Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Talk:Reformation

2007-09-14T18:33:04Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Talk:Reformation moved to Talk:Protestant Reformation: More appropriate name for the movement and for this article.

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Protestant Reformation]]

Talk:Protestant Reformation

2007-09-14T18:33:04Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Talk:Reformation moved to Talk:Protestant Reformation: More appropriate name for the movement and for this article.

Nice work, Anton. I've made a couple of changes, including adding the "Rule of Victor", but I've got a couple of other suggestions -
*A lot of it is better suited to articles like [[Papacy]], [[Roman Catholic Church]], and [[Investiture dispute]]. [[Reformation]] should really be an outline of the Reformation.
*Wiki articles are designed to be edited by everyone- it's best to keep personal pronouns, names and the like out of Cunnan articles.
*Is it Lollardry or Lollardism? I've always thought Lollardry = the tenets of Lollards, Lollardism = practice of Lollardry.
[[User:Morgant|Morgant]]

I'm still new here and figuring out what goes where. There is some good history in this that seems like it would fit better on http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation and the Cunnan article could work to make the history relevant to SCA folks. How does this affect someone's persona? Which contries were predominantly on which side? What were the consequences of being on the "wrong" side? How would this affect your costume? (E.g., did it affect the wearing of the rosary? etc.) ~ [[User:JakeVortex|JakeVortex]] 06:27, 5 Nov 2003 (EST)

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Anton here :

I wrote the article as SCA Deep Background - this is the kind of stuff real people in period knew about. Maybe not the precise details, but if you grew up in a 14th C northern Italian city, you know about Henry IV and Innocent III, becuase the political factions in your town (Guelph and Ghibelline) come from that period.

I also havent got to the bit where I discuss the - in my view - critical distinction between the medieval and the modern world view ; in the Medieval world, you are a member of a universal Christian community. In the modern world, you are a citizen of one of a number of co-equal discrete secular states. You can see how this fits with the Universal and Catholic Church, and the Danish, Swedish, English and so on National Churches.

If you can get that, then I think you can better understand the actual medieval world and world-view, not the bumper-sticker medjeeval version.

Also, what I'm trying to get away from is a history that says 'Luther nailed up the 95 theses in Wittenburg. There were some wars and some burnings. Some countries became Protestant. Some didnt'. I want to be able to tell a story about 'Why did Protestantism take the form it did, where it did, and when it did' in a way I'm happy with, given the restraints of time, words and audience attention.

Finally, I'd prefer to stay identified as a specific author, so that I can retain accountability for what I say, as some of my statements may justly be regarded as anti-Catholic, anti-Lutheran or anti-Calvinist.

:Wiki articles do not have a specific author. If you wan to be listed as the sole author (or the main author) of an article then a wiki isn't an appropriate place to write. I agree with Del that if you wish to have a personal bias in what you write then start articles that are clearly your own opinion (eg. [[Why Anton Thinks The Reformation Was A Bad Idea]], as Del suggested) - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]]

----

I'm with Anton on this. Cunnan is somewhere where we can put SCA relevant articles, including SCA historically relevant articles. To know what your persona was thinking is as important (to me: more important) than to know what your persona was wearing. I'd hate to have to find that stuff buried in the wikipedia.

However, Anton, ditch the personal bias and present the facts, unless you're going to put in a callout like [[Why Anton Thinks The Reformation Was A Bad Idea]].

Also we need a lot more callouts in this -- go mad with the square brackets guys.

[[User:Del|Del]]

----

Hey you wiki / cunnan guys,

Can we footnote these things?

You see, ever since [[User:Anton|Anton]] made the ridiculous assertion on his page about the [[Italian Renaissance]] that "the Humanists concentrated on winning the argument rather than having their facts and logic straight" (a complete falsehood that I specifically refuse to bite on, as everyone knows the Humanists were all about facts and logic and less of that papal infallibility nonsense), we've been caning each other over the the entire Reformation debate.

Now I've just had time to re-read this and I've seen the bit where he says "the Council of Constance ... got things back to an even footing" and I blew chunks out my nostrils. OK, this specifically deserves a footnote. Anton, if you think that burning [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huss Huss] at the stake and digging up [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyclif Wyclif]'s long dead body and casting it out of hallowed ground after he'd produced the first [[English]] translation of the bible is "an even footing" then you need to [[Nutbar with extra almonds|read this]].

You see the problem with you [[Scholastics]] is that you aren't prepared to stretch your reading wide enough to know what facts are, let alone [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], and [[logic]].

(OK, enough Anton-baiting for now, I think I need to go consult a cooking laurel to find out what temperature is best to [[burn more catholics]]).

[[User:Del|Del]] 19:56, 11 Nov 2003 (EST)

Del,

Funnily enough, my current favorite theorist on Papal power - John of Paris - points out the bible text in question says you should shun, rather than actually burn heretics. Not that that stopped anyone in the 16th Century, of course. The fact that he was a player in a high-stakes game of 'Go ahead. Excommunicate France. See if we care' could have been a factor.

I'm also not sure about this newfangled idea of Papal Infallibility - it seems awfully Nineteenth Century. After all, only Church Councils can properly and finally resolve issues of theology, and it was the arrogance and vanity of certain Popes is that got us into this mess in the first place.

Digging Wyclif out of the ground is one of those 'who cares ?' things for me ; I'm much more concerned with what gets done to the living (eg suppresion of the Peasants Revolt by the Lutherans). BTW, Wyclif needs a page ... back at ANU library I've got some footnotes abnout him (eg he personally probably didnt translate the Bible, although he did head the project).

As to what got done to the Hussites ... yeah, well they were kind and gentle dealing with the Jacquerie in France, right ?

And as for the grammar, rhetoric and logic crack ... misused, rhetoric can be a tool to mislead, but grammar and logic are what Scholarly work is based on.

Anton, who is now caffeined up and revising his Reformation article

----

* Enter Cursitor]
* He speaks]
I can't resist adding a Euro-centric bias to this (in a mild way), so propose to edit parts of the main entry, and then see what people think. If too biased, moderators please feel free to revert the article.

==Restructure, removal of 1st person, removal of "Anton notes" and addition of intro & conclusion==
OK.

Wow.

This article is very informative but is ill-structured. This article only provides a historial background to the Protestant Reformation without discussing '''what''' is was and '''how''' it effected anyone. I've done my best to include a summary intro and conclusion to this point. As to the above discussion regarding ownership of the article, well, I'm working on a wiki, not a personal project of mine. I just made some significant additions to this article but did not remove any of Anton's information, since it was all good really. But this article is not mine, nor is it Anton's. His ownership of this article should no longer be in dispute, in my opinion. --[[User:Sarah Van Der Goes|Sarah Van Der Goes]] 03:09, 24 August 2007 (EST)

==Request to rename this article [[Protestant Reformation]]==
I'd like the title of this article to be the '''Protestant Reformation''' instead of just [[Reformation]]. I do not have the ability to move or delete articles, but I can redirect. If there is no objection, both the full content of the article page and talk pages should be relocated. --[[User:Sarah Van Der Goes|Sarah Van Der Goes]] 03:09, 24 August 2007 (EST)

Reformation

2007-09-14T18:33:02Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Reformation moved to Protestant Reformation: More appropriate name for the movement and for this article.

#REDIRECT [[Protestant Reformation]]

Protestant Reformation

2007-09-14T18:33:01Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Reformation moved to Protestant Reformation: More appropriate name for the movement and for this article.

The '''Protestant Reformation''' was a movement within the [[Christian]] faith that refused to recognize the authority of the [[Catholic Church]] and instead follow the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation.

One of the defining characteristics of a Protestant is they believe that the [[Bible]] alone is all that is needed to have a relationship to [[Christ]] and [[God]], and only though a personal relationship with Christ would ensure a soul's salvation. This stripped down version of Christianity made the rituals and policies established by the Catholic Church unnecessary, a distraction, and a temptation into corruption and greed in the eyes of the Protestants.

However, the events leading up to, during and afterward and far more complex.

By the time all the smoke cleared, the Reformation was a continuation by other means of normal [[medieval]] [[Church]]-State relations. As a note, the word 'Reform' in a sixteenth century sense, think of it as re-form. As in, how can you re-form a cracked bell ; you melt it down for the bronze, and then re-cast it.

==Historical Context and Events Leading up the Reformation==
[[Rome]] conquered the world, and she made her [[Emperor]]s gods. This meant that Christians, who could worship no other God, got on badly with the Empire, and many Christians were [[martyr]]ed. A good example of early Christian/Imperial relations is here ... http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.html

Eventually, the Empire and the Church came to co-exist, and [[Constantine]] made Christianity the State Religion of the Empire. In the [[Greece|Greek]], or Eastern half of the Empire, things pretty much continued that way, at least until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the western half of the Empire, slowly but inexorably, the Empire changed and mutated, until there was little that was recognisably Roman at all.

One of the things that was recognisable is that cities still had [[Bishop]]s - and these Bishops were one of the few sources of continuity and certainty in a world consumed by famine, plague, disorder and war. Many [[religion|religious]] people donated land and other wealth to the [[Church]], and many Bishoprics and so on started to get some quite impressive land holdings. Some cities in [[Germany]], such as Mainz and Cologne, even ended up with the [[temporal]] ruler being the local [[Archbishop]], who was also the local [[spiritual]] authority.

