-6 men step forwards so they have just passed other man by x shoulder (this is the line along which the subsequent hay occurs
*7-12? single hay (ie pass everyone else once) ending up in opposite person's place. better if no hands used.
*13?-16? turn partner full circle with x hand

*this ends with each in their opposite's place

*repeat with women doing as for the men, opposite hands used

*this ends with each back in their own original place.

[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Parsons farewell

2006-12-17T14:10:53Z

Tiff:

notes for conrad:
trickiest bits of the reconstruction danced at krae glas dec meeting (to best of my memory)

last verses:
very important to know what happens next as otherwise will not complete hay. (but then that's true of most hay's isnt it?)

1-4 turn partner full circle with x hand
5-6 men step forwards so they have just passed other man by x shoulder (this is the line along which the subsequent hay occurs
7-12? single hay (ie pass everyone else once) ending up in opposite person's place. better if no hands used.
13?-16? turn partner full circle with x hand

this ends with each in their opposite's place

repeat with women doing as for the men, opposite hands used

this ends with each back in their own original place.

[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Talk:12th Century Calendar

2006-12-09T15:40:07Z

Tiff: /* Medieval Timekeeping */

====Category: Calendar====

I have deleted the "Category : Calendar" tag from this entry, because it is the only article attached to that category. This was done with regret -- personally I should like to see a small clutch of caledar-related articles, not least to compare and contrast the differing views of the calendar both across the geographical span of the Known World and the Real World, and also across the chronological span of [[period]]. I am therefore leaving this mote, to remind future editors that, if the category is revived, this article deserves to be re-attached to it. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]

== Medieval Timekeeping ==

Several years ago, I came across a book on the history of sundials. One photo showed a 10th Century English sundial. The hours were layed out on a half circle, which had been divided into '''eight''' equal divisions, not the usual twelve. The gnomon was a simple rod that projected straight out. The sundial was located on the south wall of the church. Not very accurate by modern standards but useful enough for local time keeping. I thought the 8-hour division interesting. I wonder if it was due to Danish influence, as the Norse also divided their money and weights into units of eight or sixteen.
--[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 05:35, 9 December 2006 (EST)

Very interesting. I'd love to find out more if you come across that again.
I think in the 10th & 11th C there was a lot of work went into transforming the anglo-saxon church into a european church, - changing the scattered countryside independant thinking monks into something that obeyed the Pope in Rome rather more. (the monks needing to know the time to pray and predict feast days, whereas the farmers could mostly cope with estimates and biological pointers). I should know more about this, but I've never got around to it. I also saw a documentary recently that said brittain didn't really have a dark age after the fall of Classical Rome but continued as a centre of classical learning. (most of the archeological evidence got written off as roman overlords, with incorrect datings.) It's an interesting theory, and might also account for a culture with advanced timekeeping, great intellectual links with their neighbours (eg scandanavia), and that gets broken up rather by invasions of other memes (eg church reformation).
Don't worry, I'm waffling based on too little evidence. Anyway, by the early 12th C, timekeeping seems to be fairly uniform with continental (eg france, and I think germany) standards. All the calendars I've seen seem based along the same rather narrow model. For the hours of the day I'm rather more reliant on secondary sources, but i think the same applies.
I suspect tracing the services monks kept would be a sign of the hours the day was divided into although 8 hours in half a day is still going to fit with compline, lauds etc.
The retention of the marc - 8 ounces of pennies, amoungst all the [[12th_Century_monetary_units]] based on the unit of 12- could this be similar?
must read more.
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

12th century underwear

2006-12-08T14:37:25Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 65.254.14.135 (Talk); changed back to last version by Tiff

==Men==
*[[Braes]] (loose [[linen]] underdraws) with a slit to allow urination. The slit was probably not [[lace]]d in our [[period]], just constructed in such a manner that it would stay overlapped unless pushed apart. A few [[13th Century]] illustrations show men pushing down their braes to defecate. It is likely that the majority of 12th C braes were similarly constructed.
The [[braes]] contain a lot of fabric at the top which is rolled over a belt to create a padded roll low on the waist. The padded roll is said to help support the weight of belts placed over outer layers of clothing.
*[[Hose]] (stockings) over that [[wool]] (generally) and most long and tied at the waist, but some only knee-high. Long hose were tied to the belt of the braes with points, short hose were held up with garters - either attached pieces of ribbon or separate tied or buckled strips.
*[[Shirt]] - a [[linen]] [[tunic]], worn next to the skin. This absorbs the sweat from your body, protecting your tunic. It is generally [[white]] or natural linen coloured, as this [[clothing|garment]] was washed more often than the tunic, and linen could easily be naturally bleached back to white.

==Women==
*Most evidence indicates no underpants were worn. See [[12th Century Female Hygiene]] for details of how menstruation could be managed without underpants. The saying "who wore the pants in the family" seems to date to this early, and some stories recite instances of men impersonating women (e.g. for [[military]] reasons) being caught because when they ran the braes under their [[skirt]]s were noticed.
*[[Hose]] - generally presumed to be knee-high, as braes are needed to tie longer hose to. We have little evidence for shape (no extant hose, above ankles not shown in pictures), but they are presumably the same as men's knee-high hose. The multiple layers of skirts ([[chemise]], tunic and in colder weather or outside possibly an extra tunic) would serve to keep the women's legs much warmer than the men with only one layer of fabric from a pair of hose, thus longer hose were not needed, and impractical when going to the toilet.
*A natural/white [[linen]] [[chemise]]/shift served the same function as the man's shirt, but was generally floor length.
*There are a few [[12th Century|12th C]] tests mentioning breast binding. The fashion was small firm breasts, and larger women who wished to be at the height of fashion wrapped their breasts with strips of linen to reduce their size.

