Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Heraldry

2004-07-07T01:36:47Z

Maco: /* Links */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Herald.png|right|Herald's badge]]

Heraldry usually involves the creation and registration of [[armorial]] bearings, or [[device]]s. In the [[SCA]], [[herald]]s are also responsible for keeping track of awards, researching accurate medieval names, compère-ing tournaments, running ceremonies, and a multitude of other things.

These activities are usually divided into two main categories. [[Book heraldry]] involves anything to do with the registration of names and devices, and the organisation of ceremonies. [[Voice heraldry]] is announcing things.

=== Book Heraldry ===
==== [[Device]]s ====
*[[Tincture]]
*[[Line divisions]]
*[[Charges]]
**[[Heraldic beast]]s
**[[Plants as heraldic charges|Plants]]
**[[Body parts as heraldic charges|Body parts]]
**[[Weapons as heraldic charges|Weapons]]
**[[Buildings as heraldic charges|Buildings]]
**[[General objects as heraldic charges|General objects]]
**[[Geometric shapes as heraldic charges|Geometric shapes]]
**[[Cross]]es
**[[ordinary|Ordinaries]]
*[[Blazon]]ing
*[[Heraldic achievement]]
*[[Badge]]s
*[[Regalia]]

==== Names ====
*[[Byzantine Names]]
*[[Old English Names]]
*[[Norse Names]]
*[[Old German Names]]

==== Ceremonies ====

=== Voice Heraldry ===
*[[Court]]
*[[List]]

=== Links ===
*http://www.s-gabriel.org/
*[http://www.heraldryunlimited.com/ Heraldry Unlimited]
*blazon - a program for designing devices "http://petebarrett.members.beeb.net/blazon.htm "
*blazons! - a program that draws devices from a written description "http://www.blazons.com/"
[http://heralds.westkingdom.org West Kingdom Heraldry site] has tons of info on blazons and field divisions and everything you need to make a device

[[Category:Heraldry]]

Period vegetables

2004-07-06T03:12:17Z

Maco:

Greens ([[Wortes]]): [[cabbage]], [[Brussels sprouts]], [[cauliflower]], [[broccoli]], [[chicory]], [[endive]], [[borage]], [[radicchio]], [[spinach]], [[sorrel]], [[watercress]], [[lamb's lettuce]], [[dandelion]], [[nettle]]s, [[rocket]], [[mustard greens]], [[turnip greens]], [[beet greens]].

Roots: [[turnips]], [[salsify]], [[radish]], [[celery root]], [[carrots]], [[parsnips]], skyrwates/skirrits ([[water parsnip]]), [[scallions]], [[onions]], [[garlic]], [[leeks]].

[[Legumes]]: [[peas]], [[split peas]], [[white beans]], [[broad beans]], [[lentils]], [[chickpeas]], [[soybeans]] (in Japan)

Stalks and Vegetable Fruits: [[asparagus]], [[celery]], [[fennel]], [[mushrooms]], [[squash]], [[zucchini]], [[cucumber]], [[artichoke]], [[quince]].

Old English Names

2004-07-05T23:43:51Z

Maco: /* External Links */

Old manuscripts can be useful for finding Old English names. New Testament names like Mary, Joseph, John, and Elizabeth were common as well. Baby name books usually aren't helpful unless they tell what century and country it came from.

== External Links ==
[http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/ Scottish/Gaelic Names] 
[http://www.panix.com/~mittle/names/ First names in Breton and German bynames]

Old English Names

2004-07-05T23:41:40Z

Maco:

Old manuscripts can be useful for finding Old English names. New Testament names like Mary, Joseph, John, and Elizabeth were common as well. Baby name books usually aren't helpful unless they tell what century and country it came from.