The '''Donation of Constantine''', a document that had the Roman Emperor Constantine giving the Papacy "Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace, Africa and Italy and the various islands." A copy of the document is here http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/donatconst.html. The ink was almost certainly dry on the parchment when it was first used to support Papal claims to certain lands in northern [[Italy]] in about 750 AD. Even [[Nineteenth Century]] pro-Catholic historians now admit it was a blatant forgery, but it was regarded as genuine through the entire Medieval period, although it's importance was disputed

In Rome, on Christmas Day of AD 800, a particularily successful Frankish King, [[Charlemange]], was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. This was widely seen as uniting [[temporal]] and [[spiritual]] power in one person - a divinely appointed Emperor. And if an Emperor is appointed by God, then surely he can appoint Bishops and so on, right? This was known as Lay Investiture - that a [[secular]], or Lay, person could invest Bishops. The fact that the Emperor had a big army that could ... convince ... many members of the Church to see things his way too, especially if, say, an Election for the Pope was coming up.

This is what happened with the Emperor Otto III, who around 1000 AD with the help of his army managed to get his brother appointed as Pope, and then put him back after an upset Roman citizenry threw him out. He also appointed the next Pope, Sylvester II, who was rumoured to be a magician.

This was probably the peak of successful Imperial intervention in Papal affairs, although Emperor Charles V's army did do a rather solid job in sacking Rome in 1527 (in case you are reading ahead, Charles V was definitely a Catholic when his army did this. Disputes exist whether they did it with or without orders ... ) Seventy years later, around 1066 AD we saw a long, messy and involved struggle between Emperor Henry IV, and his handpicked anti-Pope Clement III, and Pope Gregory VII, and his handpicked anti-Emperor Rudolph II, in a struggle about whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and who can sack whom and when.

One of the key people in the war was the redoubtable Mathilde of Canossa, ruling [[Countess]] of [[Tuscany]]. If she had backed the Emperor rather than the Pope, Gregory would almost certainly have been deposed. A good web page about her is here http://www.geocities.com/mizzmelisende/woman65.html

In the end, a compromise was established, whereby the Pope would mostly appoint Bishops, but the Emperor would confirm them. Note that this deal only applied in [[Germany]]... But those wild and crazy Germans couldnt leave good enough alone, and under Frederick they had another go at dominating Italy.

The next major interlude in Church-State relations was the conflict between the French King Charles VIII and Pope Boniface, over whether the French King could tax the Church in France. The basic idea promulgated by the Papacy was that Christendom should have one Church, with a consistent doctrine, just like it should have one secular head - the Emperor. OK, OK, those Greeks over in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] should have been part of a Universal and Catholic Church too, but they wouldn't agree on certain political and doctrinal points. This meant that the church needed one Bible in one language - [[Latin]]. Imagine the problems if my translation of the Bible says 'Thou shalt not suffer a poisoner to live' and yours says 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live'.

Now, things got complicated when you had over-powerful Emperors like Otto III who made a habit of [[Investiture dispute|appointing Popes]], or overpowerful Popes like Innocent III (*) who made a habit of sacking Emperors, but after a long series of wars in the eleventh, tweith and thirteenth centuries where Pope tried to have Emperors sacked and vice-versa, it pretty much got sorted out that the Pope wouldn't intervene in politics if the Emperor didn't try and tell him what to do. In short, the Temporal power and the Spiritual power compromised, and didnt try to muscle in on each others territories.

This basic rule also more-or-less applied with independent kingdoms like England and France, although the issue of who should appoint people to those nice, rich Church positions kept cropping up - but no King tried to tell the Church what should or should not be doctrine. (I feel I am not paraphrasing John of Paris too badly if I say his view on it was 'Does it say France anywhere ? No ? Then Boniface can get stuffed - he has to pay taxes like every other landowner in France')

==Events in the 14th Century and on==
Time rolled on, and the fourteenth century saw the seat of the Pope was moved to Avignon in France. Well, more accurately, the seat of one of the three Popes moved to Avignon, with a pro-French Pope there, an anti-French Pope in Rome, and a third Pope in Pisa, and all of them exchanging insults, excommunications and interdicts. Not good for a Universal Church. Eventually, things got sorted out with the Council of Constance in 1414-18, which got things back to an even footing, with one Pope, who lived in Rome.

The wars between Pope and Emperor had a side effect; northern and central [[Italy]] became independent from both the Pope and the Emperor, and Milan, Genoa, Venice and Florence started carving out their own little Empires.

Unfortunately, the same idea occurred to a gentleman by the name of Guiliano della Rovere, better known as Pope Julius II, who was elected on his third attempt in 1503, but basically controlled the Papacy from 1484 or so. To quote the Catholic Encyclopedia "the chief task of his pontificate he saw in the firm establishment and the extension of the temporal power. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier".

To be slightly fairer to Julius, if the Papacy is a Temporal power with it's own lands, castles and army, then it is going to be more difficult for it's potential temporal enemy (eg German Emperor, King of France, Roman people etc) to force it into, for example, selecting their preferred Papal candidate at swordpoint. Not That That Ever Happened, Of Course.

Note that temporal powers need armies, and armies need money. Temporal powers also need to cut deals with other temporal powers; it is notable that while the Papal-led League of Cambrai in 1508 was theoretically aimed at the Turks, it actually spent its time smacking the shit out of Venice. Venice was the only power that could prevent the rise of Turkish power in the Mediterranean, Constantinople having fallen to the Turks in 1453, and Turkish power continued to rise until the failed Siege of Vienna in 1529. Note that this base politicing by the Papacy did not go un-noticed by Europe at large - it is difficult to display moral leadership of Christendom as a whole when you are conspiring to rip some dependant city off another Italian power, or to prevent them doing the same to you.

A favoured method of raising money for the army and the building program was selling [[indulgence]]s - a method of having sins forgiven in exchange for a cash payment. I'm sure we can all see what sort of abuses this could lead to.

The combination of the prestige of the Church being reduced by it's involvement as a Temporal power in secular wars against Christians, combined with the abuses inherent in raising large amounts of cash to pay for the above (well, that and Julius' building and art program, including things like St Pauls and the Sistine Chapel ceiling) laid the foundation for the Reformation that was about to happen.

==Martin Luther and the 95 Theses==
The occasion of the Reformation was [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg in 1517 against various abuses to do with the sale of Indulgences. See http://www.gty.org/~phil/history/95theses.htm for a copy. But what may have been more important was not what end the Reformation had in mind, but what it was not, and how it was to be accomplished.

Luther's reforms as presented to the German Princes in his 1520 "Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" were not a universal reform of the Christian Church but a reform specifically limited to Germany. A copy of the letter is here http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/nblty-01.html. The reforms he proposed in this letter were for Germany alone ; they were an abandonment of the idea of a universal Christian Church.

Secondly, the mechanism for Reform is to be the temporal princes of Germany ; they are to take control of appointments to the Church in their principalities, of Church taxes, of laws over moral affairs, and so on. Luther accused Popes of wanting to become Emperors ; by allowing the Temporal power to have power over church taxes and appointments his reform permitted Emperors to become Popes. This Prince-based scheme of Reform was reinforced by the events of the Peasants War, a great German peasants rebellion in 1524-26 ; his pamphlet, 'Against the Peasants' he says that

:''First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's command, 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's,' and, 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers.' But since they have deliberately an sacrilegiously abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying, disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do.''

Let us compare this to what Luther, in his Open Letter, says about the duty of temporal powers to rebel against the Pope:

:''Therefore, when necessity demands, and the pope is an offense to Christendom, the first man who is able should, a faithful member of the whole body, do what he can to bring about a truly free council. No one can do this so well as the temporal authorities, especially since now they also are fellow-Christians, fellow-priests, "fellow-spirituals," fellow-lords over all things, and whenever it is needful or profitable, they should give free course to office and work in which God has put them above every man.''

Wittenburg was part of the lands of the Elector of Saxony, [[Frederick the Wise]] and as well as the sale of Indulgences, the Germans had a couple of objections to the way the Church worked. Firstly, if the Church in general and the [[Monastaries]] in particular were immune to taxation, then this made the burden of the costs of local defence worse on everyone else. Secondly, the Church was clearly more interested in raising money to play politics in Italy than in the care and saving of souls. Thirdly, the Monasteries tend to buy little and sell much on local markets, thus depressing the prices for everyone else. Fourthly, many corrupt and incompetant church officials existed, and the Church was doing little about them. Finally, there should be a German Church for the German people.

(as a side note, recent research by Michael Wilks among others shows that [[Lollardry]] was not a peasant-based rebel movement, but rather absolutely based around the English court, and with the tacit and overt support of the English State. The kid-glove "sentences" for heresy should have been a giveaway)

(*) Note that as a good general rule, Popes called Innocent or Pius are neither pious nor innocent. Also note that popes called Victor generally lose.

==Effects of the Protestant Reformation==
The [[Thirty Years War]], a religious war that took place between 1618 and 1648 pitted the Catholic supporters (Hapsburgs who ruled Spain, Austria and the Spanish Netherlands, most of Germany and Italy) against Protestant reformers (Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and later France). The peace that followed was named the '''Peace of Westphalia.''' Out of the splintering of the Catholic Church arose two major Protestant denominations: Calvinism and Lutheranism. Two major items in the Peace of Westphalia were:

#Each nation or princedom could determine the official demonimation (Catholic, Lutheranism or Calvinism) of their nation. Within each nation or princedom, individual practitioners were still free to worship publicly, during alotted times, and privately at will.
#The papal powers of the Catholic Church would no longer extend over all of Europe

In the regions and countries in which the Reformation took hold, there was a massive and sometimes violent movement to remove what was considered the corrupting influences of the Catholic Church.