==Less Active Men==
*Occasionally some [[monk]]s and [[scholar]]s might not wear the braes and long hose. The practical advantages of the hose are mostly for [[riding]] and manual work. Monks generally wore floor-length habits, so like for the women, long hose and braes become superfluous. They probably wore short hose (except asthetics who went barefoot) and no underpants.
*Clerical [[alb]]s are similar to the chemise and shirt - a linen undergarment, in this case often close to floor length.

{{stub}}
[[Category:12th century]]
[[category:clothing|Underwear]]

Talk:Crown

2006-11-30T12:57:07Z

Tiff:

Is coronated a real word? [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 00:08, 30 November 2006 (EST)
:Probably not, but can you think of a better, other than ''"crowned'' which is being disambiguated/defined ? -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]
::I don't have my OED handy, but dictionary.com claims that both Random House and Webster dictionaries have "coronated" listed. [[User:AlexandreDavigne|AlexandreDavigne]] 06:04, 30 November 2006 (EST)

How about "when royalty undergo an coronation ceremony" ?. I'm not sure undergo is the best word, but I'm sure you get my gist about changing the tense to fix the wording.[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Fenkel in soppes (recipe)

2006-11-29T13:43:15Z

Tiff:

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''FENKEL IN SOPPES. XX.III. XVII.'''

:Take blades of Fenkel. shrede hem not to smale, do hem to see� in water and oile and oynouns mynced �erwith. do �erto safroun and salt and powdour douce, serue it forth, take brede ytosted and lay the sewe onoward.

== Modern Recipe 1 - Fennel Sopes==
[[Image:Fennel-Leeks.jpg]] Fennel on left, [http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Slete_soppes_%28recipe%29 Slete Soppes] on right.

Serves 8.
=== Ingredients ===
* 1 bulb [[Fennel]]
* 1 large [[Onion]]
* [[Margerine]]
* 1 pinch [[Saffron]]
* 1/2 tsp [[Salt]]
* [[Powder Douce]] (Sweeter than a powder fort, less pepper, but mixture to your individual taste)
** [[Cinnamon]]
** [[Ginger]]
** [[Mace]]
** [[Pepper]]
** and for this one - [[Mint]] - in lieu of oft quoted bay leaf

=== Method ===
# Top and tail the fennel, wash, and slice the sections of bulb thinly. Mince the onion.
# Mix the fennel and onion together, add water to cover, add about 1 tablespoon margerine, a pinch of salt and the saffron. Simmer until the vegetables are soft.
# Add your spices, let it sit for a few minutes and serve.

Note: I actually served this like a sops over toast - works quite well with teamed with the [http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Slete_soppes_%28recipe%29 Slete Soppes].

''Gwir verch Madog.''

== Modern Recipe 2 ==
[[Image:Fennel.jpg]]
=== Ingredients ===
* Item.
* Item.

=== Method ===
# Method.
# Method.

Elspeth

== Modern Recipe 3 ==
[[Image:Fennel1.jpg]]
=== Ingredients ===
* 1 onion, chopped finely
* 3 small fennel bulbs, sliced
* 2 tsp olive oil
* 1 cup water
* 1 tsp galingal
* 1 tsp cinnamon
* 1/2 tsp mace
* 1/2 tsp salt

=== Method ===
# Cook Onion and fennel in oil and water
# Season with spices and serve on toast

Emma de Lastene

== Modern Recipe 4 ==
=== Ingredients ===
*2 medium fennel, chopped coarsely
*2 large brown onions, I chopped coarsely but now recomend chopped very finely
*spices to taste (for my taste about 1-2 teaspoons each)- I used galengale, cinnamon, nutmeg this time due to various constraints, but might use more accurate combinations next time.

=== Method ===
#I decided to use the cooking pasta approach to cooking this dish. I took a large pot of water (6-8L?) which could have fit several times my quantity of fennel. I would have added only a dash of oil as per pasta recipies, but decided to omit it to make this a 0 pt weight watchers meal for a friend. The water was boiling furiously before the fennel (and onion) was added, and the heat was kept on maximum until it boiled again after the fennels' addition. Then the heat was reduced slightly so the pot was boiling gently (hotter than simmering) instead of vigourously.
#I put the lid on the pot and boiled for 10 -15 minutes.
#Drain fennel
#stir spices through warm fennel mixture

This dish kept warm well and didn't soften or taste worse in a ceramic container for over 1/2 an hour. The boiling approach seemed quicker and easier to do on a large scale where water could be boiled in advance (yes I'm thinking of a feast kitchen or over an open fire). The taste of the dish didn't seem to suffer for the lack of oil, nor the more vigourous cooking. I chopped my onion only slightly finer than the fennel, but the onion cooked more slowly, hence I think I know why the recipe calls for minced onion and large pieces of fennel. The spices stick well to the fennel if added just after draining.

Teffania Tuckerton

== Notes ==
The historical version of this recipe was taken from the [[Project Gutenberg]] e-text of the [[Forme of Cury]].

[[Category:Recipes]][[Category:Forme of Cury]]
[[Category:VicCG]][[Category:VicCG-Gwir]]
[[Category:VicCG-Elspeth]][[Category:VicCG-Emma]]

Fenkel in soppes (recipe)

2006-11-29T13:24:07Z

Tiff:

== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''FENKEL IN SOPPES. XX.III. XVII.'''

:Take blades of Fenkel. shrede hem not to smale, do hem to see� in water and oile and oynouns mynced �erwith. do �erto safroun and salt and powdour douce, serue it forth, take brede ytosted and lay the sewe onoward.