== External Links ==
[http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/quickgaelicbynames/ Scottish/Gaelic Names]
[http://www.panix.com/~mittle/names/ First names in Breton and German bynames]

Talk:Pelican

2004-07-05T23:14:24Z

Maco:

Index of clothing styles

2004-07-05T02:30:41Z

Maco: /* Clothing for special purposes */

==A list of commonly referred to and controversial clothing styles in the [[SCA]]==
Some of these are misnomers, unrepresentative of the breadth of clothing of the medieval period, or are often poorly reproduced. However, they are the style names current in [[Lochac]], and a beginner costumer will often encounter them.
A good glossary of such terms (in their many uses) can be found at the following external link:
[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/glossary.html Marc Carlson's "Some Clothing of the Middle ages; Glossary"]

*generic early period [[t-tunic]]
*"10 gore dress" - a [[14th century]] style worn by [[Viking]]s in [[Greenland]]. It adds side [[gore]]s and more advanced sleeve caps (early set in sleeves) on a basic T-tunic to give more shaping to a gown.
*[[viking garb|viking clothing]] - most often used to refer to early period Scandinavians, i.e. men in t-tunics and leg wraps, and women in the controversial to reconstruct [[apron_dress|"apron dresses"]]
*[[Burgundian clothing]]
*Norman [[bliaut]]
*Italian Renaissance - actually refers to a variety of substyles, all of which have in common
**For women- a dress with a seam at the waist, pleated on skirts below and a corseted [[bodice]] above.
**For men- [[doublet]]s worn above [[tights]] is mostly the fashion (although longer robes also exist). See [[Florentine_clothing|Florentine]], [[Venetian_clothing|Venetian]], [[Flemish clothing]].
*[[Elizabethan clothing]]
*[[Great-Kilt|The great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing, which is a belted cloak worn in late medieval Scotland, not the modern pleated skirt.
*[[Cotehardie]]
*[[Houpelande]]

==Medieval clothing styles by time period:==
*pre-600
**[[Roman clothing]]
*600-800 (note: not sure on where to put time boundaries here)
**Viking
**Frankish
*800-1100
**[[800 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1100-1200
**[[bliaut]] in England, France, variations from Germanic region through the Alps to Italy, and some features copied further afield eg Christian Spain
**[[T-tunic]] in nearly all of Europe
**[[1100 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1200-1300
**Spain-side laced dresses
*1300-1400
**[[Clothing shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
*1400-1500
**[[burgundian_clothing|Burgundian]]
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
**Italian early Renaissance styles
*1500-1600
**[[Tudor clothing]]
**[[Elizabethan clothing]]
**[[Florentine clothing|Renaissance Florentine]],
**[[Venetian clothing|Renaissance Venetian]]
**[[Flemish clothing|Renaissance Flemish]]
**German Renaissance ([[landsknecht]])

==Medieval Clothing styles by Region:==
*Russia
*Scandinavia
*Germanic region
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[bliaut]] c1130-1200. Local variation - trim in bands on biceps,
**[[Clothing_shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Houpelande]] northern Europe c1360-1450
*[[Irish clothing|Ireland]]
**[[leine]] and [[brat]] - Kings pre 1000
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[coathardie]]s eg[[moy bog gown]] women's garments worn c1400-1800
**[[shinrone gown]] 16th or 17th Century Irish woman's dress
*[[Scotish clothing|Scotland]]
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[Great-Kilt|the great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing
*[[English clothing|England]]
**[[Bliaut]] men & women, 1050-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Tudor clothing]] 1485-1558
**[[Elizabethan clothing]] 1558-1603
*France and region
**[[Frankish clothing|Frankish]]
**[[Bliaut]] men, & women 1100-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Burgundian clothing]] 14?? - ?
*Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Checkosolvakia)
*Italian city states
**[[t-tunic]]
**Italian variations on the ladies' [[bliaut]] c1130-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**early Renaissance (1400-?)
**Renaissance Flemish
**Renaissance Venetian
**Renaissance Florentine
*Roman Empire
**[[Roman clothing]]
*Byzantium and "near East"
*Northern Africa (Including Egypt)
*Spain (Islamic and Christian)
**[[t-tunic]]
**t-tunic styles with sleeves similar to those on the [[bliaut]] c1100-1200
**[[Clothing_spainish surcoat|women's side laced surcoat]] c1190-?
**Islamic clothing - http://witch.drak.net/lilinah/MaghribiWomensCostume.html
*The region including Afghanistan....
*Indian
**[[sari]]
*[[Mongol clothing]]
*[[Chinese clothing|Chinese]]
*Other Asian
*[[Japanese clothing|Japanese]]