The effect on art objects that had previously held an important role in liturgy and ritual were destroyed and these acts were called '''iconoclasm'''. Not only did Protestants object to the significant expense each art object signified, but there was also the thought that such objects inspired idolatry. Marian objects (those depicting the Virgin Mary) were targeted particuarly, as were images and figures of various saints. There are documented cases in which several statues of saints were brought to a court of law to defend themselves at their own trial. Since the statues "refused" to put up any kind of defence against accusations of them being idols, they were all burned at the stake.

Churches and places of worship were stripped down and white-washed. The distinguishing features of Protestant Churches and homes were their lack of luxurious religious art objects as compared to Catholic Churches and homes. In that vein, Protestants tended to adopt a more humble and simple form of dress during daily life and when attending church; Protestants also do not carry rosary beads, historically an item closely related to the Virgin Mary.

==Short Bibliography==
*Mattingly, Renaissence Diplomacy (great summary of the Italian Wars, among other things)
* The Catholic Encyclopedia http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ (but keep your bias filter turned on ; this is Rome's version of what happened)
* Project Wittenburg http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html (the Lutheran reply to the Catholic Encyclopedia)
* Luther's Against the Peasants is at http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/peasants1525.html
* Millor (ed) The Letters of John of Salisbury (John was the point man for the Archbishop of Cantebury during the Papal succession crisis of 1159. He gives a participants view of a struggle between pope and Imperial-backed anti-pope)
* Internet Medieval Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html (it's all good)
* Lynn Nelson's lectures at UKansas are excellent ; http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/index.html
* Giles of Rome ; pro-papal theorist. Read his stuff, and you know why his side lost
* Matthew of Paris ; pro-Gallician theorist. Pretty readable.

* Wikipedia has a substantial article at http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[category:religion]]

Primrose

2007-08-31T14:13:02Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: fixed wiki

The '''primrose''' is any one of over 500 species of low-growing [[plant]]s of the genus ''Primula'' (''Primulaceae''). It is sometimes grown as a [[herb]], and sometimes for the ornamental value of its [[flower]]s, which can be [[purple]], [[yellow]], [[red]], [[pink]], and/or [[white]].

==Herbal Entries==

* [[Primrose (Askham)|Primrose according to Askham's Herbal]]

[[Category:Herbs]]

Linen

2007-08-28T15:09:49Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: rv vandalism

'''Linen''' is a [[fabric]] made from the [[flax]] plant. Naturally creamy white to a pale tan, modern processing can also produce subtly coloured blues, greens and yellows, but such processing does not appear to have been known in [[medieval]] times. The shorter [[flax]] fibres are called ''tow'' and the longer ones, ''line''. The line are used to make fine cloth, tow to make coarse cloth, and also unspun as a stuffing material.

==Colouring Linen==
Linen doesn't take or keep [[dye]] well, due to its silkier fibres. That means it uses more dye to achieve the same colour as [[silk]] or [[wool]], and loses the colour more rapidly. Therefore most linen was used bleached white or off white. One exception to this is [[blue dye]] from [[woad]] or [[indigo]] which sits on the surface of fibres, rather than soaks in. The [[Viking]]s definitely used [[madder]] (red linen) as well as [[woad]] (blue linen) in [[clothing]] (possibly only for special occasions or [[burial]]). This, however this is a rare usage compared to other times and places.

This silkier property of linen fibres is also supposed to make it more difficult for dirt and other stains to stick to linen, making white linen easier to keep clean. Linen can also be [[bleach]]ed. For these reasons white or unbleached linen was the favoured, and most common material for [[underwear]] for both [[medieval]] men and women. [[Hemp]], [[Nettle cloth]] and [[Ramie]] may have been used as cheaper alternatives in some times and places. [[Cotton]] was used extensively in the [[Middle East]], but was never as common as linen in [[Europe]], as it has shorter, harder to spin fibres and produces a weaker cloth.

There is also some mention of "[[blackened linen]]" in some [[period]] texts, generally as a material used for making [[armour]] (specifically [[gambeson]]s). It is assumes that this is some kind of waterproof material (used by [[sailor]]s etc), but no-one is sure exactly how the linen was blackened (e.g. [[tar]], [[pitch]], [[charcoal]], a [[bog]]).

==What was linen used for?==
Coloured linens become more common in non-clothing items. For example [[embroidery|embroideries]] and [[bed]] [[cushion]]s need to be washed and exposed to sunlight less often, and thus remain more colourfast. One cushion was painted with red [[paint]] to achieve as strong colour. [[Silk]] appears to have been the favoured material for colourful backgrounds of embroideries, when it could be afforded, but linen was preferred (presumably being easier to work with) where it would be completely covered by embroidery.

Some styles of embroidery developed which take advantage of the stark white colour, and even thread count of linen - [[blackwork]], [[whitework]], coptic embroidery, pulled thread and drawn work.

Linen only used for outer garments in a limited number of times and places. Linen is superior to [[cotton]] and [[wool]] for its ability to hold pleats and be starched stiffly. It was very probably the fabric used for one variety of [[12th Century]] dress called the [[chainse]], which was known for its heavily pleated appearance, and was most commonly white. [[Silk]] is reputed to hold pleats well, but was many times more expensive than linen.

Linen was sometimes used for lining outer garments for outdoor and winter garments in cooler (and often even in warmer) climates. It was a cheaper lining material than [[silk]] and much lighter than [[fur]].

Linen is cool in summer (cooler than almost any other natural fibre) and warmer in winter than [[cotton]]. You can tell real linen in the shops - crinkle it up in your hand, then release it. Cottons will have a few creases, but linen will have lots. Linen will also feel a lot cooler on warm days to your hands, and will quickly warm up to your hands on cool days.

==Sewing with Linen==
Linen garments were generally sewn with linen [[thread]] - it was cheaper than [[silk]], and silk threads might eventually wear holes in the [[fabric]] as it is easier to resew a seam than replace a garment. [[Wool]] garments were also sewn in linen thread, but wool thread for this purpose was slightly more common.

Waxed linen thread had became the dominant thread used in [[shoemaking]] by the [[12th Century]], and remained so throughout the rest of the [[medieval]] and [[renaissance]] period.

Coloured linen threads were generally considered a poor alternative to the much more colourful silks for embroidery, but white linen threads were very popular with even the richest embroiderers, and were the preferred thread for [[whitework]].

Many items in the fabric shops are labelled "linen look" or "fancyname linen", that are actually synthetic fibres - read the fine print carefully. Modern fashion linens are also deliberately woven coarse (like hessian bags) and slubby. Such fabrics would have been the cheapest linens on the medieval market - [[noble]]s would have been buying much finer linens with thread counts of 15-40 threads/cm. Such fashion linens are also generally spun on mills designed for the shorter fibre length of [[cotton]]. The linen fibres are often chopped shorter for use on such [[spinning]] mills, thus they lose the advantages of stronger threads that come from long fibres.

Some people think that newly purchased linen tends to shrink a lot, so make sure you prewash and dry it at a slightly higher temperature than you will normally use, once or twice before you cut out garments from it. Linen used in [[period]] [[garb]] doesn't need dry cleaning or ironing - after a few washes it will get softer and most creases will fall out. The [[Viking]]s did however use a device like an iron - a [[glass]] ball which was used (cold) on linen fabrics. This was probably used not to remove creases, but to polish the fibres of the linen, giving the surface of the garment a sheen.

[[category:Fabric]]
[[category:materials (medieval)]]

Linen

2007-08-28T14:59:08Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: rv vandalism

'''Linen''' is a [[fabric]] made from the [[flax]] plant. Naturally creamy white to a pale tan, modern processing can also produce subtly coloured blues, greens and yellows, but such processing does not appear to have been known in [[medieval]] times. The shorter [[flax]] fibres are called ''tow'' and the longer ones, ''line''. The line are used to make fine cloth, tow to make coarse cloth, and also unspun as a stuffing material.

==Colouring Linen==
Linen doesn't take or keep [[dye]] well, due to its silkier fibres. That means it uses more dye to achieve the same colour as pie [[silk]] or [[wool]], and loses the colour more rapidly. Therefore most linen was used bleached white or off white. One exception to this is [[blue dye]] from [[woad]] or [[indigo]] which sits on the surface of fibres, rather than soaks in. The [[Viking]]s definitely used [[madder]] (red linen) as well as [[woad]] (blue linen) in [[clothing]] (possibly only for special occasions or [[burial]]). This, however this is a rare usage compared to other times and places.

This silkier property of linen fibres is also supposed to make it more difficult for dirt and other stains to stick to linen, making white linen easier to keep clean. Linen can also be [[bleach]]ed. For these reasons white or unbleached linen was the favoured, and most common material for [[underwear]] for both [[medieval]] men and women. [[Hemp]], [[Nettle cloth]] and [[Ramie]] may have been used as cheaper alternatives in some times and places. [[Cotton]] was used extensively in the [[Middle East]], but was never as common as linen in [[Europe]], as it has shorter, harder to spin fibres and produces a weaker cloth.

There is also some mention of "[[blackened linen]]" in some [[period]] texts, generally as a material used for making [[armour]] (specifically [[gambeson]]s). It is assumes that this is some kind of waterproof material (used by [[sailor]]s etc), but no-one is sure exactly how the linen was blackened (e.g. [[tar]], [[pitch]], [[charcoal]], a [[bog]]).

==What was linen used for?==
Coloured linens become more common in non-clothing items. For example [[embroidery|embroideries]] and [[bed]] [[cushion]]s need to be washed and exposed to sunlight less often, and thus remain more colourfast. One cushion was painted with red [[paint]] to achieve as strong colour. [[Silk]] appears to have been the favoured material for colourful backgrounds of embroideries, when it could be afforded, but linen was preferred (presumably being easier to work with) where it would be completely covered by embroidery.