== Modern Recipe 1 - Fennel Sopes==
[[Image:Fennel-Leeks.jpg]] Fennel on left, [http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Slete_soppes_%28recipe%29 Slete Soppes] on right.

Serves 8.
=== Ingredients ===
* 1 bulb [[Fennel]]
* 1 large [[Onion]]
* [[Margerine]]
* 1 pinch [[Saffron]]
* 1/2 tsp [[Salt]]
* [[Powder Douce]] (Sweeter than a powder fort, less pepper, but mixture to your individual taste)
** [[Cinnamon]]
** [[Ginger]]
** [[Mace]]
** [[Pepper]]
** and for this one - [[Mint]] - in lieu of oft quoted bay leaf

=== Method ===
# Top and tail the fennel, wash, and slice the sections of bulb thinly. Mince the onion.
# Mix the fennel and onion together, add water to cover, add about 1 tablespoon margerine, a pinch of salt and the saffron. Simmer until the vegetables are soft.
# Add your spices, let it sit for a few minutes and serve.

Note: I actually served this like a sops over toast - works quite well with teamed with the [http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Slete_soppes_%28recipe%29 Slete Soppes].

''Gwir verch Madog.''

== Modern Recipe 2 ==
[[Image:Fennel.jpg]]
=== Ingredients ===
* Item.
* Item.

=== Method ===
# Method.
# Method.

Elspeth

== Modern Recipe 3 ==
[[Image:Fennel1.jpg]]
=== Ingredients ===
* 1 onion, chopped finely
* 3 small fennel bulbs, sliced
* 2 tsp olive oil
* 1 cup water
* 1 tsp galingal
* 1 tsp cinnamon
* 1/2 tsp mace
* 1/2 tsp salt

=== Method ===
# Cook Onion and fennel in oil and water
# Season with spices and serve on toast

Emma de Lastene

== Modern Recipe 3 ==
=== Ingredients ===
*2 medium fennel, chopped coarsely
*2 large brown onions, I chopped coarsely but now recomend chopped very finely
*spices to taste (for my taste about 1-2 teaspoons each)- I used galengale, cinnamon, nutmeg this time due to various constraints, but might use more accurate combinations next time.

=== Method ===
#I decided to use the cooking pasta approach to cooking this dish. I took a large pot of water (6-8L?) which could have fit several times my quantity of fennel. I would have added only a dash of oil as per pasta recipies, but decided to omit it to make this a 0 pt weight watchers meal for a friend. The water was boiling furiously before the fennel (and onion) was added, and the heat was kept on maximum until it boiled again after the fennels' addition. Then the heat was reduced slightly so the pot was boiling gently (hotter than simmering) instead of vigourously.
#I put the lid on the pot and boiled for 10 -15 minutes.
#Drain fennel
#stir spices through warm fennel mixture

This dish kept warm well and didn't soften or taste worse in a ceramic container for over 1/2 an hour. The boiling approach seemed quicker and easier to do on a large scale where water could be boiled in advance (yes I'm thinking of a feast kitchen or over an open fire). The taste of the dish didn't seem to suffer for the lack of oil, nor the more vigourous cooking. I chopped my onion only slightly finer than the fennel, but the onion cooked more slowly, hence I think I know why the recipe calls for minced onion and large pieces of fennel. The spices stick well to the fennel if added just after draining.

Teffania Tuckerton

== Notes ==
The historical version of this recipe was taken from the [[Project Gutenberg]] e-text of the [[Forme of Cury]].

[[Category:Recipes]][[Category:Forme of Cury]]
[[Category:VicCG]][[Category:VicCG-Gwir]]
[[Category:VicCG-Elspeth]][[Category:VicCG-Emma]]

Cunnan:Requested articles

2006-11-21T08:16:45Z

Tiff:

If you think that there is an important article missing from Cunnan or there is an article you would like to see expanded then link to it from here and one of [[Cunnan]]'s other users might be able to work on it. If you feel that a picture is needed on a certain article then you can leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Requested pictures|Requested pictures]] page.

* Everything listed on [[Cunnan:Wantedpages]].
* Pages on specific poets (see [[List of poets (600-1600)]] )
* [[Sword]], [[Cutlass]], [[dagger]], etc. A couple of vandals have messed up these and other pages leaving messages about the lack of information (may as well do something constructive with this input from the vandals :). Most of these articles are stubs but have no real information.
* [[Basse Dance]]
* [[Loom]]
* [[Greece]], there has been a request for an article on Ancient Greece.
*[[Elizabethan Music]]
* A treatise (or two) upon the [[Guelph]]s and the [[Ghibbeline]]s, and what their exact conflict was about.
*links and details of examples of period [[imitation gemstones]]

Talk:Imitation Gemstones

2006-11-21T08:15:56Z

Tiff: /* fake is period */

Another possibility for imitating sapphire (blue corundum) is '''blue quartz''', which gets its coloration from inclusions of ''crocidolite'' or ''rutile fibers''. Yet another possibilty is '''dumortierite quartz''', also known as ''blue aventurine''. The latter tends to be semi-opaque, while blue quartz is more translucent (compare with ''green aventurine''). I haven't seen enough of either on the market to judge their respective qualities. Based on what little I have seen, I tend to favor the blue quartz over the blue aventurine. I have seen some rather nice specimens of blue quartz, from Madagascar, being sold on the internet. Both matierials have a Mohs hardness of '7', making them durable enough for any jewelry application. Blue aventurine tends to resemble ''denim lapis'' rather than corundum. Both types of quartz are less expensive than blue topaz (roughly half the cost). The trick is finding a reliable supply.