==Clothing styles by profession or cultural group== (ie styles that will be distinct from the normal clothing styles of the time):
*[[entertainers_clothing|musicians,jongleurs and entertainers]]
*[[prostitute_clothing|prostitutes]]
*[[clerical_clothing|clergy]] includes priests, monks, nuns
*romany and other travelling groups
*[[mariner_clothing|mariners]] (sailors)
*[[military_clothing|military clothing]]
*travelling traders - was special clothing worn, or clothing from home, local clothing or a mixture of both?
*clothing of the jews

==Clothing for special purposes==
*special [[fighter clothing|clothing for fighters]]
*special [[clothing for horseriding]]
*changes to [[crusader east|crusader dress]] for the heat of the east (were there any?)
*[[hot clothing|clothing]] adjustments for working in a hot place (eg a kitchen)
*[[work clothes|clothing]] adjustments for working in the fields (taking off layers, add a straw hat, etc)
*[[nightgowns]] (mostly just undergarments we think - evidence?)
*clothing for attending religious services (add a hat or veil? rosary?, what for which religion, etc)
*[[wedding clothes|clothing]] for weddings - (I believe nothing more special than your best clothes or a new best set for the rich, but an article with evidence from various periods is needed)
*[[Maternity_and_breastfeeding_Clothing|Clothing for maternity and breastfeeding]]

This page is a work in progress, and also an overview the scope of which is beyond any average person. Details will be wrong - fix them. Go on, you know you're just itching to fill in the gaps.

Index of clothing styles

2004-07-05T02:29:32Z

Maco: /* Clothing for special purposes */

==A list of commonly referred to and controversial clothing styles in the [[SCA]]==
Some of these are misnomers, unrepresentative of the breadth of clothing of the medieval period, or are often poorly reproduced. However, they are the style names current in [[Lochac]], and a beginner costumer will often encounter them.
A good glossary of such terms (in their many uses) can be found at the following external link:
[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/glossary.html Marc Carlson's "Some Clothing of the Middle ages; Glossary"]

*generic early period [[t-tunic]]
*"10 gore dress" - a [[14th century]] style worn by [[Viking]]s in [[Greenland]]. It adds side [[gore]]s and more advanced sleeve caps (early set in sleeves) on a basic T-tunic to give more shaping to a gown.
*[[viking garb|viking clothing]] - most often used to refer to early period Scandinavians, i.e. men in t-tunics and leg wraps, and women in the controversial to reconstruct [[apron_dress|"apron dresses"]]
*[[Burgundian clothing]]
*Norman [[bliaut]]
*Italian Renaissance - actually refers to a variety of substyles, all of which have in common
**For women- a dress with a seam at the waist, pleated on skirts below and a corseted [[bodice]] above.
**For men- [[doublet]]s worn above [[tights]] is mostly the fashion (although longer robes also exist). See [[Florentine_clothing|Florentine]], [[Venetian_clothing|Venetian]], [[Flemish clothing]].
*[[Elizabethan clothing]]
*[[Great-Kilt|The great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing, which is a belted cloak worn in late medieval Scotland, not the modern pleated skirt.
*[[Cotehardie]]
*[[Houpelande]]

==Medieval clothing styles by time period:==
*pre-600
**[[Roman clothing]]
*600-800 (note: not sure on where to put time boundaries here)
**Viking
**Frankish
*800-1100
**[[800 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1100-1200
**[[bliaut]] in England, France, variations from Germanic region through the Alps to Italy, and some features copied further afield eg Christian Spain
**[[T-tunic]] in nearly all of Europe
**[[1100 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1200-1300
**Spain-side laced dresses
*1300-1400
**[[Clothing shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
*1400-1500
**[[burgundian_clothing|Burgundian]]
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
**Italian early Renaissance styles
*1500-1600
**[[Tudor clothing]]
**[[Elizabethan clothing]]
**[[Florentine clothing|Renaissance Florentine]],
**[[Venetian clothing|Renaissance Venetian]]
**[[Flemish clothing|Renaissance Flemish]]
**German Renaissance ([[landsknecht]])