Some styles of embroidery developed which take advantage of the stark white colour, and even thread count of linen - [[blackwork]], [[whitework]], coptic embroidery, pulled thread and drawn work.
i like pie

Linen only used for outer garments in a limited number of times and places. Linen is superior to [[cotton]] and [[wool]] for its ability to hold pleats and be starched stiffly. It was very probably the fabric used for one variety of [[12th Century]] dress called the [[chainse]], which was known for its heavily pleated appearance, and was most commonly white. [[Silk]] is reputed to hold pleats well, but was many times more expensive than linen.

Linen was sometimes used for lining outer garments for outdoor and winter garments in cooler (and often even in warmer) climates. It was a cheaper lining material than [[silk]] and much lighter than [[fur]].

Linen is cool in summer (cooler than almost any other natural fibre) and warmer in winter than [[cotton]]. You can tell real linen in the shops - crinkle it up in your hand, then release it. Cottons will have a few creases, but linen will have lots. Linen will also feel a lot cooler on warm days to your hands, and will quickly warm up to your hands on cool days.

==Sewing with Linen==
Linen garments were generally sewn with linen [[thread]] - it was cheaper than [[silk]], and silk threads might eventually wear holes in the [[fabric]] as it is easier to resew a seam than replace a garment. [[Wool]] garments were also sewn in linen thread, but wool thread for this purpose was slightly more common.

Waxed linen thread had became the dominant thread used in [[shoemaking]] by the [[12th Century]], and remained so throughout the rest of the [[medieval]] and [[renaissance]] period.

Coloured linen threads were generally considered a poor alternative to the much more colourful silks for embroidery, but white linen threads were very popular with even the richest embroiderers, and were the preferred thread for [[whitework]].

Many items in the fabric shops are labelled "linen look" or "fancyname linen", that are actually synthetic fibres - read the fine print carefully. Modern fashion linens are also deliberately woven coarse (like hessian bags) and slubby. Such fabrics would have been the cheapest linens on the medieval market - [[noble]]s would have been buying much finer linens with thread counts of 15-40 threads/cm. Such fashion linens are also generally spun on mills designed for the shorter fibre length of [[cotton]]. The linen fibres are often chopped shorter for use on such [[spinning]] mills, thus they lose the advantages of stronger threads that come from long fibres.

Some people think that newly purchased linen tends to shrink a lot, so make sure you prewash and dry it at a slightly higher temperature than you will normally use, once or twice before you cut out garments from it. Linen used in [[period]] [[garb]] doesn't need dry cleaning or ironing - after a few washes it will get softer and most creases will fall out. The [[Viking]]s did however use a device like an iron - a [[glass]] ball which was used (cold) on linen fabrics. This was probably used not to remove creases, but to polish the fibres of the linen, giving the surface of the garment a sheen.

[[category:Fabric]]
[[category:materials (medieval)]]

Renaissance

2007-08-28T14:58:44Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: rv vandalism

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine [[painter]] [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Sculpture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

=== Renaissance Jokes ===
Various jokes written by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] in his notebooks have survived to us, such as the following:

It was asked of a painter why, since he made such beautiful figures, which were but dead things, his children were so ugly; to which the painter replied that he made his pictures by day, and his children by night.

Reference: See below (External Links)

== External Links ==

* [http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/VirtualRen.html Renaissance Virtual Tour]
* [http://www.leonardo-history.com/humorist.htm Jokes by Leonardo da Vinci]
[[category:periods]]

Elizabethan England

2007-08-27T14:17:21Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: rv vandalism

The '''Elizabethan''' period of [[England]] is equated with the reign of [[Elizabeth I]] from 1558-1603. It is considered a ''Golden Age'' of English history.

==History==

Elizabeth gradually distanced herself from [[Spain]] in foreign policy. [[Religion]] proved a sticking point between the [[Catholic]] Spain and the [[Protestant]] Elizabeth. The two counries were soon at war, but a decisive victory over the [[Spanish Armada]] meant Spain no longer posed a threat to England.

==Language==

''Main article: [[Elizabethan English]]''

==Names==

''Main article: [[Elizabethan Names]]''

==Arts and Sciences==

===Entertainment===

====Music====

''Main article: [[Elizabethan music]]''

Due to restrictive print licensing, most of the printed music from the early part of Elizabeth's reign was written by [[William Byrd]]. The [[madrigal]] enjoyed an enormous level of popularity, as did the [[lute song]] towards the end of her reign.

====Poetry====

''Main article: [[Elizabethan Poetry]]''

* [[Sonnet]]

====Dance====

Dance in Elizabethan England seems to have been closely linked to that of [[France]]. Two important 16th century dance sources come from England. The [[Inns of Court Dances]] come from a series of manuscripts, and flesh out detail on the [[pavan]] and [[allemand]] style of dances. The [[Gresley Manuscript]] on the other hand, detail dances substantially different from those known from France.

* [[Renaissance dance]]

====Theatre====
With the attention paid, subsequently, to the works of Master [[Shakespeare]], the Elizabethan era now offers a relatively broad view of London and metropolitan theatre. The sites of the ''Rose'' and the ''Globe'' theatres are known (and a rough facsimile of the latter built on [[London]]'s Bankside, and the sites of others (one on Curtain Road in the east of the City of London, another at Blackfriars) have been deduced. We have approximate names of companies and patrons, some [[Court]] records of payments made for performances, and even one or two contemporary reviews. We know of half a dozen playwrights (most of whom appear to have tottered in and out of favour like modern boy-bands) and we know that the London theatre was frequently closed due to plague, when the companies would go on the road, calling in at patrons' houses or other notable addresses to deliver their performances.

===Fibre arts===

* [[Elizabethan embroidery]]

===Clothing===

''Main article: [[Elizabethan clothing]]''

==Primary Sources==

*[[The Blazon of Gentrie]]
*[[Gerard's Herbal]]
*[[A Greene Forest]]

==External Links==

* [http://renaissance.dm.net/compendium/home.html A Compendium of Common Knowledge]
[[category:periods]][[category:16th century]]

Shire of Endewearde

2007-08-24T14:12:35Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added wikis

The '''Shire of Endewearde''' is an [[SCA]] branch in the [[East Kingdom]], based in Central and Western Maine.

Brewing equipment

2007-08-23T20:14:46Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added intro & wiki

Below is a list of online resources for [[brewing]] equipment.

*[http://www.malthouse.com.au/ Malthouse Home Brew Supplies]
*[http://www.homebrewaustralia.com.au/ Home Brew Australia]
*[http://www.brewingbooks.com/ Brewing Books]
*[http://www.countrybrewer.com.au/ Country Brewer]
[[Category:brewing]]
[[Category:alcohol]]

Doctor

2007-08-23T20:14:06Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added wikis

A '''doctor''' is a person who cares for and cures the ill and injured and administers [[medicine]]s.

[[category:occupation (medieval)]]

Entretaille gauche

2007-08-23T20:10:51Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added wikis

A '''entretaille''' is a very small hop done before a normal step during a [[dance]]. Generally before a pied en l'air or a greve step.
[[category:dance steps]]

Russian embroidery

2007-08-23T20:08:22Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added wikis

* [[Russia]]n [[Embroidery]] Info - http://tulgey.browser.net/~kate/sca/rus/

[[Category:Embroidery]]

Shire of Windkeep

2007-08-23T20:07:48Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added wikis

The '''Shire of Windkeep''' is an [[SCA]] group based in and around Cheyenne, Wyoming.

==Related links==
* [http://www.windkeep.net/| Shire website]

Protestant Reformation

2007-08-23T17:38:56Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: corrected factual error

Protestant

2007-08-23T17:38:35Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: corrected factual error

A '''Protestant''' is a [[Christian]] that does not recognize the authority of the [[Catholic Church]] and instead follows the doctrines of the Protestant [[Reformation]].

One of the defining characteristics of a Protestant is they believe that the [[Bible]] alone is all that is needed to have a relationship to [[Christ]] and [[God]], and only though a personal relationship with Christ would ensure a soul's salvation. This stripped down version of Christianity made the rituals and policies established by the Catholic Church unnecessary, a distraction, and a temptation into corruption and greed in the eyes of the Protestants.

As a sidenote, in [[period]], Protestants considered Catholics [[heretic]]s and vice versa.

[[category:christianity]]

Talk:Protestant Reformation

2007-08-23T17:09:25Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Restructure notes, Request to rename to Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

2007-08-23T17:01:29Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Restructured, added intro & conclusion, see talk page

The '''Protestant Reformation''' was a movement within the [[Christian]] faith that refused to recognize the authority of the [[Catholic Church]] and instead follow the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation. The break between [[Protestant]]s and Catholics is referred to as the [[Great Schism]].

One of the defining characteristics of a Protestant is they believe that the [[Bible]] alone is all that is needed to have a relationship to [[Christ]] and [[God]], and only though a personal relationship with Christ would ensure a soul's salvation. This stripped down version of Christianity made the rituals and policies established by the Catholic Church unnecessary, a distraction, and a temptation into corruption and greed in the eyes of the Protestants.

However, the events leading up to, during and afterward and far more complex.

By the time all the smoke cleared, the Reformation was a continuation by other means of normal [[medieval]] [[Church]]-State relations. As a note, the word 'Reform' in a sixteenth century sense, think of it as re-form. As in, how can you re-form a cracked bell ; you melt it down for the bronze, and then re-cast it.

