Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Talk:Hood

2007-02-28T22:34:48Z

Planish:

There should be some sort of reference to "chaperon" here, as an alternate name. If not a "Move", then probably a redirect from "Chaperon" (which doesn't exist yet).

It would be nice to have a copyright-free image of a hood/chaperon, being worn as a hat or turban-style, somewhat like that terra-cotta bust of Lorenzo de Medici.

Anvil

2007-02-26T11:03:09Z

Planish: added reference to "ASO" and DIY anvils

An '''anvil''' is a [[metal]] surface upon which smithing work can be undertaken. They typically are used with [[metal]]s that have been heated in a [[forge]] although this is not necessarily the case. This need not be the anvil we are used to seeing in movies and many [[medieval]] illustrations show much simpler pieces.

Modern anvils are very expensive, and unfortunately, frequently too soft to be much use. Low-quality anvils are sometimes called ASOs ("Anvil-Shaped Objects"). As a result, antique anvils are sought-after items.

Alternatively, one can use a short length of railway rail or of structural [[steel]] I-beam with minor modifications, for occasional hobby projects.
[[category:tool]][[Category:artefact (medieval)]]

Great sword

2007-02-26T10:26:43Z

Planish: added "see also: Claymore"

A '''greatsword''' (also refered to as ''zweihander'') is a two handed infantry [[sword]] used primarily from the late [[15th century|15th]] to [[17th century]]. With a weight of (on average) around 4 to 5 lbs and with lengths of around 60 to 70" (150-175 cm), they were used amongst [[pike|pike blocks]] by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] and [[Germany|German]] troops. They often have an unsharpened [[ricasso]] just before the [[crossguard]] which often could be 12" (30 cm) in width. They often have lugs protruding from the edges of the [[blade]] a short distance from the [[crossguard]].

These aren't to be confused with the [[parade arms|parade]] or bearing [[sword]]s which are similar in size but greatly overweight and not suitable (nor designed) for combat.

''See also''
[[Claymore]]
[[category:weapons]]
[[category:swords]]

Sword-like objects

2007-02-26T10:20:44Z

Planish: added 'Also known as a "wall-hanger".'

A '''sword like object''' (SLO) is a derogatory term used to describe [[weapon]]s (particularly [[sword]]s) that have the form, but not function as a fighting [[weapon]]. Also known as a "wall-hanger".

Typically these items are overly heavy, have blunt or machine ground edges, fantastical embellishments or blades and are made of materials that are not suitable for combat [[blade]]s eg. [[stainless steel]].

Another giveaway is a stamp saying, "Made in XXXX" where XXXX is a country.

[[category:weapons]]

Talk:Buckler

2007-02-26T09:56:42Z

Planish: boss ... umbo?

Does anyone know of a buckler that didn't have a boss? I can't think of an example.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 10:03, 22 July 2006 (EST)

== Bosses ==
I don't think so -- a buckler is a small, all-metal shield -- by early-period standards, a bucker pretty much ''is'' a boss.

Basically, it's a metal soup plate with a grip inside -- although, as any fencer will tell you, it's used in an extremely different fashion from a centre-boss shield.

[[User:Paul Matisz]] 17:06EST 22/07/2006

Thought so. I couldn't of any examples outside of the SCA of bossless bucklers. On their use, I always remember the advice a well known WMA told me, "Fighting badly is still period".--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 12:33, 23 July 2006 (EST)

== boss ... umbo? ==

Hmm... I've always thought of a "boss" as something that is fabricated separately from the shield, and then attached to it with rivets. At the same time, I've always thought an "umbo" (look it up) was a boss-like projection dished into the main plate of the buckler.

Sorry, I can't provide any documentation for that notion, so it may be totally erroneous.

"Boss-less buckler"? Well, there is the "Marozzo buckler", "Spada e Targe" or "Wavy buckler" (see http://www.thearma.org/essays/SwordandBucklerP2.htm ) which is more like a small rectangular shield with a shallow "W" cross section. Somewhat like a small pavise.

Another type of buckler is the "dog-dish" buckler, which has an umbo surrounded by a rim that is curved (or bent) sharply forward.

Buckler

2007-02-26T09:36:47Z

Planish: added external link

[[image:buckler.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica 15th century buckler.]]
A '''buckler''' is a small [[shield]], used in both [[war]] with heavier single handed [[sword]]s and civilian [[duel]]ling with swords such as the [[rapier]]. They are usually between 8 and 12 inches in diameter, and primarily constructed of [[metal]] and sometimes had [[leather]] coverings. They were in common use from at least the [[13th century]] and were common sights for hundreds of years.

The earliest surviving [[fechtbucher|fencing manual]] [[I.33|Royal Armouries I.33]] demonstrates the use of this device with an [[arming sword]].

Of the shields ''per se'', it is probably the lightest, and easiest to move about. But, given that it is usually gripped by a handle across its back, it deprives its bearer of the use of the shield hand. That said, it is one of the easiest to attempt to have your opponent do a "nose-butt" on, just by putting it in the way. It also allows for a quite vicious back-hand rim-blow which could break the nose.

Swords and bucklers were, for a time, very much a [[clothing|fashion]] accessory for well-bred young men. The buckler, when not in use, was hung from the [[hilt]] of the sword, and the clatter of metal buckler on the metal sword hilt was a distinctive sound warning of the approach of a "swashbuckler", that is, an armed [[gentleman]] inclined to [[duel]].

==Bucklers in the SCA==
While historically most bucklers were round, [[SCA]] fencers have developed a number of other shapes and innovations. Most common of those adaptations are other shapes such as square, rectangular and [[kite shield]]s.

==External Links==
See [http://www.thearma.org/essays/SwordandBuckler.htm The Sword and Buckler Tradition] for a multi-page article with many illustrations from period sources.
[[category:shield]]

Fencing

2007-02-26T09:24:53Z

Planish: correcting my previous sweeping generalization re parry device auths

'''Fencing''' (the Art of Defence, Rapier Combat, Period Fencing, Light Combat - the term used varies a great deal from place to place) is a form of [[sword]]-fighting that became popular in late [[period]]. With the rise of the [[musket]], heavy [[Plate Armour|plate armour]] became almost useless and was shed by some in exchange for light [[armour]] and light [[weapon]]ry such as the [[rapier]] - which were quick and effective (in civilian situations).

==Fencing in the SCA==
===Overview===
In 1979 the [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] ([[SCA]]) introduced [[rapier]] rules, allowing [[fencing]] within the organization. Since that time, fencing has gained a significant following in the SCA and tournaments with over one hundred competitors are not uncommon at larger events. The ultimate goal of SCA fencing as stated by the rules is to safely simulate fencing "with a real blade, extremely sharp on point and edge."

SCA fencing usually entails bouts between a pair of combatants but the rules also allow competition between groups of fencers. "Battles" with over one hundred fencers on each side are common at large gatherings.

===Rules===
As fencing in the SCA is intended to be first and foremost fun, safety is the primary concern. All fencing practices and tournaments in the SCA are run by fencing marshals who are warranted to watch for unsafe behavior, inspect equipment, and authorize others to fence. The authorization process includes a test of knowledge of fencing rules and bouts fought with previously authorized fencers under the marshal's supervision; the goal is to not to prove the fencer's ability to win bouts, but his or her ability to participate safely and courteously in both tournaments and casual sparring. No fencer may compete in an SCA tournament until he or she has passed authorization.

*[http://www.sca.org/officers/marshal/combat/rapier/index.html The SCA's rapier rules]

====The Fencing List Field====
SCA fencing is conducted "in-the-round," rather than back and forth on a linear strip as in conventional sport fencing. The fencers may move freely within a designated fighting space called the "list field". These fields may be any size and are often outdoors.

====Valid Attacks====
As in sport [[epee|épée]], the entire body is considered a valid target, and priority (right-of-way) plays no part in the rules.

Both the point and edge of the blade may score touches.