== fake is period ==

This is a cool article. I was under the impression that fake gemstones were period no? I heard once they were made out of glass or glass paste. I have seen similar things in museums. [[User:Sabine|Sabine]] 06:59, 21 November 2006 (EST)

Indeed some of the info about particular imiattions says which were period substitutions. It would be great to have more detail though. I've edited the introduction to enhance the mention that imitation gemstones is a period practise. If anyone fancies oing a google search, links ot period examples of carbacons and other imitations would be much appreciated.[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Imitation Gemstones

2006-11-21T08:14:00Z

Tiff:

'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save oney and portray someone weallthier than they were).

== Glass Jewels ==
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]].

== Synthetic Gems ==
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)

== Natural Imitations ==
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.
*'''ultramarine''' (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the ''denim [[blue]]'' variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.
*'''hyacinth''' (late medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible if somewhat unconvincing candidate for substitution. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Also, most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and is perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.
== Other Substitutes ==
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap.
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider pale ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.
*chalcedony - Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.
*opal - Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.

[[category:gemstones]]

Talk:Fencing

2006-11-18T13:28:18Z

Tiff:

dear anonymous,
I love the new edit, it adds a lot of good detail. Thanks! I did notice a few very small details that were in the old version did escape the new (as far as i could tell browsing). I was wondering if perhaps you could work them back into the article, to make the REALLY good article you've written even better.
*"With the rise of the musket, heavy plate armour became almost useless and was shed by some in exchange for light armour and light weaponry such as the rapier - which were quick and effective (in civilian situations)." - This looks like it belongs in an article on historical fencing/rapier/epee etc. The format we ususally use when such a division occurs is to have a large section "historical X" and then annother large section on "X in the SCA". I think this with a bit more detail would be great. (eg expand upon what the period fencing manuals are and when they were written, as well as what we know about how rapiers were used and when - for all we know at the moment vikings could have used them).
*"(the Art of Defence, Rapier Combat, Period Fencing, Light Combat - the term used varies a great deal from place to place)" - I think it is useful to mention the alternate terms so people know we may be talking about the same thing despite their regional term.
*Some kingdoms also have a guild or guild-like structure in place for their fencing programs, such as:
** League of Rapier Acadamies in the East Kingdom
** Guild of Defence in the Kingdom of Lochac - Tournaments are held at regular intervals, one of the most interesting and fun being the Queen's glove of courtesy held at the Rowany Festival (where we get to see interesting styles such as "rapier and song" vs "rapier and satyrical verse").
***needs editing (remove some of the localisms to a new page perhaps), but i think it is a good idea to mention rapier guilds since they seem to give a lot of suport in areas where they are present.

The new article is great stuff, more please!
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 00:28, 19 November 2006 (EST)

Talk:Premier

2006-11-03T00:31:18Z

Tiff:

It would be nice to list the various SCA wide Premiers here: ie. the Premier Knight, Master at Arms, Pelican, Laurel. And perhaps, Count, Duke and Viscount.

How widespread is this? In Lochac I've only heard of the laurel Principal, etc. Think it might be worth a note?
[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 11:31, 3 November 2006 (EST)

Science

2006-10-30T04:32:35Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 152.163.100.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by User 144

'''For a discussion of SCA Sciences you should see the [[Sciences]] article'''
----
Scientific progress, as we think of it, was limited during early [[period]]. Scientific thought bloomed during the [[Renaissance]], when "proper" [[scientific method]] was developed and the study of the world became separate to the teachings of [[religion]].

=== Progress toward the Scientific Method===
Anton here (6/11/03) :

The above is a very nineteenth century view that has been extensively challenged in recent years.

On the theory side,[http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus Albertus Magnus] and [[Roger Bacon]] are two examples of medieval thinkers who embodied the scientific method.

Another, even less known, example is Albertus Magnus' finest student St Thomas Aquinas (yeah, *the* Thomas Aquinas, the one all you Catholic schoolkids were made to read) - although he very seldom ventured out of Philosophy or Theology into what we would recognise as Science.

Here is two of his comments on discussion of Ptomely's scheme of how the stars work

'The suppositions that these astronomers have invented need not necessarily be true; for perhaps the phenomena of the stars are explicable on some other plan not yet discovered by men' (in Lib. ii. de Coelo, lect. 17).

'The reason alleged does not sufficiently prove the position; it only shows that when the position is assumed, the effects follow naturally. Thus in astronomy the system of eccentrics and epicycles is argued from the fact that the assumption enables us to explain the sensible phenomena of the motions of the heavenly bodies; this argument, however, falls short of a convincing proof, for possibly the phenomena might be explained on some other supposition' (Sum. Theol., i. q. 32, art. 1, ad. 2)

Note the emphasis on knowing the "sensible phenomena" (ie observation by the senses) and then coming up with a falsifiable theory ("some other plan not yet discovered by men") to explain it ... if Thomas had been more interested in optics, or the motion of bodies, then the history of thought could be quite different ("I bounced out of my Theology degree when I failed the Physics unit").

I am deeply indebted to Joseph Rickaby's "Scholasticism" for this, available via the Jacques Martinian Center web site at http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/scholas1.htm

=== Technological Progress ===
On the practical side, the medieval era saw a large number of technical innovations in bridge building, architecture, metallurgy, ship building, the magnetic compass and so on - the Ancients may have had more high theory, but the medieval world had a genius for putting science to work.