==Historical Context and Events Leading up the Reformation==
[[Rome]] conquered the world, and she made her [[Emperor]]s gods. This meant that Christians, who could worship no other God, got on badly with the Empire, and many Christians were [[martyr]]ed. A good example of early Christian/Imperial relations is here ... http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.html

Eventually, the Empire and the Church came to co-exist, and [[Constantine]] made Christianity the State Religion of the Empire. In the [[Greece|Greek]], or Eastern half of the Empire, things pretty much continued that way, at least until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the western half of the Empire, slowly but inexorably, the Empire changed and mutated, until there was little that was recognisably Roman at all.

One of the things that was recognisable is that cities still had [[Bishop]]s - and these Bishops were one of the few sources of continuity and certainty in a world consumed by famine, plague, disorder and war. Many [[religion|religious]] people donated land and other wealth to the [[Church]], and many Bishoprics and so on started to get some quite impressive land holdings. Some cities in [[Germany]], such as Mainz and Cologne, even ended up with the [[temporal]] ruler being the local [[Archbishop]], who was also the local [[spiritual]] authority.

The '''Donation of Constantine''', a document that had the Roman Emperor Constantine giving the Papacy "Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace, Africa and Italy and the various islands." A copy of the document is here http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/donatconst.html. The ink was almost certainly dry on the parchment when it was first used to support Papal claims to certain lands in northern [[Italy]] in about 750 AD. Even [[Nineteenth Century]] pro-Catholic historians now admit it was a blatant forgery, but it was regarded as genuine through the entire Medieval period, although it's importance was disputed

In Rome, on Christmas Day of AD 800, a particularily successful Frankish King, [[Charlemange]], was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. This was widely seen as uniting [[temporal]] and [[spiritual]] power in one person - a divinely appointed Emperor. And if an Emperor is appointed by God, then surely he can appoint Bishops and so on, right? This was known as Lay Investiture - that a [[secular]], or Lay, person could invest Bishops. The fact that the Emperor had a big army that could ... convince ... many members of the Church to see things his way too, especially if, say, an Election for the Pope was coming up.

This is what happened with the Emperor Otto III, who around 1000 AD with the help of his army managed to get his brother appointed as Pope, and then put him back after an upset Roman citizenry threw him out. He also appointed the next Pope, Sylvester II, who was rumoured to be a magician.

This was probably the peak of successful Imperial intervention in Papal affairs, although Emperor Charles V's army did do a rather solid job in sacking Rome in 1527 (in case you are reading ahead, Charles V was definitely a Catholic when his army did this. Disputes exist whether they did it with or without orders ... ) Seventy years later, around 1066 AD we saw a long, messy and involved struggle between Emperor Henry IV, and his handpicked anti-Pope Clement III, and Pope Gregory VII, and his handpicked anti-Emperor Rudolph II, in a struggle about whether the Emperor or the Pope should be able to control who gets what positions in the Church, and who can sack whom and when.

One of the key people in the war was the redoubtable Mathilde of Canossa, ruling [[Countess]] of [[Tuscany]]. If she had backed the Emperor rather than the Pope, Gregory would almost certainly have been deposed. A good web page about her is here http://www.geocities.com/mizzmelisende/woman65.html

In the end, a compromise was established, whereby the Pope would mostly appoint Bishops, but the Emperor would confirm them. Note that this deal only applied in [[Germany]]... But those wild and crazy Germans couldnt leave good enough alone, and under Frederick they had another go at dominating Italy.

The next major interlude in Church-State relations was the conflict between the French King Charles VIII and Pope Boniface, over whether the French King could tax the Church in France. The basic idea promulgated by the Papacy was that Christendom should have one Church, with a consistent doctrine, just like it should have one secular head - the Emperor. OK, OK, those Greeks over in [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople Constantinople] should have been part of a Universal and Catholic Church too, but they wouldn't agree on certain political and doctrinal points. This meant that the church needed one Bible in one language - [[Latin]]. Imagine the problems if my translation of the Bible says 'Thou shalt not suffer a poisoner to live' and yours says 'Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live'.

Now, things got complicated when you had over-powerful Emperors like Otto III who made a habit of [[Investiture dispute|appointing Popes]], or overpowerful Popes like Innocent III (*) who made a habit of sacking Emperors, but after a long series of wars in the eleventh, tweith and thirteenth centuries where Pope tried to have Emperors sacked and vice-versa, it pretty much got sorted out that the Pope wouldn't intervene in politics if the Emperor didn't try and tell him what to do. In short, the Temporal power and the Spiritual power compromised, and didnt try to muscle in on each others territories.

This basic rule also more-or-less applied with independent kingdoms like England and France, although the issue of who should appoint people to those nice, rich Church positions kept cropping up - but no King tried to tell the Church what should or should not be doctrine. (I feel I am not paraphrasing John of Paris too badly if I say his view on it was 'Does it say France anywhere ? No ? Then Boniface can get stuffed - he has to pay taxes like every other landowner in France')

==Events in the 14th Century and on==
Time rolled on, and the fourteenth century saw the seat of the Pope was moved to Avignon in France. Well, more accurately, the seat of one of the three Popes moved to Avignon, with a pro-French Pope there, an anti-French Pope in Rome, and a third Pope in Pisa, and all of them exchanging insults, excommunications and interdicts. Not good for a Universal Church. Eventually, things got sorted out with the Council of Constance in 1414-18, which got things back to an even footing, with one Pope, who lived in Rome.

The wars between Pope and Emperor had a side effect; northern and central [[Italy]] became independent from both the Pope and the Emperor, and Milan, Genoa, Venice and Florence started carving out their own little Empires.

Unfortunately, the same idea occurred to a gentleman by the name of Guiliano della Rovere, better known as Pope Julius II, who was elected on his third attempt in 1503, but basically controlled the Papacy from 1484 or so. To quote the Catholic Encyclopedia "the chief task of his pontificate he saw in the firm establishment and the extension of the temporal power. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier".

To be slightly fairer to Julius, if the Papacy is a Temporal power with it's own lands, castles and army, then it is going to be more difficult for it's potential temporal enemy (eg German Emperor, King of France, Roman people etc) to force it into, for example, selecting their preferred Papal candidate at swordpoint. Not That That Ever Happened, Of Course.

Note that temporal powers need armies, and armies need money. Temporal powers also need to cut deals with other temporal powers; it is notable that while the Papal-led League of Cambrai in 1508 was theoretically aimed at the Turks, it actually spent its time smacking the shit out of Venice. Venice was the only power that could prevent the rise of Turkish power in the Mediterranean, Constantinople having fallen to the Turks in 1453, and Turkish power continued to rise until the failed Siege of Vienna in 1529. Note that this base politicing by the Papacy did not go un-noticed by Europe at large - it is difficult to display moral leadership of Christendom as a whole when you are conspiring to rip some dependant city off another Italian power, or to prevent them doing the same to you.

A favoured method of raising money for the army and the building program was selling [[indulgence]]s - a method of having sins forgiven in exchange for a cash payment. I'm sure we can all see what sort of abuses this could lead to.

The combination of the prestige of the Church being reduced by it's involvement as a Temporal power in secular wars against Christians, combined with the abuses inherent in raising large amounts of cash to pay for the above (well, that and Julius' building and art program, including things like St Pauls and the Sistine Chapel ceiling) laid the foundation for the Reformation that was about to happen.

==Martin Luther and the 95 Theses==
The occasion of the Reformation was [[Martin Luther]]'s protest in Wittenburg in 1517 against various abuses to do with the sale of Indulgences. See http://www.gty.org/~phil/history/95theses.htm for a copy. But what may have been more important was not what end the Reformation had in mind, but what it was not, and how it was to be accomplished.

Luther's reforms as presented to the German Princes in his 1520 "Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation" were not a universal reform of the Christian Church but a reform specifically limited to Germany. A copy of the letter is here http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/web/nblty-01.html. The reforms he proposed in this letter were for Germany alone ; they were an abandonment of the idea of a universal Christian Church.

Secondly, the mechanism for Reform is to be the temporal princes of Germany ; they are to take control of appointments to the Church in their principalities, of Church taxes, of laws over moral affairs, and so on. Luther accused Popes of wanting to become Emperors ; by allowing the Temporal power to have power over church taxes and appointments his reform permitted Emperors to become Popes. This Prince-based scheme of Reform was reinforced by the events of the Peasants War, a great German peasants rebellion in 1524-26 ; his pamphlet, 'Against the Peasants' he says that

:''First they have sworn to their true and gracious rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord with God's command, 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's,' and, 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers.' But since they have deliberately an sacrilegiously abandoned their obedience, and in addition have dared to oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited body an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying, disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to do.''

Let us compare this to what Luther, in his Open Letter, says about the duty of temporal powers to rebel against the Pope:

:''Therefore, when necessity demands, and the pope is an offense to Christendom, the first man who is able should, a faithful member of the whole body, do what he can to bring about a truly free council. No one can do this so well as the temporal authorities, especially since now they also are fellow-Christians, fellow-priests, "fellow-spirituals," fellow-lords over all things, and whenever it is needful or profitable, they should give free course to office and work in which God has put them above every man.''

Wittenburg was part of the lands of the Elector of Saxony, [[Frederick the Wise]] and as well as the sale of Indulgences, the Germans had a couple of objections to the way the Church worked. Firstly, if the Church in general and the [[Monastaries]] in particular were immune to taxation, then this made the burden of the costs of local defence worse on everyone else. Secondly, the Church was clearly more interested in raising money to play politics in Italy than in the care and saving of souls. Thirdly, the Monasteries tend to buy little and sell much on local markets, thus depressing the prices for everyone else. Fourthly, many corrupt and incompetant church officials existed, and the Church was doing little about them. Finally, there should be a German Church for the German people.