The point is used primarily for thrusts, naturally. However, in some [[Kingdom]]s, '''tip-cuts''' are valid. Tip-cuts are made by dragging the tip across the target area without the forward pressure required for a thrust.

The edge is used for draw-cuts (placing the blade and pulling it on the opponent's body), push-cuts (the same, only pushing rather than pulling), and percussive blows with the edge of the blade. Percussive blows are only legal under the "cut and thrust rapier" rules.

The rules defining a valid blow vary from kingdom (region) to kingdom, and are set by the kingdom's marshalate. Before competing against fencers from other kingdoms, rules and attack calibrations must be discussed and the rules of the encounter chosen in order to ensure a fair and courteous contest. The SCA provides a common set of rules governing all fencing within the SCA and these are often used as the standard in multi-kingdom gatherings. Kingdoms are allowed to make their own rules more restrictive but may not relax any restrictions outlined in the SCA's rapier combat rules.

Within the SCA, it is the responsibility of the fencer being hit to acknowledge a valid attack from the opponent. The SCA does not use fencing directors or judges. The fighting is overseen by a marshal who monitors the bout for safety and who can provide an "extra pair of eyes," if so requested by the fencers. The marshal has the ability to warn or remove a fighter from the bout for safety or other rules violations and may stop the bout at any time.

Bouts usually continue until one fighter strikes a "fatal" blow. A fighter may also yield (concede victory to the opponent) at any time during the bout. A "fatal" blow is defined as a valid attack to the head, torso, or major artery.

Attacks to the legs or arms are considered "disabling". A disabled fencer loses the use of the disabled limb. If a fencer loses both hands or arms, they must yield the bout.

====Gear====
=====Protective Gear=====
Participants generally cannot wear the protective gear of conventional sport fencing as it often does not pass the SCA safety requirements. This is because conventional sport protective gear is designed to protect the front of the body and uses lighter material on the back whereas SCA safety standards require equal protection on the front and back of the torso.

======Masks, Helmets, and Rigid Protection======
SCA fencers wear a mask that will withstand a 12 kilo punch test or the equivalent. Steel recreations of late period helmets have also been used. Gaps that might permit a blade are filled with perforated steel plates.

A male fencer is required to wear a [[jockstrap|protective cup]] (UK: box). Rigid breast protection is encouraged for female fencers.

When using heavy rapiers fencers are required to protect the throat with a gorget (protective collar) of either steel or thick leather.

======Body Protection======
An SCA fencer is not allowed to show any bare skin when entering the list field. The torso, head, neck, and groin must be covered by "puncture-resistant" material (4 oz or 110 g leather, four layers of trigger cloth, or the equivalent). To protect the back of the head a fencer must wear a fencing coif or hood of "puncture-resistant" material covering all of the head not covered by the fencing mask itself. "Puncture-resistant" material must pass either a commercial 550 [[newton]] garment punch test devices or a standardized SCA test device designed to deliver 1.5 [[joule]]s of energy to a 4 mm circle.

The extremities are protected by "abrasion-resistant" (one layer of trigger cloth or the equivalent thereof) material.

The hands are protected by gloves of at least "abrasion-resistant" material.

Feet shall be protected by boots, shoes, or sandals, comprised of at
least "abrasion-resistant" material. In many kingdoms, footwear must completely enclose the foot; in some, such as the Midrealm, boots above the ankle are required.

=====Blades=====
The SCA allows a wide variety of different blades. Each kingdom sets its own rules regarding which types of blades are or are not legal. The length of a blade is not regulated, but "heavy rapiers" may not be used in the same bouts as epees and foils.

The Society as a whole is moving towards the use of "heavy rapiers" (originally with schlagers but now more commonly with reproduction practice rapiers), usually tipped with an archery blunt. Everything from French foil and epée grips with theatrical ambidextrous bells to period swept-hilts and early post-period cup rapier hilts are seen. The more period hilts are greatly preferred and there is a general movement towards more accurate weapon simulators. Foils and épées, being too light (less than 1.5 pounds, as opposed to the approximately 2.5 to 5 pounds of period rapiers and cut-and-thrust swords) and too easily broken for even semi-period technique, are gradually being abandoned.

Although common in period, rapier hilts that are likely to catch, break or damage an opponent's blade are forbidden.

Some of the most common blade types are listed below:

======Light Rapier Blades======
* Foil
* Épée
* Fiberglass blades

======Heavy Rapier Blades======
* [[Schlager]]
* Del Tin Rapier
* Hanwei Rapier
* Darkwood Rapier

=====Daggers=====
In SCA fencing, the dagger may be employed for offensive, as well as defensive, purposes.

Daggers may both thrust and cut. Although the dagger is most commonly carried in the off-hand and employed primarily as a parrying implement, bouts between dagger-armed fencers are far from unknown.

=====Case of Rapiers=====
The SCA also allows fencers the option of fighting with a case (pair) of rapiers (often shortened to "case"). The off-hand rapier may be employed for both offensive and defensive purposes. Although a powerful combination in the hands of a skilled fencer, case of rapiers is perhaps the most difficult style of SCA fencing to master. This style is also called [[Florentine]].

=====Parrying Devices=====
Parrying devices are items used to block or deflect the opponent's weapon or parrying device. In some kingdoms they are categorised as either "rigid parry" or "non-rigid parry" devices, and require two separate [[authorisation]]s.

As with weapons and protective gear, parrying devices must also be inspected and approved by marshals before they may be used.
======Rigid Parry======
The use of a [[shield]], [[buckler]], or target in the off hand is allowed by SCA rapier rules. Some groups restrict the size of the shield. The [[period]] use of the [[shield]] or [[buckler]] as an offensive weapon is forbidden.

Aside from [[buckler]]s and [[shield]]s, common rigid parrying devices include batons, canes, scabbards and soft-blades boarding [[axe]]s.

======Non-Rigid Parry======
Sometimes informally called "floppy parry".

The cloak or cape is often [[Companion weapon|used in the off-hand to parry]] or beat away blades. Other common non-rigid devices include hats, coiled whips, and "quick-release" skirts. Items that may consistently cause entanglement with an opponent or their gear (such as fishing nets, scourges) are not allowed.

Unsafe period techniques such as throwing the cloak in the opponent's face are forbidden.

If a cloak blocks a rubberband shot, it is still not [[proof]] against [[firearms|"bullets"]]. The shot is deemed to have passed unimpeded through the cloak, and into any part of the targeted fencer that happens to be in the projected path of the shot.

======Miscellaneous======
Fencers have been known to take the field carrying large tankards (usually plastic), rubber "bread loaves", candelabra, "joints of beef", and numerous other [http://www.florilegium.org/files/COMBAT-RAPIER/SPD-msg.html "silly parrying devices"]. At [[inspection]] time they must (depending on the [[Kingdom]]-level rules) be determined to be either rigid or non-rigid devices, particularly if a fencer is [[authorisation|authorised]] in one form but not in the other. Some [[Kingdom]]s, like [[Lochac]], do not make the distinction. The [[SCA]] and the rules provide the [[marshal|marshallate]] with a great deal of flexibility. Although it is not usually stated specifically in the rules, parrying devices must at least simulate the appearance of a [[period]] object.

Pistol simulators may also be used as off-hand rigid parrying devices once their single rubberband projectile has been fired.

As in the case of the buckler, all defensive offhand items are prohibited from striking any part of the opponent's body.

====Competitions and Format====
=====Tournaments=====
SCA tournaments are usually conducted in rounds with winners of each round advancing towards the finals.

Some common tournament formats are:
* Single or Double elimination
* Swiss five
* Passe de Armes
* Scenarios (including group combat, terrain, obstacles, and more)

=====Mêlées=====
Mêlées between groups of fencers often take place at SCA events; these can be merely mock-brawls between disorganized "factions," but sophisticated small unit tactics are often seen. At [[Pennsic]] or the Gulf War it is not unknown for more than two hundred fencers to take the field for a "battle".

The SCA also allows simulations of period firearms to be used under certain conditions in fencing mêlées.