A decent summary of medieval applied science is Frances and Joseph Gies' book "Cathedral, Forge and Water Wheel"
[[category:sciences]]

Science and Technology in the Renaissance

2006-10-30T04:32:13Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 152.163.100.8 (Talk); changed back to last version by User 144

Science and Technology in the Renaissance was focused around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the [[Renaissance]] than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theory|theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

Important [[astronomer]]s of the [[Renaissance]] include:

* [[Copernicus]] (1473 - 1543), the originator of the [[Heliocentric]] view of the universe. Note that Copernicus' theories were not published until the year of his death, 1543.
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe] (1546 - 1601), who built several observatories during his lifetime, and was the first to observe and record a supernova.
* [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Galileo] (1564 - 1642) who further promulgated [[Copernicus]]' theories and pioneered the modern [[scientific method]].
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler] (1571 - 1630), assistant to [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe], the true father of modern [[astronomy]] and the last scientific astrologer.

Other scientists of the day include:

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus Paracelsus] (1493 - 1541), the founder of many of todays modern medicinal and chemical theories.
[[category:sciences]]

Astronomy

2006-10-30T04:32:06Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 152.163.100.204 (Talk); changed back to last version by Tobin

Stars (and planets) make consistent patterns. Their positions can be used to determine [[time]], date, etc. They were more significant during [[period]] as no one had yet come up with an explanation that explained all of the heavenly bodies motions (although several theories such as [[Ptolemy]]'s theory of the movement of the spheres and the [[Copernicus|Copernican]] explanation were suggested). Also the absence of strong artificial light after dark meant that the display of stars was much more interesting than we currently see (from within a [[city]] at any rate)

If you prefer the later Copernican explanation, then it's worth looking at the appendix in [[Leonard Digges]]' called "General Prognostication".

It should also be noted that [[astrology]] is at the heart of [[medicine]] in period, and was quite influential for a lot of important, well educated people (e.g Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]] - see [[Summa Contra Gentiles]]. There are rumours that [[Erasmus]] also occasionally consulted an astrologer).

Ask [[Rudolf von Der Drau]] about his [[astrolabe]]!

''See also:''
* [[Science]]
* [[Quadrivium]]
* [[astrology]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]

==external links:==
* [http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-2&M=legendes&Y=ImagesFixes "solomon observes the stars"] from a 12th C French manuscript

Candle

2006-10-18T07:48:23Z

Tiff:

==Period candles==
Period candles could be made from two materials - [[tallow]] or [[beeswax]]. They were generally uncoloured, but there are some [[Renaissance]] examples of red, green and black candles. Tallow candles were yellow and smelly, whereas beeswax candles were nearly white and if they smelt at all, it was a pleasant smell of [[honey]]. While the poor made do with tallow candles, the rich and the [[church]] used beeswax candles refined so they were as white and pure as possible.

Modern candles are molded (giving them their uniform width), a technique that was not known until the [[15th century]] (see [http://www.craftcave.com/candle/history.shtml www.craftcave.com]). Prior to this candles were produced by techniques such as dipping, dripping or rolling, all of which were very time consuming, adding to the cost of this article. Because of this non-uniform width, most candle holders or [[candelabra]] were of the variety with a bowl to catch drips and a spike to impale the candle on. Candelabra with fitted sockets for candles are a very late [[period]] invention, as they must postdate the common manufacture of molded candles. (although you can use these to hold your new oil lamp :-))

Until the [[Renaissance]], candles were not preferred as the main source of lighting a home - [[oil lamps]] were much more economical and equally bright, without the smell. The chief demand for beeswax candles came from the pre-[[Reformation]] [[church]], as lighting candles was important for religious purposes.

== See also ==
*[[lighting]]
*[[modern candles]] to substitute when [[feasting]]
*[[oil lamps]]
*[[candelabra]]

==external links==
*[http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showrecords.php?product=685&sort=2&cat=21&page=3 Portable Candlestick Holder]
[[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Seal

2006-10-18T07:39:59Z

Tiff:

==Seal (Object)==
A '''seal''' is an object used to impress a design into wax to identify an object as being authenticated by you. It was common for a [[badge]] to be used as a seal, but often more complex designs were used.

Some examples:
*[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?%7BUPPER%7D%3Av2_free_text_tindex=1970%2C9-4%2C1&_IXDB_=compass&_IXSPFX_=graphical%2Fsummary%2F&_IXFPFX_=graphical%2Ffull%2F&_IXNOMATCHES_=graphical%2Fno_matches.html&%24+%28with+v2_searchable_index%29+sort=.&_IXsearchterm=1970%252C9-4%252C1&_IXspage=search&submit-button=summary 12C Seal-die of Isabella of Hainault]
*[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?%7BUPPER%7D%3Av2_free_text_tindex=1917%2C11-10%2C1&_IXDB_=compass&_IXSPFX_=graphical%2Fsummary%2F&_IXFPFX_=graphical%2Ffull%2F&_IXNOMATCHES_=graphical%2Fno_matches.html&%24+%28with+v2_searchable_index%29+sort=.&_IXsearchterm=1917%252C11-10%252C1&_IXspage=search&submit-button=summary
14th Century double sided seal of Inchaffray Abbey]
*[http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/ukdfddata/showcat.php?cat=44 metala detector finds of medieval seal die.]

==Seal (Animal)==
'''Seals''' are mammals evolved for life in the water. Their young (pups) are often covered with a downy [[fur]] which is sought after by some [[furrier]]s. In [[medieval]] times they were eaten as [[food]].

[[category:animal]]
[[category:food]]

Stone carving

2006-10-15T09:52:38Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 201.155.170.232 (Talk); changed back to last version by Tiff

'''Stone Carving''' is the reduction of a block of [[stone]] to a finished state using a variety of [[tool]]s. Procedures of carving processes can be used to create masonry for construction or for decorative purposes or both combined. Stone Carving has evolved slowly; many of the same techniques have been used for millennia. The recent trend to modernization of tools, the use of air guns, computer controlled cutters etc., cannot yet improve upon works finished by hand. Anyone able to swing a [[hammer]] and hold a [[chisel]] at the same time can attempt to carve. The tools required to start are relatively inexpensive and few, and yet to obtain a complete array of tools to run a full size workshop would cost several hundreds of dollars.