(as a side note, recent research by Michael Wilks among others shows that [[Lollardry]] was not a peasant-based rebel movement, but rather absolutely based around the English court, and with the tacit and overt support of the English State. The kid-glove "sentences" for heresy should have been a giveaway)

(*) Note that as a good general rule, Popes called Innocent or Pius are neither pious nor innocent. Also note that popes called Victor generally lose.

==Effects of the Protestant Reformation==
The [[Thirty Years War]], a religious war that took place between 1618 and 1648 pitted the Catholic supporters (Hapsburgs who ruled Spain, Austria and the Spanish Netherlands, most of Germany and Italy) against Protestant reformers (Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and later France). The peace that followed was named the '''Peace of Westphalia.''' Out of the splintering of the Catholic Church arose two major Protestant denominations: Calvinism and Lutheranism. Two major items in the Peace of Westphalia were:

#Each nation or princedom could determine the official demonimation (Catholic, Lutheranism or Calvinism) of their nation. Within each nation or princedom, individual practitioners were still free to worship publicly, during alotted times, and privately at will.
#The papal powers of the Catholic Church would no longer extend over all of Europe

In the regions and countries in which the Reformation took hold, there was a massive and sometimes violent movement to remove what was considered the corrupting influences of the Catholic Church.

The effect on art objects that had previously held an important role in liturgy and ritual were destroyed and these acts were called '''iconoclasm'''. Not only did Protestants object to the significant expense each art object signified, but there was also the thought that such objects inspired idolatry. Marian objects (those depicting the Virgin Mary) were targeted particuarly, as were images and figures of various saints. There are documented cases in which several statues of saints were brought to a court of law to defend themselves at their own trial. Since the statues "refused" to put up any kind of defence against accusations of them being idols, they were all burned at the stake.

Churches and places of worship were stripped down and white-washed. The distinguishing features of Protestant Churches and homes were their lack of luxurious religious art objects as compared to Catholic Churches and homes. In that vein, Protestants tended to adopt a more humble and simple form of dress during daily life and when attending church; Protestants also do not carry rosary beads, historically an item closely related to the Virgin Mary.

==Short Bibliography==
*Mattingly, Renaissence Diplomacy (great summary of the Italian Wars, among other things)
* The Catholic Encyclopedia http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ (but keep your bias filter turned on ; this is Rome's version of what happened)
* Project Wittenburg http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html (the Lutheran reply to the Catholic Encyclopedia)
* Luther's Against the Peasants is at http://www.historyguide.org/earlymod/peasants1525.html
* Millor (ed) The Letters of John of Salisbury (John was the point man for the Archbishop of Cantebury during the Papal succession crisis of 1159. He gives a participants view of a struggle between pope and Imperial-backed anti-pope)
* Internet Medieval Sourcebook http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html (it's all good)
* Lynn Nelson's lectures at UKansas are excellent ; http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/index.html
* Giles of Rome ; pro-papal theorist. Read his stuff, and you know why his side lost
* Matthew of Paris ; pro-Gallician theorist. Pretty readable.

* Wikipedia has a substantial article at http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[category:religion]]

Arts

2007-08-22T18:18:29Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: /* Performance */ alphabetized & added theatre

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:arts.png]]</div>
== Arts and Craft Topics ==
=== Researching and documentation ===
*[[why research]]
*how to begin [[researching]]
*how [[documentation]] works
*should I enter that A&S [[competition]]

=== Cooking & Brewing ===
*[[Brewing]]
*[[Feasting]]
*[[Food]]
**[[Subtleties]]
**[[Medieval Recipe]]s

=== Smithing ===
*[[Armour]]
*[[Weapons]]
*[[Jewellery]] and [[piecework]]

=== [[Clothing]] ===

*[[Fashion]]
*[[Shoes]]
*[[Early Period Dress]] (pre 1380)
**[[Viking Garb]]
*[[Gothic Dress]] (1300-1480)
*[[Late Period Dress]] (1480-end of SCA period)
*[[Accessories]]
*[[index of clothing styles]]

=== Decorative arts ===
*[[Embroidery]] and [[Beading]]
*[[Bobbin lacemaking]]
*[[Drawn thread work]] and [[needlelace]]
*[[Stencil]]ling and [[Fabric painting]]
*[[Stone Carving]]

=== Textile and Fibre Arts ===
*[[Dyeing]]
*[[Loom weaving]]
*[[Spinning]]
*[[Tablet weaving]]
*[[Tapestry]] weaving
*various [[braiding technique]]s
*various [[knitting]] techniques (or similar)

=== Performance ===
*[[Instrumental music]]
*[[Poetry]]
*[[Renaissance dance]]
*[[Singing]]
*[[Theatre]]

=== Writing and artwork ===
*[[Calligraphy]] & [[Illumination]]
*[[Cartography]] ([[Maps]])
*[[Language]]
*[[Illumination]]
*Medieval [[literature]]
*[[Painting]]

=== Construction ===
*[[Pavillion]]
*[[Housing]]
*[[Ships]]
*[[Furniture]]- see also [[woodworking]]
*[[Siege weapons]]

=== Household ===
*[[Bedding]]
*[[Tablewares]]
*period ways of [[lighting]] spaces (including [[oil lamps]] and [[candles]])
*[[household tools]]
*[[haircare]]
[[category:arts]]

===Birding Arts===
*[[Falconry]]
*[[Aviculture]]: the keeping and raising of companion birds, including domesticated birds ([[finches]], [[canaries]], and [[doves]]) and, most commonly, [[parrots]] which are wild birds socialized to humans but not domesticated.

Cardinal

2007-08-22T18:14:50Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: started article

==Cardinal ([[Catholic Church]] official)==
A '''Cardinal''' wiithin the Catholic Church is a very high ranking official, usually a bishop, that is part of the College of Cardinals responsible for electing the [[Pope]].

==Cardinal ([[colour]])==
'''Cardinal''' is a vivid, bright and slightly warm red named after the red robes worn by Catholic Cardinals.

==Cardinal ([[bird]])==
The '''cardinal''' is a bird found in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]. It is named after Catholic Cardinals due to their red color, though not all cardinals within the family are red.

[[category:colour]]
[[category:animal]]
[[category:Christianity]]

Bag

2007-08-22T18:04:22Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: started article

A '''bag''' is a soft and flimsy container made out of just about anything, used to carry just about anything. It is bigger than a [[pouch]] and smaller than a [[sack]].

==See also==
*[[plastic bag]]

Theatre

2007-08-22T17:59:36Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: started article

A '''theatre''' is a place (usually a permanent building) where [[play]]s and other performances are conducted. The word '''theatre''' can also describe, in general, anything related to what happens in a theatre. For example: ''Suzanne has run off and joined the theatre!'' or ''Robert's heart was always drawn to theatre.''

==Theatre (building)==
A stage, often raised, was the focal point in a theatre. This can be on one end of the theatre, or in the center in the case of [[amphitheatre]]s. This stage would be well-lit by natural light during the day, and well-lit by [[fire]]light and [[candle]]light by night. A stage might have trapdoors to aid in special effects or movement of props or [[actor]]s during a performance.

Theatres had seating (or lack thereof) organized by [[social class]]es. The poor were often left standing at ground level in an area center and close to the stage. Raised and balconey seating that ringed the interior of the theatre was available to [[nobility]] or those that could afford it.

Famous [[period]] theatres are the [[Globe Theatre]] constructed in 1599 in [[London]], [[England]] and the [[Coliseum]] contructed in 70 AD in [[Rome]], [[Italy]].

==Theatre ([[arts]])==
Performing arts performed in a theatre included [[sing]]ing, plays (tragedies and comedies), [[music]]al performances and many others. In [[ancient]] and [[classical]] times, combat and [[gladiator|gladiatorial]] contests and displays occured in the theatre. [[Painter]]s, [[sculptor]]s and other [[artist]]s were also employed in stage design and stage decoration.

[[category:arts]]

Protestant

2007-08-22T17:27:47Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: started article

A '''Protestant''' is a [[Christian]] that does not recognize the authority of the [[Catholic]] [[Church]] and instead follows the doctrines of the Protestant [[Reformation]]. The break between Protestants and Catholics is referred to as the [[Great Schism]].

One of the defining characteristics of a Protestant is they believe that the [[Bible]] alone is all that is needed to have a relationship to [[Christ]] and [[God]], and only though a personal relationship with Christ would ensure a soul's salvation. This stripped down version of Christianity made the rituals and policies established by the Catholic Church unnecessary, a distraction, and a temptation into corruption and greed in the eyes of the Protestants.

As a sidenote, in [[period]], Protestants considered Catholics heretics and vice versa.

[[category:religion]]

Colombus

2007-08-21T14:11:29Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: redirect instead

#redirect [[Christopher Columbus]]

Pigment

2007-08-15T15:06:09Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: fixed wiki

A '''pigment''' is generally understood as a colored particle that is usually ground down to powder form to help distribute evenly and easily in a variety of uses. Pigments, unlike [[dye]]s, are insoluble in a liquid vehicle or binder. Colored or colorless pigment particles can be dyed to create a '''pigment lake''', in which the resulting color is the combination of pigment and dye. Pigments can be used to make [[ink]]s, [[paint]], [[food]], [[textile]]s and [[cosmetic]]s.

=Period pigments=
'''NOTE: Pigments in powder form are more easily inhaled and thus are dangerous to handle. Many pigments listed here are extremely toxic and poisonous if ingested, inhaled or come in contact with skin. Research each material carefully before EVEN ATTEMPTING to handle the pigment in dry or liquid form.'''