These simulations fire large "rubber bands" made of surgical tubing looped around and securely joined. "Wheellock" pistols are most common, but muskets are not unknown.

This ammunition has enough mass to allow the target to feel its impact through fencing armor, but is light enough to prevent injury. Some SCA fencers have even built light cannon firing as many as fourteen rubber bands at a single shot, thus simulating the effects of grape shot.

===History===
The first set of SCA fencing rules was published in the Kingdom of Ansteorra by Tivar Moondragon. Tivar is the premier member of the Order of the [[White Scarf]] of [[Ansteorra]] which was created in March of 1979, and therefore the first White Scarf in the [[Known World]]. Please note, that not every Kingdom has signed the White Scarf Treaty - nevertheless there's fencing in all SCA Kingdoms except [[Calontir]].

'''SCA Fencing Timeline'''
* May 1, 1966 - The SCA is founded in Berkeley, California.
* March 1979 - The Kingdom of [[Ansteorra]] creates the Order of the White Scarf.
* October 1987 - The Kingdom of the [[Outlands]] signs a treaty to create an Order of the White Scarf.
* June 1992 - The Kingdom of the [[Trimaris]] signs the [[White Scarf Treaty]].
* Spring 1994 - [[Atenveldt]] and [[An Tir]] Sign the White Scarf Treaty.
* January 1996 - [[Atlantia]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* November 1996 - [[Caid]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* October 1997 - [[Æthelmearc]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* January 1998 - [[Artemisia]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* July 2002 - [[Lochac]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* October 2004 - [[Northshield]] signs the White Scarf Treaty.
* January 21, 2006 - The SCA Board of Directors approves new rapier rules including percussive cuts for "cut and thrust" rapier.

===Fencing Titles and Awards===
There are many different awards for fencing within the Society.

====Interkingdom Awards====
* [[Laurel|The Order of the Laurel]] - Some fencers have been elevated to the Order of the Laurel for research into historical fencing technique.
* [[White Scarf|The Order of the White Scarf]] - The White Scarf is an interkingdom award recognizing excellence in SCA fencing. It is recognized in 11 different kingdoms.

====Kingdom Awards====
* [[Guildmaster of Defense]] - This is an award used by the [[West Kingdom]] to recognize fencing excellence.
* [[Order of the Golden Rapier]] - This is the [[East Kingdom]] order for excellence in rapier combat.
* [[The Company of the Bronze Ring]] - The [[Midrealm]] order for fencing skill.
* [[The Meridian Order of the Blade]] - The [[Meridies]] order for fencing skill.
* The Order of the Queen's Blade
* The Order of The Dragon's Steel - This award is given in the Kingdom of Drachenwald to "those members of the foil, epee and schlaeger fighting community, who exemplify courtesy, chivalry, dedicated patronage to the arts and sciences and show continual service to local branches and the Kingdom of Drachenwald and who shall have displayed superior abilities in light weaponry". It carries with it a Grant of Arms. Before creating a new member of the Order, the Crown must consult with the Order.

===Cut and Thrust Swordplay===
Not long ago, an experimental project began with the goal of legalizing percussive cutting actions in some forms of SCA rapier combat. Percussive cuts allow fencers to accurately recreate a broader range of the techniques discussed in late period (1500-1600) manuals. This experiment was halted pending review by the SCA's Board of Directors and was approved for permanent addition to the rules in January of 2006.

===[[Historical Fencing]] and the SCA===
Along with their practice of fencing, many SCA fencers also study period fencing manuals such as those by [[Capo Ferro]], [[di Grassi]], [[Camillo Agrippa]], and [[Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza|Carranza]]. However, the safety rules and weapon simulators used by SCA fencers prevent many of the concepts in period manuals being implemented. This is not necessarily a criticism; the need to maintain a fun atmosphere, minimize the cost of equipment, and encourage fencers to continue participating in the SCA makes it impossible to demand the level of training needed to safely practice true period technique, as done by stricter historical fencing groups.

===Criticism===
==== Adjudication of Wounds ====
===== Disabling limbs =====
Fencers in other groups have argued that the SCA's system for wounding and disabling limbs is an unrealistic portrayal of combat.[http://www.thearma.org/essays/kneel.htm]

===== Acknowledging blows =====
It is possible within the SCA's rules to refuse to acknowledge a valid hit in order to win a bout. This occurs often enough that the slang term "[[Rhino|Rhinohide]]" is used to describe an SCA combatant who fails to accept a valid attack. In extreme or obvious cases, a marshal can warn the offending fighter or remove him or her from the tournament. In some rare cases, repeat offenders have had their fighting privileges temporarily or even permanently revoked.

==== Historical Accuracy ====
SCA fencing has been criticized for not accurately recreating the art of fence as practised during the stated pre-1600 period.

====Draw cuts====
Some fencers argue that draw cuts are not martially sound techniques and make cutting a due tempi ("double time") action, whereas a percussive cutting action would be in stesso tempo ("single time").

===External links===
====SCA Rules and Information====
*[http://www.sca.org/ The official website of the SCA]
*[http://www.sca.org/officers/marshal/combat/rapier/index.html The SCA's rapier rules]

====Merchants====
*[http://www.alcheminc.com/ Alchem Inc.] (Very Period Looking Blade)
*[http://members.tripod.com/%7ECapt_Thornes_Armory/ Captin Thorne's Armory] (Swords by a Swordsman)
*[http://www.darkwoodarmory.com/ Darkwood Armory] (Authentic Period Swords)
*[http://www.jamesthejust.com/ James the Just] (Custom Swords)
*[http://www.medievalcollectibles.com/ Medieval Collectibles] Fencing rapiers and Equipment
*[http://www.zenwarriorarmory.com/ Zen Warrior Armory] (a popular SCAdian fencing merchant)

====SCA Fencing Households====
*[http://www.tadcastermilitia.com/ The Tadcaster Militia] - An academy of the East Kingdom League of Rapier Academies located at the Bhakail Baronial Fencing Practice
*TEΔ - An East Kingdom academy that is affiliated with the Tadcaster Militia (currently, however, there is only one member)
[[Category:Historical fencing]]

Glowstick

2007-02-26T08:29:23Z

Planish: spelling

A '''glowstick''' is a sealed, flexible [[plastic]] tube which contains a [[chemical]] compound. Nested inside the flexible tube is capsule of brittle plastic containing a different compound. When the glowstick is bent sufficiently, the capsule breaks and the two chemicals mix and produce the eponymous glow. Glowsticks were once exclusively green, but now come in a variety of colours.

Glowsticks produce no fumes, no heat, are almost unbreakable, and their glow lasts for many hours (usually all night). Should a glowstick be breached, however, the internal chemical fluids should never be consumed, as they can make you quite sick.

Originally developed as safety and survival equipment, glowsticks are now widely used in many areas; for example at [[SCA]] camping events as safe lighting for [[children]].

Glowsticks are also used for visual effect in certain [[mixed drink]]s, and sometimes at late evening [[archery]] events, where very thin glowsticks are [[tape|taped]] to the shafts of [[arrow]]s, providing an interesting and dramatic light show.

[[Category:artefact (modern)]]

Gjermundbu

2007-02-26T07:58:49Z

Planish:

The '''Gjermundbu Finds''' are well known discoveries of artefacts from approximately 970 and located near [[Ringerike]] in [[Norway]].

The two digs at this site found a very intact [[spectacle helm]], [[mail]], [[sword]], sword fittings, [[horse]] fittings, household goods and other [[weapon]]s.

==Internal Links==
*[[spectacle helm]]
*[[Viking]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.nordicarts.com/articles/gjermundbu_find.htm Some information about the Gjermundbu Finds]

[[category:Viking]]
[[category:10th century]]
[[category:Norway]]

Shire of Lyndhaven

2007-02-26T02:52:44Z

Planish: added more community names and external link

The '''Shire of Lyndhaven''' is an [[SCA]] [[branch]] in the [[Kingdom of the East]] encompassing New Brunswick. Most of its activity is around the Fredericton, Moncton, and Woodstock areas.