== Stone ==
The stone used is a wide in variety, from igneous to sedimentary, hard to exceptionally soft. The most common stones carved are granite, sandstone, marble, and limestone. Others such as basalt, soapstone, alabaster are also occasionally carved. With certain stone care must be taken not to breathe the resulting dust, especially sandstone and granite which releases silicates that destroy lung tissue. Other stones may contain other dangerous minerals such as asbestos, for example Tigers Eye.

The choice of stone is predicated upon the necessity of durability, weatherability, color, availability, cost and ease of carving.

== Necessary tools ==
The most basic tools required are a hammer and chisel.

[[Hammer]]s come in a variety of shapes weights and sizes and are generally described in units of ounces. The masons hammer has a rectangular flat faced head and a relatively short shaft compared to a framing hammer used in common carpentry. For strong application of energy the face is used, in order to use the mass effectively to transfer smaller amounts of energy the side of the hammer head is used. By adjusting the degree of force the amount of material removed in a single stroke can be modified. The greater the force the larger the amount of material removed and the greater the chance the block will react poorly and split in unforeseen ways. Hammers come in a variety of weights from a few ounces to several pounds. The heavier they are the better for mass removal whereas the lighter are better for fine control. Hammers also are obtainable in two standard materials, [[iron]] and hardened [[steel]]. The hardened steel is for general use on any stone. An iron headed hammer is somewhat softer and is meant for marble which often has a higher fragility so the extra shock absorbation reduces the risk of shattering the stone. [[Mallet]]s are another variety of hammer that are a specialized group that have larger heads that are made out of [[wood]] (general a fruit wood like apple which has extremely strong and close grain) or synthetics. There are two basic styles of mallet, French and English. The French mallet consists of a round drum which the shaft passes through the center of the diameter of the drums altitude. The English mallet is the drum is perpendicular to the shaft. The French mallet is preferable to the English in that it allows finer adjustments in the transfer of energy and is more forgiving when not swung correctly at the chisel base. French mallets are most effective when the chisel is struck with the widest part of the drum which is closer to the shaft.

<gallery>
Image:mhammer.jpg|A hammer
Image:Englishm.jpg|English Mallet
Image:frenchm.jpg|French Mallet
</gallery>

The [[chisel]] is obtainable in a wide variety of sizes and shapes for various functions. The major classes of chisels are for use with hammers, or air guns, and mallets.. The two classes of chisel are differentiated by their ends one having a flat surface and the other having a bulb. A chisel intended for a mallet must never be hit with a hammer as the bulb that receives the energy will bloom or flatten out this will then damage the head of the mallet.

<gallery>
Image:chiselm.jpg|Chisel for mallet
Image:chisel.jpg|Chisel for hammer
</gallery>

Chisels can further be divided into several other categories. There are chisels intended for various classes of stones. There is one type of chisel especially for marble differentiated by the appearance of a head that has a neck that narrows perceptibly and then widens to the diameter of the shaft. The purpose is to allow sufficient recoil from the blows so that the stone does not simply explode. For harder stones chisels expand straight from the head to base in order to provide more mass to absorb the shock. Chisels must be properly tempered to retain a sharp edge. A sharp chisel is an absolutely necessity. A dull chisel will chatter, producing uneven results and also increase the tendency of the chisel to pluck large chunks from the stone being worked. There are several distinct forms of chisels. They are flat, forked, bullnose, semi circular gouge, point, and blunt. The flat chisel is for finish work. The forked chisel can be used to remove larger amounts of material and can be used to create patterned surfaces. This particular chisel was introduced around the 13th century, being the latest introduction in the chisel family. The bullnose is used to carve convex surfaces. The semi-circular gouge also used for making convex surfaces but of a more complex form. The point is used for breaking large amounts of material away. The blunt is used immediately after a point to reduce the remaining large masses.

Finally the most important tool for transferring the drawing to the block is the scribe. A very narrow pen-like pointed chisel that is has a hardened tip made of tool steel. This device is used by simply running it along the lines drawn on the block in pencil. Never use pens as the inks may bleed into the stone marring the color of the finished product. Weird but true.

== Secondary tools ==

Saws, drills, riffles, French drags, sandpaper,
ruler, square, calipers, dividers, French curve, compass

=== Saws ===
[[Saw]]s come in a variety of types. Circular saws are generally powered pneumatically or electrically the blades of which are impregnated with diamond chips or dust. There are chainsaws that are also specially designed to use diamond coated blades. Regular crosscut saws are used for sawing soft stones and are recognizable by their enormous teeth and elevated handle which allows the entire blade to sink through a block with out becoming obstructed by the handle. For use with limestone and other soft stone they are a worthwhile investment.

=== Drills ===
Drills in period were star shaped, hence the name, star-drill. To use you strike forcibly rotate, strike again rotate, until the desired depth is achieved. Modern drills dispense with this monotony and are easier to maintain. Carbide tips and diamond tip bits being readily available for the driver of choice.

=== Riffles ===
Riffles are basically a type of file that is used for stone. The teeth are widely spaced and raised up higher than a normal file. They are used to get into tight spaces and to finish surfaces. They should be used minimally the chief work being accomplished by the chisel which is a vastly less expensive tool.

=== French Drags ===
French drags are somewhat the equivalent of the [[plane]] in carpentry. They are used for soft stones and consist of [[blade]]s set at alternating angles, between 15 and 30 degrees, over the length of a block of [[wood]]. The blades are toothed to provide even removal of surface material. Some drags can be fitted with specially shaped blades to follow convex surfaces. It is important to always run a drag towards the center of a block and never out across an edge. These tools are especially useful for final preparation of large surfaces.