==[[Black]]s==
*'''black (from plant material)''' - derived from charred wood, twigs, pits, nut shells, etc.
*'''ivory/bone black''' - derived from charred animal bone and/or ivory
*'''lamp black''' - derived from the soot of burning linseed oil

==[[Blue]]s==
*'''azurite''' - a blue mineral. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''cobalt blue.'''
*'''ultramarine''' - lapis lazuli, a blue rock. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''(artificial) ultramarine blue'''.

==[[Green]]s==
*'''malachite'''
*'''terre-verte''' - a green mineral. The English name for this pigment is '''green earth'''.
*'''verdigris'''

==[[Red]]s==
*'''cinabrese''' - a red rock, a red ochre. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''red iron oxide'''.
*'''dragonsblood''' - derived from the gum of an unspecified Asian tree.
*'''hematite''' - a red rock, a red ochre.
*'''lac'''
*'''realgar''' - red arsenic sulfide.
*'''red lead''' - lead tetroxide.
*'''sinoper''' - a red rock, a red ochre. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''red iron oxide'''.
*'''vermilion''' - mercuric sulfide. An acceptable modern equvalent would be '''cadmium red light'''.

==[[White]]s==
*'''lead white''' - lead carbonate.
*'''lime white''' - white derived from limestone.

==[[Yellow]]s==
*'''arzica'''
*'''giallorino'''
*'''ocher''' - a yellow rock, a yellow ochre.
*'''orpiment''' - arsenic sulfide. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''cadmium yellow'''.
*'''saffron''' - derived from the [[saffron]] plant

=External links=
*[http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Cennini/index.htm Il Libro dell'Arte (The Craftman's Handbook) by Ceninno Cennini online]
*[http://www.paintmaking.com/historic_pigments.htm Historic pigment list at paintmaking.com]
*[http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html Toxicity informaion on pigments]
[[category:colour]]
[[category:painting]]
[[category:arts]]

File:The Hunt of the Unicorn Tapestry 1.jpg

2007-08-14T18:35:49Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: fixed image/url thing

Taken from Wikipedia's tapestry article:

'''Summary'''

One of the The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries. It's hundreds of years old, so it can't be copyrighted. No art was added when this picture of it was taken, so it's not a derivative work, and it is still not copyrighted.
Source: [http://www.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/classes/ah111/tapestry1.jpg Original source of image]

'''Licensing'''

The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain in the United States (see Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.).

Tapestry

2007-08-14T18:32:44Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added image

[[image:The Hunt of the Unicorn Tapestry 1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|One of the tapestries in series The Hunt of the Unicorn, 1495-1505.]]A '''tapestry''' is a [[woven]] rug-like item used to adorn walls. Tapestries can range greatly in size and complexity. Traveling [[nobility]] often carried tapestries with them from place to place since they were an easily-transporable way to quickly and dramatically alter the look and feel of an entire room.

The tradition of tapestry weaving is said to have originated from humble and practical beginnings: the need to keep an interior space warm during the winters. Hanging rugs or wall coverings acted as removable insulation to protect inhabitants of a home from the cold stone or brick walls. In the warm months, the wall hangings could be removed. A once practical [[art]] evolved into the luxurious art of tapestry weaving.

In [[period]], many tapestry designs were drawn up by [[artist]]s (mainly [[painter]]s) of the time and then executed by the tapestry weavers.

[[category:arts]]

File:The Hunt of the Unicorn Tapestry 1.jpg

2007-08-14T18:30:12Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Taken from Wikipedia's tapestry article: '''Summary''' One of the The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries. It's hundreds of years old, so it can't be copyrighted. No art was added when this picture of it was taken, so it's not a derivative work, and it is st

Taken from Wikipedia's tapestry article:

'''Summary'''

One of the The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestries. It's hundreds of years old, so it can't be copyrighted. No art was added when this picture of it was taken, so it's not a derivative work, and it is still not copyrighted.
Source: http://www.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/classes/ah111/tapestry1.jpg

'''Licensing'''

The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain in the United States (see Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.).

Arts

2007-08-14T18:26:57Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: /* Textile and Fibre Arts */ added tapestry, alphabetized

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:arts.png]]</div>
== Arts and Craft Topics ==
=== Researching and documentation ===
*[[why research]]
*how to begin [[researching]]
*how [[documentation]] works
*should I enter that A&S [[competition]]

=== Cooking & Brewing ===
*[[Brewing]]
*[[Feasting]]
*[[Food]]
**[[Subtleties]]
**[[Medieval Recipe]]s

=== Smithing ===
*[[Armour]]
*[[Weapons]]
*[[Jewellery]] and [[piecework]]

=== [[Clothing]] ===

*[[Fashion]]
*[[Shoes]]
*[[Early Period Dress]] (pre 1380)
**[[Viking Garb]]
*[[Gothic Dress]] (1300-1480)
*[[Late Period Dress]] (1480-end of SCA period)
*[[Accessories]]
*[[index of clothing styles]]

=== Decorative arts ===
*[[Embroidery]] and [[Beading]]
*[[Bobbin lacemaking]]
*[[Drawn thread work]] and [[needlelace]]
*[[Stencil]]ling and [[Fabric painting]]
*[[Stone Carving]]

=== Textile and Fibre Arts ===
*[[Dyeing]]
*[[Loom weaving]]
*[[Spinning]]
*[[Tablet weaving]]
*[[Tapestry]] weaving
*various [[braiding technique]]s
*various [[knitting]] techniques (or similar)

=== Performance ===
*[[Singing]]
*[[Instrumental music]]
*[[Poetry]]
*[[Renaissance dance]]

=== Writing and artwork ===
*[[Calligraphy]] & [[Illumination]]
*[[Cartography]] ([[Maps]])
*[[Language]]
*[[Illumination]]
*Medieval [[literature]]
*[[Painting]]

=== Construction ===
*[[Pavillion]]
*[[Housing]]
*[[Ships]]
*[[Furniture]]- see also [[woodworking]]
*[[Siege weapons]]

=== Household ===
*[[Bedding]]
*[[Tablewares]]
*period ways of [[lighting]] spaces (including [[oil lamps]] and [[candles]])
*[[household tools]]
*[[haircare]]
[[category:arts]]

===Birding Arts===
*[[Falconry]]
*[[Aviculture]]: the keeping and raising of companion birds, including domesticated birds ([[finches]], [[canaries]], and [[doves]]) and, most commonly, [[parrots]] which are wild birds socialized to humans but not domesticated.

Tapestry

2007-08-14T18:21:22Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: started article

A '''tapestry''' is a [[woven]] rug-like item used to adorn walls. Tapestries can range greatly in size and complexity. Traveling [[nobility]] often carried tapestries with them from place to place since they were an easily-transporable way to quickly and dramatically alter the look and feel of an entire room.

The tradition of tapestry weaving is said to have originated from humble and practical beginnings: the need to keep an interior space warm during the winters. Hanging rugs or wall coverings acted as removable insulation to protect inhabitants of a home from the cold stone or brick walls. In the warm months, the wall hangings could be removed. A once practical [[art]] evolved into the luxirious art of tapestry weaving.

In [[period]], many tapestry designs were drawn up by [[artist]]s (mainly [[painter]]s) of the time and then executed by the tapestry weavers.

[[category:arts]]

Couching

2007-08-13T20:53:51Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added category

==Couching (Sewing)==
'''Couching''' is an [[embroidery]] technique - it involves laying down a fine, decorative [[braid]] or ribbon in a continuous pattern onto some fabric, and stitching it into place.

Patterns often contain flowers or leaves or other shapes - [[knotwork]] is also popular, though that requires multiple braids looping over one another as they are laid in place.

This sort of decoration takes up some room on the fabric (as opposed to fine, narrow embroidery or edgings) and is often incorporated onto hemlines and wide edgings.

There are three main types of couching techniques used:

* [[Surface Couching]]
* [[Underside Couching]]
* [[Laid and Couched Work]]

==Couching (Fighting)==
'''Couching''' is a technique of holding a [[lance]] or [[spear]] tucked under the arm and guided to the target with the hand of the same arm. This technique became the norm for the [[joust]] but is also depicted in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]].
[[Category:Embroidery]]
[[category:combat]]

Pigment

2007-08-09T19:08:38Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: Corrected an entry, added more info

A '''pigment''' is generally understood as a colored particle that is usually ground down to powder form to help distribute evenly and easily in a variety of uses. Pigments, unlike [[dye]]s, are insoluble in a liquid vehicle or binder. Colored or colorless pigment particles can be dyed to create a '''pigment lake''', in which the resulting color is the combination of pigment and dye. Pigments can be used to make [[ink]]s, [[paint]], [[food]], [[textile]]s and [[cosmetics]].

=Period pigments=
'''NOTE: Pigments in powder form are more easily inhaled and thus are dangerous to handle. Many pigments listed here are extremely toxic and poisonous if ingested, inhaled or come in contact with skin. Research each material carefully before EVEN ATTEMPTING to handle the pigment in dry or liquid form.'''

==[[Black]]s==
*'''black (from plant material)''' - derived from charred wood, twigs, pits, nut shells, etc.
*'''ivory/bone black''' - derived from charred animal bone and/or ivory
*'''lamp black''' - derived from the soot of burning linseed oil

==[[Blue]]s==
*'''azurite''' - a blue mineral. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''cobalt blue.'''
*'''ultramarine''' - lapis lazuli, a blue rock. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''(artificial) ultramarine blue'''.