External Link: http://lyndhaven.org/
[[category:shires (SCA)|Lyndhaven]]

Filk

2007-02-26T02:42:45Z

Planish: added comparison of "filk" to "folk" songs, uses of the term, "TTTO", and typographical origin.

'''Filk songs''', in [[SCA]] usage (the term predates the SCA), are songs that are either old [[song]]s (either traditional, [[medieval]], or modern songs) with new words, or just brand new songs, relating to [[SCA]] activities and lifestyle or amusing [[medieval]] content. They are often sung at [[Bardic Circle]]s, while getting [[drunk]] around campfires, or on very very long car trips to [[camping]] [[events]]. Some songs are incredibly witty and amusing, others are so awful they make your head bleed, but either way, it's a fun activity for [[SCAdians]] to get involved in.

The word "filk" may be used as an adjective, the collective noun for filk songs, or as a transitive verb.

When filk lyrics are written down you may see the abbreviation "TTTO" near the title, which means "to the tune of..." followed by the title of a well-known song.

Not all new songs are filk, although to be honest the definition of what constitutes filk is fluid and fuzzy. A song written in a [[period]] style and with few or no [[OOP]] references is not neccessarily a filk song simply by virtue of having been writing in [[2006]] rather than [[1066]]. It might just be a song. For a more detailed discussion, try http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filk

Filk songs are also heard in amongst other communities and clubs, (eg. [[roleplaying]], science-fiction/fantasy (where the term originated), [[choral]]), relating to their worlds and activities. The name was originally a typographical error for "folk song", and it was widely adopted by the science-fiction/fantasy community.

In many ways, filk songs serve the same function as traditional folk songs, in that they preserve lore and pass on cultural knowledge (such as it is) to newer SCA participants.

[http://flurf.net/batpage/ Fruitbat] (aka Karl Faustus von Aachen) is a well-known [[Australia|Australian]] filkmeister.

=== Songs ===
* [[SCA Rhapsody]]

[[category:filk]]

Axe

2007-02-26T01:54:55Z

Planish:

==Axe ([[tool]])==
[[image:bayeuxaxe.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica 11th century broadaxe.]]
A [[blade]]d [[tool]], customarily used for hewing, chopping or shaping [[wood]]. Think [[hammer]] but with an edged [[blade]] in place of the flat/convex head. The back of the axe is referred to as the ''poll'' and in some axes is used as a striking surface for driving the axe further into wood using a [[mallet]] or [[maul]]. Possibly more common than hammers in the [[neolithic]] period, because flints and other breakable rocks more often break to leave edges (especially when you're using them as hammers).

Axe shapes in the [[medieval]] [[period]] depended on their use. Felling axes have very basic shapes often similar to some modern felling axes (not the American style), but others have a [[beard]] that is useful for protecting the hands when shaping boards. [[Dark Ages|Early medieval]] axes seem to be categorised by [[eye]]s that have small [[lug]]s or none at all. Later medieval axes developed metal sheathes that extend down the [[handle]] a distance, but are not always present.

Felling axes are shaped so that the edge forms an axis of symmetry throught the centre of the axe. Broadaxes (such as the t-shaped examples show working on the ships in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]) have this edge offset so that they can be used to shape boards and smooth planks.

You will often see or hear the term "double-headed" axe, when what they really mean is a "double-bitted" axe. It has only one head, but the opposite sides of that head both have a sharpened edge.
==Axe ([[weapon]])==
[[image:Danishaxe.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica Danish axe.]]
[[category:weapons]]
The '''axe''' is a [[weapon]] often associated with the [[Viking]]s. Possibly a common weapon as most people would have access to one. Two-handed axes such as the [[daneaxe]] were used by elite [[soldier|troops]] in the [[early medieval]] period and proved to be popular with many [[noble]]s later in history.

Historically, hand axes like the [[francisca]] lost some popularity when [[armour]] got too solid for them to go through easily, but this was restored when they were put on poles (see [[pole axe]]), which gave range and increased hitting power.

===Axes in the SCA===
An '''axe''' may also be used as a [[weapon]] in [[SCA]] [[tournament]]s or [[melee]]s. The [[handle]] of the axe is made of [[rattan]]. The [[head]] can be made of various things, such as [[rubber]], foam, rattan or [[leather]].

The smaller, lighter throwing axe is a [[missile weapon]], so it is not used in tournaments. Rubber and more foam is used instead of rattan in its construction (NEED TO CHECK THIS).
[[category:tool]]
[[Category:artefact (medieval)]]

14th century fighting equipment

2007-02-26T01:40:45Z

Planish: /* Misconceptions */ changed "double headed axe" to "double-bitted axe"

The fighting equipment of a [[14th century]] warrrior is described by recovered artefacts, manuscript images and contemporary references and depictions in sculpture.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - [[diamond section]] [[socket]]ed [[head]] and used frequently by [[soldier]]s. A 7ft (2.1m) ash shaft grew to 16ft (4.9) by the end of the century to form the [[pike]].
* [[lance]]- [[ash]] [[shaft]] and rarely shorter than 12 feet (4m) long with a slender [[steel]] [[head]] of which the best came from [[Bordeaux]]. A shorter version might be used whilst on foot. Now sports a [[vamplate]] and [[grapper]].
*[[halberd]] - [[axe]] or [[cleaver]]-like [[blade]] with a top spike and a rear spike or [[fluke]] becomes popular with [[soldier]]s, especially the [[Switzerland|Swiss]].
* [[sword of war]] - single handed [[weapon]] with a [[blade]] is about 40-42 inches (101 to 106cm). Longer [[hilt]]s also feature allowing the second hand to apply greater leverage. They featured wide, straight [[crossguard]]s. The [[blade]] still sports a central [[fuller]], the [[hilt]] is longer and the [[pommel]] takes the form of wheels, balls or trefoils from the middle of the century.
*[[cut and thrust sword]]s - appear with double edged, wide shouldered and sharply tapered [[blade]]s.
* [[thrusting sword]] - [[diamond section]]ed [[blade]]d [[arming sword|sword]] designed for thrusting rather than the cut. By 1360 they could also have an unsharpened [[ricasso]]. Fig or scent-stopper [[pommel]]s are common.
* [[falchion]] - favoured by all classes for it's powerful cuts.
* [[axe]]- regains favour amongst [[noble|nobility]]. Often having a two handed [[haft]] and sometimes a short, rear spike.
* [[mace]] - increasingly popular with the [[noble]] classes with [[bronze]] or [[iron]] flanged or pyramidal projections on a head with a 3 foot (1.0m) [[shaft]]. As the century progressed, heavier, flanged [[steel]] versions became popular.
* [[hammer|war hammer]] - short hafted with a rear spike.
* [[longbow]] - of [[elm]], [[ash]] and others but preferably of [[yew]]. Used by the common infantry. Approximately 6 to 6'4" (1.82 to 1.93m) and kept unstrung in cloth bags when not in use. Draw weights increased as increased amounts of [[plate armour]] began to be fielded.
* [[arrow]]s have [[socket]]ed [[arrowhead|heads]] and self [[nock]]s. Needlelike bodkin [[arrowhead|points]] and broadheads for hunting were used.
* [[crossbow]] - with a [[wood]]en [[tiller]] and a composite [[wood]], [[sinew]] and [[horn]] [[lath]] covered in [[leather]] or [[parchment]]. Spanned with a hook attached to the belt as it became increasingly powerful. By the mid [[14th century]] more powerful [[lath]]s of [[steel]] became available and cranequins and windlasses were needed to cock them. Short, thick [[quarrel]]s with squat, square bodkin points were used.
* [[knives]] - Blades are usually 8 to 10 inches (20-25 cm) long and used point down. The quillions of the [[crossguard]] typically point down.
* [[dagger]] - from about 1350. Fittings might be paired with the [[sword]], of ''ballock'' or ''bollock'' type or sporting a [[rondel]] [[guard]].