=== Sandpaper ===
Sandpaper comes in a variety of grits and is useful for adjusting the degree of polish on the final surface. Marble in particular benefits from such treatment and it is possible to obtain widely different polishes on a single block that can help differentiate flesh from fabric or other indicated surfaces.

=== Other ===
The remaining tools while all esentially drafting tools are desirable to have more heavily built and therefore durable tools for use with stone carving. The square, ruler, divider, caliper, compass, and French curve are all used for either measuring an extant piece or laying out the drawing on a block prior to carving.

=== Drawing ===
Drawing is oddly enough one of the most important skills that one can have for carving. In order to create any really well made sculpture, which adheres to stylistic principles of a genre, one must be able to draw. This skill is useful to visualize patterns in order to guide the carving process so that you may avoid getting lost in the stone and producing something that is a naive and uninformed effort. Drawing also enables one an inexpensive method of exploring how to proceed before making an insurmountable error. Additionally it sharpens the eye and forces the mind to translate from a three dimensional space to a two dimensional space which is useful since frequently the reverse is true when first working a block. Many of the tools used for drawing are listed as tools also for carving since they can be used to transfer the drawings onto the block directly. Templates, made of [[paper]], [[plastic]], or any conveniently shapeable flat material that may be used over an extended period of time, may be used to reproduce portions of a drawing on a block, or, in the case of replication, several blocks or even faces of the same block. This transfer is accomplished by the use of the stylus. It is not a good thing to use a pen or pencil on the stone as it will leaves stains and like as not destroy your writing implement as well.

== External links ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rocks List of rocktypes]
[[category:arts]]

Category talk:Wiki

2006-10-15T09:52:34Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 211.117.126.89 (Talk); changed back to last version by Tiff

All the pages in this category have a bad link to [[:category:Wiki|this category]]. If clicked, it takes you to the editting version of this page, without the member list of the category. Is Wiki a reserved word for categories? - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 12:14, 3 May 2006 (EST)

Category:Wiki

2006-10-08T02:44:18Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by Cian

Pages relating to specific [[wiki]]s, or wikis in general.

Category talk:Wiki

2006-10-08T02:44:00Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by ThorgrimrGunnarrsson

Shire of Arrowsreach

2006-10-08T02:42:48Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by Cian

[[Image:Arrowsreach_device_small.png|right]]

The '''Shire of Arrowsreach''' is the [[SCA]] [[groups|group]] in the [[North eastern suburbs of Melbourne]]. Of course anyone can join any group or subgroup, so not everyone lives in this area, nor does everyone who lives in this area belong to this group, but it will mean events are close to home for people who live in this area.

While everyone knows it as Arrowsreach, it was infact registered with the [[College of Arms]] as ''Arrowreach''.

* [[Why Arrowsreach isn't part of Stormhold]].
* [[events in Arrowsreach]]
* History of Arrowsreach - go to their website http://www.arrowsreach.com/

* Neighbouring SCA Groups
** [[Barony of Stormhold]]
** [[Shire of Krae Glas]]
** [[Shire of Bordescros]]

* Noted [[household]]s of Arrowreach:
** [[House Saarlands]]
** [[the Axemen]]

== External Links ==
* Websites of Important people
** [[http://www.portallus.com/people/emlyn/ Emlyn ap Rhys]]

* Arts and Sciences
** [[http://www.florilegium.org/ Florilegium]]
** [[http://www.heraldicclipart.com/ Heralic Clipart]]
** [[http://shadowmist.hfsinchaos.com/links2.html Links to SCA resources]]
** [[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/SHOEHOME.HTM Footware]]
** [[http://www.larp.com/legioxx/ The Twentieth Legion]] Imperial Roman Group.

* Fighting
** [[http://www.sca.org.au/marshal/ Lochac Marshallate Home Page]]
** [[http://www.bellatrix.org/school/ Bellatrix Fighting School]]
** [[http://www.geocities.com/earlygunnery/ Early Gunnery]]
** [[Polarm Descriptions]]
** [[http://www.armourarchive.org/ Amour Archive]]
** [[http://www.combat-archery.com Combat Archery Website]]
** [[http://www.thelostboys.org/army/equipment.html Equipment Guide]] for Heavy Fighters
** [[http://www.forest.gen.nz/Medieval/articles/garments/Charles_blois/Charles_blois.html Historical Surcoat]] with patterns.

* Heraldry
** [[http://www.heraldicclipart.com/ Heraldic Clip Art]]

* Friends that we know
** [[http://www.angevintreasures.com/ Angevin Treasures]]
** [[http://www.angevintreasures.com/wystle/ Master Efenwealt]]
** [[http://sui-001.livejournal.com/ Sui's Wonderful Stuff]]

Photos Of Stuff
** [[http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Bridge/7900/lcnov02.htm Lochac November Crown AS XXXVII]]

Other Places of Interest
** [[http://www.crossroads.org.au/ CrossRoads]] A Medieval Villiage in New South Wales.
** [[http://scademo.com/demo.links.php SCA Demo Website]]

Merchants
** [[http://www.theringlord.com/ The Ring Lord]] Chainmail Ring Supplier
** [[http://www.nswleather.com/ NSW Leather]] 107-109 Sackville Street, Collingwood VIC, 3066
** [[http://www.leffler.com.au/ Leffler Leather]] 50 -66 York St South Melbourne 3205
** [[http://www.plasticlamellar.com/ Plastic Lamellar]] Armour Plates (USA)
** [[http://www.pacomp.com.au/ Pacific Composites]] possible supplier of Fibreglass Poles

[[Category:Shires (SCA)|Arrowsreach]]

Wiki

2006-10-08T02:42:10Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by Cian

'''WikiWiki''' is Hawaiian meaning "quick". A WikiWikiWeb is a website that can be edited by all users with the responsibility for accuracy and control resting with the community and not with an individual (such as a webmaster). The [http://c2.com/cgi-bin/wiki Portland Pattern Repository] was the first wiki, established by Ward Cunningham in 1995.