==[[Green]]s==
*'''malachite'''
*'''terre-verte''' - a green mineral. The English name for this pigment is '''green earth'''.
*'''verdigris'''

==[[Red]]s==
*'''cinabrese''' - a red rock, a red ochre. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''red iron oxide'''.
*'''dragonsblood''' - derived from the gum of an unspecified Asian tree.
*'''hematite''' - a red rock, a red ochre.
*'''lac'''
*'''realgar''' - red arsenic sulfide.
*'''red lead''' - lead tetroxide.
*'''sinoper''' - a red rock, a red ochre. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''red iron oxide'''.
*'''vermilion''' - mercuric sulfide. An acceptable modern equvalent would be '''cadmium red light'''.

==[[White]]s==
*'''lead white''' - lead carbonate.
*'''lime white''' - white derived from limestone.

==[[Yellow]]s==
*'''arzica'''
*'''giallorino'''
*'''ocher''' - a yellow rock, a yellow ochre.
*'''orpiment''' - arsenic sulfide. An acceptable modern equivalent would be '''cadmium yellow'''.
*'''saffron''' - derived from the [[saffron]] plant

=External links=
*[http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Cennini/index.htm Il Libro dell'Arte (The Craftman's Handbook) by Ceninno Cennini online]
*[http://www.paintmaking.com/historic_pigments.htm Historic pigment list at paintmaking.com]
*[http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html Toxicity informaion on pigments]
[[category:colour]]
[[category:painting]]
[[category:arts]]

Willow

2007-08-03T15:12:25Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: added Greene's note

The '''Willow''' is a species of [[tree]].

The branches and twigs of the willow tree have been traditionally useful to [[artist]]s in the making of [[charcoal]] sticks for [[drawing]]. [[Wood]] from this tree was also popular for the construction of [[shield]]s, particularly [[Saxon]] and [[Viking]].

==See Also==
* [[willow (Maplet)|Willow]] according to Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''

[[category:plants]]

Violet (Maplet)

2007-08-03T15:10:47Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: moved article

This is the entry for [[violet]] from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]

===Of the Violet===

The ''Violet'' is in two kindes: white & purpled. His best goodnesse is in a sweete kinde of seml, & especially that ''Violet'' which groweth (as we saide before) in ''Cirena''. Some say that there is a kinde of ''Violet'' lyke Honie. Looke howe much more effectuous or good in working this his flowre is: so much the more it is saide to holde downe his head, and to bow and bende his bodie downward, to the earth.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Violet (maplet)

2007-08-03T15:10:39Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: redirect instead

#redirect [[Violet (Maplet)]]

Sapphire (Maplet)

2007-08-03T15:10:12Z

Sarah Van Der Goes: moved article

This is the entry for [[sapphire]] from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''

===Of the Sapphir.===

The ''Sapphir'' is Skie coloured or blew, like to the Skie in the most fair weather. It is one of the Noblest and royall sorts amongst al Gemmes, and most meete to be worne onely upon Kings and Princes fingers. This is for his soveraigntie of the ''Lapidare'', is called the Gemme of Gemmes. It is found most especially in ''[[India|Indie]]'', although that sometimes, otherwhere. ''Cardane'' sayth that it is next and above the ''Adamant'' in reputation: first or last in the degree of those Gemmes that be noble and precious: he sayth also, it is good (if it be not otherwise overlaide) to the eiesight, and that nothing in the whole worlde, doth mroe recreate or delight the eies than the ''[[Emerald (maplet)|Smaradge]]'' & ''Sapphir'' doe. ''[[Albertus Magnus]]'' saith, that he hath proved it twice, that with the onely touching of this precious stone, the partie so diseased, hath been rid of the grievous sore the Carbuncle. It is mervelously effectuous against al venome. Wherefore, if put a Spider into a Box, and upon the mouth of the Box, being shut, thou layest the true ''Sapphir'' and keepe the Spider but a verieshorte time within the same, the Spider being vanquished and overcome by such mean and close vertue dieth sodainly. In olde time it was consecrated onle to ''Apollo'': for the which they thought their business in Warres and affaires at home might be sooner ended, if through such means they had enriched and honoured him, who by Oracle in all things as those which were waightiest made onely the aunswere.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Sapphire (maplet)

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Ruby (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[ruby]] from Maplet's [[A Greene Forest]]

====Of the Rubie====

The rubie is a stone of which some is supposed to be found in the Crabs heade, most commonly red, yet notwithstanding somtimes found in yealow colour. It avaleth against the biting of the [[Scorpion]] and Weasell, if it be applied thereto plaister like.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Ruby (maplet)

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Lead (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[lead]] from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''.

===Of Lead===
Led saith ''[[Aristotle]]'', cometh and ariseth of Brimstone, bothe grosse, unpure, & full of dregges: and of [[Quicksilver]] also, waterie and in manner like to an humor. ''Isidore'' sayth, it was called ''Lead'' at the first for that at the beginning with it was found forth and tried the Sea, his depth and bottome. There are two sortes of Lead, the one white, & the other black: but the whitest is best, which kindes was the first found in the Iles of the Sea ''Atlantike''. But is now found in ''Lusitania'' and in ''[[Gallicia]]'', & in many other places. It is found also in ''Mineries'' in maner like to Gravell and Sande, which afterwards is sodden and molten to greater quantities in fire and fornace. That other black ''Lead'' is found most in ''[[Canterbury|Cantabrie]]'' whose origin or being is after two sortes, for eyther it procedeth of a vaine by it selfe, or else it groweth next by [[silver]], and overcrosseth his vaines with it. Therefore his first lyquor running when as it is molten is almost [[Tin]]: the second, in a maner Silver: that which is then left and remaineth (adding also to it his vaine and so entermedled) becommeth black ''Lead''. In ''[[India|Indie]]'' saith ''Isidore'', there is neyther ''Lead'' nor [[brass|Brasse]] of his owne, therefore it chaungeth for his own Marchandise (as with [[gemstones|Gemmes]] and ''[[margaret (gem)|Margarets]]'') wherein it is most plentifull. In ''[[Spain]]e'' and ''[[France|Fraunce]]'' it is very hardly hewen out: In ''[[Brittany|Britannie]]'' with very much ease. ''Hermes'' sayth, that Lead being boyled, looseneth al other sound bodies and weakneth their hardnesse, as also it enfeebleth the ''[[Adamantium|Adamant]]''.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Lead (maplet)

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Hematite (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[hematite]] from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''

===Of Amatites.===

''Amatites'' is that kinde of Gemme, that touching a mans Vesture or Garment, it maketh it able to resest fire: so that it being afterwards cast into the fire hath no power to burne, but through the fires brightnesse becommeth more bright like it selfe. Thus saith ''[[Isidore]]'' in his xvi. booke.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Hematite (maplet)

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Emerald (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[emerald]] from Maplet's [[A Greene Forest]]

===Of the Smaradge===

The ''Smaradge'' hath his name of his excellent and frech greene colour. For everye thing that is grassie greene, is properly called in [[Greek]]e ''Smaron''. It passeth both the leafe and bough of any Tree or plant in this his colour, and in this poynt alone triumpheth, neyther is the Sunne by his Sunne beames, any let or hindrance to this his shew. There is no greater reflection to the eies than the sight of this. It being polished and dressed, sheweth a manhis lively image, whereupon valiant ''Caesar'' had no greater delight, than in looking on this, to see his Warriours fight, and to behold in the ''Smaradge'' which of them went best to worke, and was moste actie. ''Isidore'' sayth, that there be .xii. kindes hereof, but the most noble is found in ''Scithis'', the next in ''Bactria''. This stone sayth ''Cardane'', serveth to devination, and to tell of certaintie, things to come, or otherwise. For that shall come to passe it will never let it sincke or slip out of the minde, and that that shall not, it easily suffereth the minde to forget.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Emerald (maplet)

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Alabaster (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[alabaster]] from Maplet's [[A Greene Forest]]

====Of Alabaster====

Alabaster, as saith ''Isidore'' in his .xvi. booke and fift Chapter, is a white kinde of stone died, and bespotted among with divers & sundrie colours. Hereof are made vessels to keepe and contine all Ointements uncorupt, wherein they be most purely and safely preserved. It groweth about ''[[Thebes|Thebis]]'' and ''[[Damascus|Damascum]]'', andespeciallye that which is whitest. But the best of this kinde is brought from ''[[India|Indie]]''. It being borne about one, say some, keepeth him in amitie and charitie with all men.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Alabaster (maplet)

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Beans (Maplet)

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This is the entry for [[bean]]s from Maplet's ''[[A Greene Forest]]''.

===Of the Beane.===

The ''Beane'', sayth ''[[Theophrast]]'' hast his maner of growth thus. His roote is thicke and grosse: somewhat more deepely set than the [[Reed]]e his is. In the length it is indifferent, somtime four Cubites high. It giveth fruite by maner of Celler: one onely in part of his Huske. It is in his chiefest braverie, and liketh best being sowne in moyst grounds, and especially in the Fennes and such like. It is also said somtime through the rancour of grounds to come up unsowne. The ''Pithagorians'' condemned it, as the which was not meete to meat. For sayd they, it dulleth and maketh grosse ech sense and spirite. It also causeth and exciteth up in sleepe horrible dreames. ''[[Varro]]'' thought it was forbid for that as he sayd, the soules of the deade were therein placed.

[[Category:Maplet]]

Amethyst

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Amethyst is a purple coloured form of [[quartz]]. Its name is thought to come from the Greek ''a'', "not," and ''methbskein'', "to intoxicate," owing to its purported property of guarding against [[drunk]]enness. According to the Rev. C. W. King, however, the word may simply be a corruption of an Eastern name for the [[stone]].

See also
* [[Amethyst (maplet)|Amethyst according to Maplet's A Greene Forest]]

[[category:gemstones]]