===Armour===
* none (especially [[longbowman|longbowmen]] although these would have at least a [[buckler]].
* [[aketon]] - vertically quilted and stuffed with [[wool]] and shaped to the waist after 1350. [[Soldier]]s might wear a [[gambeson]] that was sleeveless with a stiffened collar or one that was plain. Knee length with full sleeves.
* [[maille|mail]] [[hauberk]] or [[haubergeon]] - still worn but after the middle of the [[14th century]] its length has shortened to just below hip level and with a [[dag]]ged border with [[brass]] rings. [[Muffler]]s disappear by the end of the 1320's to be replaced by [[gauntlet]]s.
* [[pair of plates]] - developed from the [[armoured surcoat]] of a [[fabric]] or [[leather]] cover backed by rectangular [[plate]]s and typically worn under a [[surcoat]] until the 1360's. Sometimes the [[plate]]s would be on the outside.
* [[chausses]] of [[mail]] - common until the middle of the century. [[Spain]] and [[Germany]] still seen them occasionaly at the end of the century.
* [[breastplate]]s - begin to appear after the middle of the century consisting of small plates for the shoulders and a large plate for the chest. By 1360 this plate extended to the upper abdomen and [[iron]]/[[steel]] hoops cover the lower torso. The breastplate was not common until after 1380. They could be covered in rich materials such as [[velvet]].
* [[pair of brigandines]] - developed in the last part of the century from about 1365 onwards.
* [[jupon]] or [[coat armour]] - a shortened, tight padded form of the [[surcoat]] that is abandoned in [[England]] by the end of the century and in [[Germany]] is it lost after around 1360.
* [[gamboised cuisse]]s - common until about 1340, when they are replaced by [[cuisse]]s of [[plate]]s.
* [[heater shield]]
* small [[skull cap]] (cervilliere)- worn under a [[mail]] [[coif]] or [[great helm]].
* [[kettle helm]] (chapel de fer)- worn with of without a [[mail]] [[coif]], although the number of plates that form the bowl decreases to two or (rarely) three. It might have a conical [[skull]] from about 1320.
* [[great helm]] remains in use although after about the middle of the century its use remains primarily in [[tournament]]s. These are sometimes depicted with [[visor]]s. This is worn with a padded [[coif]] which could sit either under or over a [[mail]] [[coif]]. It could also be worn over a [[basinet]]. In the last part of the century the [[helm]] top becomes more tapered.
*[[guard chain]]s - found on some [[helmet]]s.
*[[basinet]]s - of three different types before the middle of the century although one managed to survive whereas the other fall away. A [[camail]] is attached and sometimes laced to the [[jupon]]. [[Visor]]s were added and a globular [[klappvisier]] variant was popular in [[Germany]] around 1370. After 1380 this developed into the [[hounskull]] or [[basinet]] with a new removeable [[pivot]]. The very late [[14th century]] sees the [[great basinet]] developed.
*[[gauntlet]]s - likely of [[leather]] reinforced with whalebone. [[Steel]] gauntlets with a short, flared cuff appear. Theses are sometimes covered with cloth. [[Gadlings]] are sometimes seen on the knuckles.
* [[ailette]]s - flat diamond shaped, disc or square [[plate]]s laced to the shoulder and made of [[leather]] or [[parchment]] which appear primarily to provide identification of a [[knight]] last until about the middle of the century. Germany appears to shun these.
* [[poleyn]]s - globular around 1340, and these are articulated to the [[cuisse]]s by the 1370's and develop the heart shaped [[wing]]s. Lower [[lame|laminations]] appear by about 5 years later.
* [[schynbald]]s - rare after 1310, being replaced by [[greave]]s
*[[greave]]s - first appear in 1302 and two piece, hinged [[greave]]s are common by 1330 with external straps. These are shaped to the leg with an arched cut out for the instep and heel. Splint defences are still used.
* [[rerebrace]] - appears as a gutter-like defence strapped to the upper arm from about 1320.
* [[couter]] - cup-like and strapped to the elbow from about 1320. In the next decade they develop small, round [[wing]]s.
* [[besagew]]s - suspended in front the armpit from about 1320, disappear around 1360 to reappear at the very end of the century.
* [[vambrace]]s - encloses the forearm in two [[plate]]s from the late 1320's.
*[[spaulder]]s - small and [[lame|laminated]] from about 1325 and by 1340 become attached to the [[rerebrace]].
* [[cuisse]]s - beginning in 1340 as defences in the same manner as a [[coat of plates]] they then start to become [[plate]] defences about 1350. By 1370 they are single [[plate]]s and only five years later have a hinged inside plate as well.
* [[sabaton]]s - [[plate]] defences for the feet shaped to look like the pointed [[poulain]] style [[shoe]]s of the time, appear from about 1340.

===Clothing===
* [[tunic]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of [[linen]]
*[[hose]] of [[wool]]
* turn[[shoe]]s of [[leather]]
* [[surcoat]] - sleeveless reaching to mid-thigh to be replaced by [[coat arms]].

===Misconceptions===

* double-bitted [[axe]]s - not known


* swords with elaborate basket-style hand guards - not known

==Internal Links==
''See also:''
*[[13th century fighting equipment]]
*[[15th century fighting equipment]]
[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:14th century]]
[[category:starting out]]

13th century fighting equipment

2007-02-26T01:39:46Z

Planish: /* Misconceptions */ changed "double headed axe" to "double-bitted axe"

The fighting equipment of a [[13th century]] warrrior is described by recovered artefacts, manuscript images and contemporary references and depictions in sculpture.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with [[wing]]s and generally [[socket]]ed.
* [[lance]]- [[ash]] [[shaft]] and rarely shorter than 10-12 feet (3 to 3.7m) long. Small, sharply pointed head.
* [[axe]]
* [[sword of war]] - single handed weapon with longer, heavier [[blade]]s appear as the [[great helm]] appeared. The [[blade]] is about 40-42 inches (101 to 106cm). They featured wide [[crossguard]]s that could be tapering and inclined towards the [[blade]] or spatulate and straight. The [[blade]] still sports a central [[fuller]], the [[hilt]] is longer and the [[pommel]] takes the form of wheels, balls or trefoils from the middle of the century. Still worn by [[noble|nobility]] as a symbol.
* [[thrusting sword]] - [[diamond section]]ed [[blade]]d [[arming sword|sword]] designed for thrusting rather than the cut.
* [[falchion]] - favoured by all classes for it's powerful cuts.
* battle [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands with and well liked by high ranking warriors. Large heavy head on a 4 to 5 foot (1.2 to 1.5m) [[shaft]].
* [[mace]] - increasingly popular with the [[noble]] classes with [[bronze]] or [[iron]] flanged or pyramindal projections head on a 3 foot (1.0m) [[shaft]].
* [[longbow]] - of [[elm]] and possibly of [[yew]] used by the common infantry.
* [[arrow]]s socketed heads and self nocks. Needlelike bodkin [[arrowhead|points]] and broadheads for hunting were used.
* [[crossbow]] - with a [[wood]]en [[tiller]] and composite wood, sinew and [[horn]] [[lath]] covered in [[leather]] or [[parchment]]. Spanned with a hook attached to the belt as it became increasingly powerful.
* [[knife]] - Blades are usually 8 to 10 inches (20-25 cm) long and used point down. The quillions of the [[crossguard]] typically point down.
* [[sling]]s - used by foot [[soldier]]s