[[Cunnan]] is a WikiWikiWeb that was started in March [[2003]] to provide information useful to people interested in [[re-enactment]] of [[Europe]]an society and skills for the [[period]] between [[600]][[AD]] and [[1600]][[AD]]. The software that Cunnan uses is called PediaWiki and more information on it can be found at http://wikipedia.sourceforge.net

== Other WikiWebs ==
* The [[Wikipedia]] - http://www.wikipedia.org
* [[Arrowsreach Wiki]]
* [http://www.midrealm.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Midrealm wiki]

[[category:wiki]]

Stone carving

2006-10-08T02:42:08Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by Cian

Cunnan:Wiki newcomers hints

2006-10-08T02:42:04Z

Tiff: Reverted edits by 66.240.221.36 (Talk); changed back to last version by ThorgrimrGunnarrsson

In brief:
*yes, you too can edit pages!
*want to experiment without stuffing up anything? - try the [[Cunnan:sandbox|sandbox]]
*how do I edit pages? - read the guide: [[Cunnan:How_does_one_edit_a_page]]
*remember we have [[copyright rules]]

=FAQ=
===What can I write about? ===

Like they say, write what you know. The main page says Cunnan is all about "information for re-enactors of the Middle Ages and Renaissance with a heavy slant towards members of the SCA". If it's useful for re-enactors, write away! This is often explanations of rare words, descriptions of how things were viewed in the medieval world, short medieval histories of people and places, or advice on how to recreate an aspect of history. But don't stop there!

===But I don't know any history or stuff, what else can I write about===
You could write about experiences, words and practises found in the SCA and other reenactment groups. Also you could pick a random unwritten page on a medieval topic, read a few other good webpages or a few pages of a book on the topic, and give a 3 sentence summary of their content and a link to the pages consulted. You can always ask someone local to you to describe a topic and type in what they say (acknowledging their contribution helps). You'll find out new information,and we will too when you write it here.

Or you can help by correcting our spelling, adding links and generally tidying up the content of the wiki.

===How can I ask for help?===
Write a note on the village pump is often quickest and best, or other wise you could email admins. The admins can be found at [[Special:Listadmins]].

===I want to move a page or do other tricky stuff===
Some features are just hidden a bit - take a better look at what options are available under [[special:special pages|special pages]] in the toolbox on the left of your screen (you may need to scroll down a bit).

There are a lot more things you can do that are hidden here. But some features such as moving and deleting pages have been restricted to loggged in users, other to admins. This is because we don't want every spammer or vandal who turns up to be able to destroy the wiki (it can be brought back but that's a lot of time that could be spent adding content instead). Stick around for a while, contributing articles and you'll probably get your acess level increased. In the meantime, leave a note in the [[cunnan:village pump|village pump]] saying which page you wanted to move or what else you wanted to do and why (briefly) and the next person with suitable acess will probably fix it for you.

[[Category:Help|Wiki newcomers hints]]

Talk:Archery

2006-10-07T07:50:13Z

Tiff:

I've forgotten exactly if it was the 18th or 19th century when the modern archery target was standardised. Any help?--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 03:55, 2 Feb 2006 (CST)

"1424 The English king James I, bans football and golf as they are perceived to be interferring with archery practise."

There's something wrong with this statement - the year, country and king's name don't agree.(neither for James I nor James II)[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]

Talk:Herbs

2006-10-07T07:46:05Z

Tiff:

Marijuana should be added cus its a healing herb

*But was it used in a medieval context at all? I cant' think of a single example. And it's not a New World plant. It originated in Asia.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 20:15, 3 October 2006 (EST)

** You may want to check the various period herbals for information. The best source might be the Greek ''Dioscorides''. -- [[User:Giudo di Niccolo|Jibril al-`Attar]] 1324, 03-Oct-2006 (CST)

This piqued my fancy, so I did a 5 minute scan of the web:
* article gives reference to 1621 use to treat depression in England [http://www.maps.org/mmj/grinspoon_history_cannabis_medicine.pdf#search=%22medieval%20herbal%20marijuana%22]
Not necessarily the most authoratitive, but suitably presented that it should be easy to trace sources.
* http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/papers/cannabis.pdf A fairly balanced view, which gives a few sources woth chasing up, and what looks like accurate quotes.

I'm left feeling that before 1600, marajuana was a rare medicinal drug in europe (the 2nd paper says the psycoactive content of hemp species grown away from the tropics was much lower) and an ordinary one in India, and that rarity has not excluded any other herbs from this list. As with most herbs, different names used for them during medieval times, makes them less visible.

As a fibre geek, we have alot of trouble telling hemp fibres from linen and nettle fibres, so it's rather hard to tell how much hemp was about. I suspect it was about, especially in lower class clothing, but I'm not sure how much. Anyway, that doesn't tell us how widely it was used in medicine, even were it widely used in textiles.

[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 23:08, 6 October 2006 (EST)

It is also my understanding that types of hemp that have the THC drug aren't necessarily the same ones used in the production of hemp fibres for clothing, ropes. etc--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 10:57, 7 October 2006 (EST)

I thought that was mostly a more modern division?[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 17:46, 7 October 2006 (EST)