===Armour===
* none (especially [[longbowman|longbowmen]] although these would have at least a [[buckler]].
* padded armour (''gambeson'' or ''aketon'') - vertically quilter of layers of [[linen]] stuffed with tow, rags, etc. Whilst the terms are often used interchangably at the time, general consensus has a [[gambeson]] fitting over armour and an [[aketon]] under. [[Soldier]]s might wear a [[gambeson]] that was sleeveless with a stiffened collar or one that was plain, knee length with full sleeves.
* [[maille|mail]] [[hauberk]]- include sleeves ending in [[muffler]]s, thigh length and and sporting integral [[coif]]s and a [[ventail]]. The middle of the century saw the [[mitten]]-like [[muffler]]s split into separate fingers. Towards the end of the century, separate [[coif]] reappears, sometimes with thick [[mail]] rings or [[plate]]s of metal reinforcing the neck. Short sleeved [[haubergeon]]s were worn by better off [[soldier]]s.
* [[scale]] [[hauberk]] - occasionally appear at the beginning of this century.
* [[cuirasse]] or ''cuirie''- a [[leather]] defence for the chest and back, found under the [[surcoat]] were developed in the latter part of the century.
* [[armoured surcoat]]s - rectangular [[steel]] [[plate]]s arranged in three rows and attached to the [[surcoat]] with rivets.
* an early form of a [[pair of plates]] appears late in the century as well.
* [[chausses]] - of [[mail]] are ubiquitous for mounted [[noble]]s throughout the century and developed into form of joined [[mail]] [[hose]].
* [[gamboised cuisse]]s - [[velvet]], [[silk]] or other rich [[fabric|material]] covering padded funnel shaped tubes that covered the thigh. They could be [[embroidery|embroidered]] for decoration and were laced to the [[aketon]].
* [[kite shield]] - flat top kites that began large but were cut down in the middle of the century and to form the [[heater shield]]. Covered with [[leather]] they still had a [[guige]] and also two [[enarme]]s and were painted to display the owner's [[coat of arms]].
* conical [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] sometimes with [[nasal]].
* domed [[helmet]]s such as early forms of the [[bascinet]] appear before the middle of this century.
* small [[skull cap]] - worn under a [[mail]] [[coif]].
* [[kettle helm]] - worn with of without a [[mail]] [[coif]].
* [[great helm]] is introduced. This is worn with a padded [[coif]] which could sit either under or over a [[mail]] [[coif]].
*[[gauntlet]]s - likely of [[leather]] reinforced with whalebone and appear after 1290, but are very rare. [[Steel]] [[gauntlet]]s are also mentioned in the last 5 years of the century.
* [[espauder]]s - shoulder defences of unknown form or material are mentioned at the end of the century.
* [[ailette]]s - flat diamond shaped, disc or square [[plate]]s laced to the shoulder and made of [[leather]] or [[parchment]] which appear primarily to provide identification of a [[knight]].
* [[poleyn]]s - apear in the middle of the century and were [[cup]] shaped [[plate]]s of [[steel]] laced to the [[chausses]].
* [[couter]]s - small disc shaped defences for the elbows appear at around 1260 but are very rare.
* [[schynbald]]s - gutter shaped [[plate]]s of [[steel]] that were laced to the [[chausses]] to protect the shins.

===Clothing===
* [[tunic]] of [[wool]]
*under[[tunic]] of [[linen]]
*[[hose]] of [[wool]]
* turn[[shoe]]s of [[leather]]
* [[surcoat]] - sleeveless reaching to mid-thigh [[surcoat]]s became very common after 1210 and began very plain without [[heraldry|heraldric]] adornment.

===Misconceptions===
* two handed swords - not known
* double-bitted [[axe]]s - not known

* swords with elaborate basket-style hand guards - not known

==Internal Links==
''See also:''
*[[12th century fighting equipment]]
*[[14th century fighting equipment]]
[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:13th century]]
[[category:starting out]]

12th century fighting equipment

2007-02-26T01:33:33Z

Planish: changed "double headed axe" to "double-bitted axe" - see commented line

The fighting equipment of a [[12th century]] warrrior is described by recovered artefacts, manuscript images and contemporary references and depictions in sculpture.

==Equipment==
===Arms===
* [[spear]] - sometimes with [[wing]]s and generally [[socket]]ed.
* [[lance]]- [[ash]] [[shaft]] and rarely shorter than 10-12 feet (3 to 3.7m) long. As the century progressed the [[head]] of the lance became smaller and more sharply pointed.
* [[axe]] - common household [[tool]] sometimes with pronounced [[beard]].
* [[arming sword|sword]] - single handed weapon with straight, long [[crossguard]] thought to be an influence of [[Christianity]]. The [[blade]] still sports a central [[fuller]] and frequently inlaid or inscribed with religious slogans or the name of the smith. The blade is rarely longer than 25-30 inches (63.5 to 76cm). [[Pommel]] now leans heavily towards the Brazil nut or wheel or disc type in the south and was spreading north and were sometimes made of bronze. Rarely rock crystals appear as do Holy relics incorporated into the pommel. Still primarily used by the wealthy but now more common and still worn if the knight were to use another weapon such as an axe as their primary [[weapon]].
* Battle [[axe]] - large axe designed for use with two hands and well liked by high ranking warriors.
* [[mace]] - popular with the [[noble]] class
* [[longbow]] - of [[elm]] and possibly of [[yew]] used by the common infantry.
* [[arrow]]s socketed heads and self nocks. Needlelike bodkin [[arrowhead|points]] and broadheads for hunting were used.
* [[crossbow]] - with a [[wood]]en [[tiller]] and composite wood (likely [[yew]]) and [[horn]] [[lath]].
* [[knife]] - frequently [[pattern welded]]. These develop during the century into the [[dagger]]. The term dagger does not appear until the late 12th century, rather the words ''coustel'' or ''cultellus'' are used. Blades are usually 8 to 10 inches (20-25 cm) long and used point down. The quillions of the [[crossguard]] typically point down.

===Armour===
* none
* padded armour (''gambeson'' or ''aketon'') - worn with or without mail. Conjectural with no known examples surviving
* [[maille|mail]] [[hauberk]]- include elbow or forearm length sleeves and knee length body probably split in the front and back. This mail could also sport an integral [[coif]] and a [[ventail]] is occasionally seen by the end of the century as well as the sleeve extending to include mail [[muffler]]s.
* [[scale]] [[hauberk]] - occasionally appear
* [[chausses]] - of mail appear relatively common and are primarily of the type that laces across the back of the leg although the knee length stocking type are also seen.
* [[kite shield]] - [[centre boss]] style. Covered with leather with an [[iron]] boss. These are decorated in geographic patterns or animal shapes (regular and fantastical), or with a coat of arms or devices symbolisimg their calling (eg. Crusader cross). They start to become shorter near the end of the century and gain a flatter top.
* conical [[spangenhelm]] - pointed [[helmet]] with [[nasal]]. Single piece construction appears to become the main form in the early part of the century. By the middle of the century, this form could be replaced by a domed [[helmet]] which freqently lacked a nasal. During the end of the [[12th century]], flat (or very slightly dome) topped [[helmet]]s that tapered down towards the base also appeared. Very late in the century, face guards with sights appear. Sometimes these have ventilation holes. The [[kettle helm]] also makes an appearance.

===Clothing===
* [[tunic]] of [[wool]] - A longer tunic worn under [[armour]] seems to appear in the latter part of the century
*under[[tunic]] of [[linen]]
*[[hose]] of [[wool]]
* turn[[shoe]]s of [[leather]]
* [[surcoat]] - long sleeveless, full skirted types appear in the latter part of the century although are not common

===Misconceptions===
* two handed [[sword]]s - not known
* double-bitted [[axe]]s - not known

* [[sword]]s with elaborate [[basket hilt|basket]]-style hand guards
* [[sword]]s with very heavy, blunt [[blade]]s.
* [[gauntlet]]s - not known

==Internal Links==
''See also:''
*[[Norman fighting equipment]]
*[[Saxon fighting equipment]]
*[[Viking fighting equipment]]

[[category:fighting kit]]
[[category:12th century]]
[[category:starting out]]

Cunnan:Sandbox

2007-02-26T01:28:17Z

Planish:

'''Note:''' This is the "Sandbox". If you want to test out some formatting or play around you can do so here.
----
----

==blert==
{{Ref|ine}}
checking... 123. nothing has exploded.

[[Category:Test pages]]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Mary

Newbie testing please ignore.

==heading==

text here is a link to something known [[heraldry]] and something unknown [[squigglemoose]]

[[voice heraldry]] [[voice_heraldry]] '''Bold text''' ''fancy''
[http://www.silverdragon.org my site]
[[Image:Example.jpg]] <-- image

lets see how it goes.

test

=== spam filer test ===
should not fail

http://sometestsite.org/alter

should not fail

http://test.org

http://slashdot.org

This all looks good. [[SCA]]

test commit

http://cunnan.sca.org.au

Test commit: ahoy

[http://google.com non spam link]

test commit

harmless addition.

overflow

another harmless edit

specialist

YAHE


Previous "comment test" should be invisible.

== Post upgrade tests ==
Comitting...

Testing. No schema changes?

Another test. 2006-07-12

Hibbity jibbity

== automatic gallery generation ==
<gallery>
Image:Engrailed.PNG|uhu
Image:Astrolabe.png|another image in the gallery
Image:Orange.jpg
</gallery>
{{Note | name=ine}}

==template?==
{{12th Century Life}}

Weapons

2007-02-26T01:18:44Z

Planish: /* Siege Weapons */ added two internal links

A '''weapon''' is an article that, by design or accident, can be used to inflict harm to an animal or damage to an object.

==Historical Weapons==
These are found in a wide variety of forms and sizes. They might be 17 foot long [[pike]]s or they might be a [[knife]] of just a few inches long.

The damage they do can be of a variety of types. These can be generalised into:
*thrusting or piercing
*cutting (including chopping and slicing)
*crushing or bludgeoning

They can further be divided into categories based on whether or not they are designed to fling (or be flung) at distant targets, held in the hand when attacking or both.

==Weapons used in SCA-style [[armoured combat]]==
Most '''weapons''' used in the [[SCA]] are made out of [[rattan]]. Weapons are constructed according to guidelines laid out in the [[combat handbook]]. Nothing can be done to the rattan that changes its flexibility.

SCA "[[SCA sword|Swords]]" are usually shaved down on the sides and out of the back [[blade]]s with a plane or spokeshave, then covered with [[tape]]. Once taped, they cannot be less than 31.8 mm (1¼ inches) in diameter. Swords may be fitted with a [[thrusting tip]], which is required to have at least 12.7 mm (½ inch) of [[progressive give]], and may not double over. A [[basket hilt]], a [[crossguard]] or the equivalent is required.

[[Thrusting tip]]s are usually contructed from [[closed cell foam]] with a [[leather]] collar around the area where the [[rattan]] and the thrusting tip are joined to prevent doubling over.

[[Axe]]s are considered a [[mass weapon]] and thus cannot weigh more that 4 pounds. The head can be constructed out of several materials, the most common being [[closed cell foam]] (like a camp mat) and must have [[progressive give]] over the whole head.

[[Mace]]s often have a foam head with rattan splints attached to the outside, this is then taped over and is usually attached to a handle(haft) that is relatively short and is also considered a [[mass weapon]].

Two handed weapons such as the [[glaive]], [[halberd]] and [[great sword]] are all [[mass weapon]]s and have many different methods of construction.

It is a good idea to shape the handle of your weapon so that you can tell if you are hitting with the "[[blade]]" or the "flat" of your weapon.

==Re-enactment Weapons==
Re-enactment weapons used for combat are readily identified as they appear to have the same approximate dimensions and fittings as a weapon from history, however for safety reasons they have blunted or rebated edges. This tends to make them slightly heavier than their historical counterparts. This edge might be as much as 2mm for some groups or 1.6 mm for others.

Semi-sharp blades are ones that have an edge that is still blunt but not obviously so, and require more care than standard re-enactment weapons and are generally not used in a general melee.

Sharps are just that. They are often hand ground and (ones of good quality) virtually indistinguishable from originals aside from their finish. They are not generally used except in test cutting or single practise.

===List of some weapons===
==Hand weapons==

*[[axe]]
*[[flail]]
*[[hammer]]
**[[maul]]
*[[knife|knives]]
**[[dagger]]
**[[dirk]]
**[[saex]]
*[[mace]]
*[[polearm]]s
**[[ahlespiess]]
**[[bill]]
**[[pike]]
**[[glaive]]
**[[halberd]]
**[[pole axe]]
**[[spear]]
*[[sword]]s
**[[arming sword]]
**[[broadsword]]
**[[falchion]]
**[[flamberge]]
**[[great sword]]
**[[katana]]
**[[longsword]]
**[[nagamaki]]
**[[nodachi|(n)o-dachi]]
**[[rapier]]
**[[SCA sword]]
**[[short sword]]
**[[tachi]]
**[[wakizashi]]

==Missile weapons==
*[[axe|throwing axe]]
*[[bow]]s
**[[longbow]]
**[[crossbow]]
*[[dart]]
*[[javelin]]
*[[rocks]]

==[[siege weapons|Siege Weapons]]==
*[[arbalest]]
*[[ballista]]
*[[battering ram]]
*[[catapult|mangonel]]
*[[trebuchet]]

[[category:tool]]
[[category:weapons]]
[[category:starting out]]

Arbalest

2007-02-25T10:59:29Z

Planish:

An arbalest is a large [[crossbow]]-like [[siege]] engine, similar to a [[ballista]], except that the arms are a single piece (of steel or wood) that flexes like a [[bow]].
Derived from the French term arbalète à tour.

They are a popular for SCA [[combat]] because they are relatively simply to build and operate, are portable, break down to a compact package for transport to and from an [[event]], and may be used in direct-fire against massed troops as well as against structures.
[[category:weapons]]

Arbalest

2007-02-25T10:49:00Z

Planish: added mention of popularity in SCA combat

A large crossbow-like siege engine, similar to a [[ballista]], except that the arms are a single piece (of steel or wood) that flexes like a [[bow]].
Derived from the French term arbalète à tour.

They are a popular for SCA combat because they are relatively simply to build and operate, are portable, and may be used in direct-fire against massed troops as well as against structures.
[[category:weapons]]

Arbalest

2007-02-25T10:43:39Z

Planish: oops - forgot a period

Arbalest

2007-02-25T10:42:18Z

Planish:

A large crossbow-like siege engine, similar to a [[ballista]], except that the arms are a single piece (of steel or wood) that flexes.
Derived from the French term arbalète à tour

[[category:weapons]]

Ballista

2007-02-25T10:34:30Z

Planish: changing definition to make distinction from "arbalest"

A '''ballista''' is one type of [[siege weapons|siege engine]] which uses a [[crossbow]]-like arrangement to hurl a [[missile|projectile]], as opposed to a [[catapult]] which throws its projectile by employing a long arm structure.

The crossbow-like arrangement itself consists of a pair of opposed rigid arms, each with torque provided by their own torsion bundle or skein of twisted rope.

External Links:

[http://198.144.2.125/Siege/ConstructionPics.htm Ballista Construction]

"Baby Ballista" and "Ballista Jr." at [http://www.siege-engine.com/ Seige-Engine.com]

''See also:''
[[Arbalest]]

[[category:weapons]]
[[Category:artefact (medieval)]]

Catapult

2007-02-25T10:20:33Z

Planish:

A '''catapult''' is a general term for a variety of [[siege weapons|siege engines]] which use a single long arm to hurl a projectile, as opposed to a [[ballista]] or [[arbalest]] which throw their projectiles in a [[crossbow]]-like manner.

Some types of catapults are [[ballista|ballistae]], [[trebuchet|trebuchets]] and [[onager|onagers]]

[[category:weapons]][[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Catapult

2007-02-25T10:19:41Z

Planish:

A '''catapult''' is a general term for a variety of [[siege weapons|siege engines]] which use a single long arm to hurl a projectile, as opposed to a [[ballista]] or [[arbalest]] which throw their projectiles in a [[crossbow]]-like manner.

Some types of catapults are [[ballistae]], [[trebuchet|trebuchets]] and [[onagers]]

[[category:weapons]][[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Catapult

2007-02-25T09:58:46Z

Planish: provided examples of specific types, for which "catapult" is an umbrella term

A '''catapult''' is a general term for a variety of [[siege weapons|siege engines]] which use a single long arm to hurl a projectile, as opposed to a [[ballista]] or [[arbalest]] which throw their projectiles in a [[crossbow]]-like manner.

Some types of catapults are [[ballistae]], [[trebuchets]] and [[onagers]]

[[category:weapons]][[category:artefact (medieval)]]

Trebuchet

2007-02-25T09:45:55Z

Planish: /* Advantages */

Late [[period]] swinging counterweight [[catapult]].

Large, [[cow]] throwing device used in [[siege]]s and strange [[TV documentaries]].

The trebuchet (sometimes "trebucket", but that is less common) is essentially a lever supported by an axle through upright posts of a frame, closer to one end than the other. The long end has a sling resembling a handheld [[sling]] and a release pin. The short end has the counterweight, which is many times more massive than the mass of the object to be thrown.
===Design variations===
The bjective is to apply the energy of a large mass slowly falling for a short distance into throwing a relatively small mass at high velocity for a long distance.

The two main counterweight designs are "fixed" and "hinged". The fixed type has the weight solidly fastened to the end somewhat like a hammerhead. The hinged type suspends the counterweight from short vertical bars that are hinged at the short end of the lever and (preferably) at the point where they attach to the counterweight itself. The advantage of the hinge suspension is that as the counterweight drops during the firing sequence, it follows a more nearly vertical path rather than an arc.

A fixed counterweight trebuchet may be equipped with wheels which will allow the entire engine to move first backwards and then forward as the counterweight end drops, which again allows a more nearly vertical drop.

A third type, the "traction trebuchet" does not have a counterweight, as such, on the short end. Instead, it has one or more ropes which a crew may pull down. In effect, the crew acts as the counterweight. More frequently these days, this type is being called a "mangonel" by SCA siege operators to distinguish it from the counterweight type, although mangonel is sometimes used to mean an onager. The word "mangonel" itself is more of a generic term for several types of siege engines.

===How they work===
The long end of the trebuchet is equipped with a short pin (resembling a headless spike bent slightly forward) on its tip , and a rope sling with a shallow pouch in the middle. One end of the sling is permanently fixed near the long end of the lever, and the other end has a loop or metal ring which is simply slipped over the pin. In preparation for firing, the long end of the lever is hauled down to near the uprange (rear) end of the frame. The sling is laid out along a trough, with the pouch and its ammunition resting somewhere under the pivot point or the counterweight. Some kind of trigger mechanism holds the lever down until it is ready to be fired

When the trigger is released the counterweight drops, forcing the long end to swing up rapidly. The sling is pulled back along the trough and the pouch begins to swing out backwards and up. At approximately 45 degrees from the horizontal, (when the lever has travelled about 90 degrees) the loose end of the sling slips off the pin, allowing the ammunition to slip out of the pouch and fly off downrange.

===Advantages===
A trebuchet can be extremely accurate (particularly the fixed and hinged counterweight types) because successive shots can land in a relatively small grouping, and one can make adjustments to either the pin angle or the sling length or both to obtain better results, which may then be repeated with consistency provided the ammunition is consistent in both mass and volume.

Trebuchets can be scaled up in size for throwing very large projectiles, more easily than onagers, ballistae, or arbelests. Hence the nickname of "the atomic bomb of the Middle Ages".

Traction trebuchets have a very short reloading time because you do not need to winch the arm down to prepare them for firing. For SCA combat, this allows a rapid rate of fire.

===Disadvantages===
They cannot easily be used in a direct-fire manner (against, for example, massed troops), as can arbalests or ballistae.

The massive counterweights make them less portable on a battlefield, and more difficult to aim left or right. Historically, trebuchets were more likely to be constructed on the spot in anticipation of a lengthy siege. The defenders might even surrender once they've determined what was being built.

While the lack of a massive counterweight makes them more portable and easy to aim left or right rapidly, the range accuracy of traction trebuchets suffer because it is not easy for the crew to repeat exactly the speed and strength of the pull from one shot to the next.
===External links===
You can see [[Lord]] [[Sui Zo]]'s attempts at making trebuchets (with patterns) at http://www.will.net.au/treb/ and http://www.will.net.au/trebdex.htm

[[category:weapons]]

Trebuchet

2007-02-25T09:44:29Z

Planish: content added regarding operation and design variations

Late [[period]] swinging counterweight [[catapult]].

Large, [[cow]] throwing device used in [[siege]]s and strange [[TV documentaries]].

The trebuchet (sometimes "trebucket", but that is less common) is essentially a lever supported by an axle through upright posts of a frame, closer to one end than the other. The long end has a sling resembling a handheld [[sling]] and a release pin. The short end has the counterweight, which is many times more massive than the mass of the object to be thrown.
===Design variations===
The bjective is to apply the energy of a large mass slowly falling for a short distance into throwing a relatively small mass at high velocity for a long distance.

The two main counterweight designs are "fixed" and "hinged". The fixed type has the weight solidly fastened to the end somewhat like a hammerhead. The hinged type suspends the counterweight from short vertical bars that are hinged at the short end of the lever and (preferably) at the point where they attach to the counterweight itself. The advantage of the hinge suspension is that as the counterweight drops during the firing sequence, it follows a more nearly vertical path rather than an arc.

A fixed counterweight trebuchet may be equipped with wheels which will allow the entire engine to move first backwards and then forward as the counterweight end drops, which again allows a more nearly vertical drop.

A third type, the "traction trebuchet" does not have a counterweight, as such, on the short end. Instead, it has one or more ropes which a crew may pull down. In effect, the crew acts as the counterweight. More frequently these days, this type is being called a "mangonel" by SCA siege operators to distinguish it from the counterweight type, although mangonel is sometimes used to mean an onager. The word "mangonel" itself is more of a generic term for several types of siege engines.

===How they work===
The long end of the trebuchet is equipped with a short pin (resembling a headless spike bent slightly forward) on its tip , and a rope sling with a shallow pouch in the middle. One end of the sling is permanently fixed near the long end of the lever, and the other end has a loop or metal ring which is simply slipped over the pin. In preparation for firing, the long end of the lever is hauled down to near the uprange (rear) end of the frame. The sling is laid out along a trough, with the pouch and its ammunition resting somewhere under the pivot point or the counterweight. Some kind of trigger mechanism holds the lever down until it is ready to be fired

When the trigger is released the counterweight drops, forcing the long end to swing up rapidly. The sling is pulled back along the trough and the pouch begins to swing out backwards and up. At approximately 45 degrees from the horizontal, (when the lever has travelled about 90 degrees) the loose end of the sling slips off the pin, allowing the ammunition to slip out of the pouch and fly off downrange.

===Advantages===
A trebuchet can be extremely accurate (particularly the fixed and counterweight types) because successive shots can land in a relatively small grouping, and one can make adjustments to either the pin angle or the sling length or both to obtain better results, which may then be repeated with consistency provided the ammunition is consistent in both mass and volume.

Trebuchets can be scaled up in size for throwing very large projectiles, more easily than onagers, ballistae, or arbelests. Hence the nickname of "the atomic bomb of the Middle Ages".

Traction trebuchets have a very short reloading time because you do not need to winch the arm down to prepare them for firing. For SCA combat, this allows a rapid rate of fire.
===Disadvantages===
They cannot easily be used in a direct-fire manner (against, for example, massed troops), as can arbalests or ballistae.

The massive counterweights make them less portable on a battlefield, and more difficult to aim left or right. Historically, trebuchets were more likely to be constructed on the spot in anticipation of a lengthy siege. The defenders might even surrender once they've determined what was being built.

While the lack of a massive counterweight makes them more portable and easy to aim left or right rapidly, the range accuracy of traction trebuchets suffer because it is not easy for the crew to repeat exactly the speed and strength of the pull from one shot to the next.
===External links===
You can see [[Lord]] [[Sui Zo]]'s attempts at making trebuchets (with patterns) at http://www.will.net.au/treb/ and http://www.will.net.au/trebdex.htm

[[category:weapons]]