==Medieval Clothing styles by Region:==
*Russia
*Scandinavia
*Germanic region
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[bliaut]] c1130-1200. Local variation - trim in bands on biceps,
**[[Clothing_shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Houpelande]] northern Europe c1360-1450
*[[Irish clothing|Ireland]]
**[[leine]] and [[brat]] - Kings pre 1000
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[coathardie]]s eg[[moy bog gown]] women's garments worn c1400-1800
**[[shinrone gown]] 16th or 17th Century Irish woman's dress
*[[Scotish clothing|Scotland]]
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[Great-Kilt|the great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing
*[[English clothing|England]]
**[[Bliaut]] men & women, 1050-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Tudor clothing]] 1485-1558
**[[Elizabethan clothing]] 1558-1603
*France and region
**[[Frankish clothing|Frankish]]
**[[Bliaut]] men, & women 1100-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Burgundian clothing]] 14?? - ?
*Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Checkosolvakia)
*Italian city states
**[[t-tunic]]
**Italian variations on the ladies' [[bliaut]] c1130-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**early Renaissance (1400-?)
**Renaissance Flemish
**Renaissance Venetian
**Renaissance Florentine
*Roman Empire
**[[Roman clothing]]
*Byzantium and "near East"
*Northern Africa (Including Egypt)
*Spain (Islamic and Christian)
**[[t-tunic]]
**t-tunic styles with sleeves similar to those on the [[bliaut]] c1100-1200
**[[Clothing_spainish surcoat|women's side laced surcoat]] c1190-?
**Islamic clothing - http://witch.drak.net/lilinah/MaghribiWomensCostume.html
*The region including Afghanistan....
*Indian
**[[sari]]
*[[Mongol clothing]]
*[[Chinese clothing|Chinese]]
*Other Asian
*[[Japanese clothing|Japanese]]

==Clothing styles by profession or cultural group== (ie styles that will be distinct from the normal clothing styles of the time):
*[[entertainers_clothing|musicians,jongleurs and entertainers]]
*[[prostitute_clothing|prostitutes]]
*[[clerical_clothing|clergy]] includes priests, monks, nuns
*romany and other travelling groups
*[[mariner_clothing|mariners]] (sailors)
*[[military_clothing|military clothing]]
*travelling traders - was special clothing worn, or clothing from home, local clothing or a mixture of both?
*clothing of the jews

==Clothing for special purposes==
*special clothing for fighters
*special [[clothing for horseriding]]
*changes to [[crusader east|crusader dress]] for the heat of the east (were there any?)
*[[hot clothing|clothing]] adjustments for working in a hot place (eg a kitchen)
*[[work clothes|clothing]] adjustments for working in the fields (taking off layers, add a straw hat, etc)
*[[nightgowns]] (mostly just undergarments we think - evidence?)
*clothing for attending religious services (add a hat or veil? rosary?, what for which religion, etc)
*[[wedding clothes|clothing]] for weddings - (I believe nothing more special than your best clothes or a new best set for the rich, but an article with evidence from various periods is needed)
*[[Maternity_and_breastfeeding_Clothing|Clothing for maternity and breastfeeding]]

This page is a work in progress, and also an overview the scope of which is beyond any average person. Details will be wrong - fix them. Go on, you know you're just itching to fill in the gaps.

Index of clothing styles

2004-07-05T02:25:48Z

Maco:

==A list of commonly referred to and controversial clothing styles in the [[SCA]]==
Some of these are misnomers, unrepresentative of the breadth of clothing of the medieval period, or are often poorly reproduced. However, they are the style names current in [[Lochac]], and a beginner costumer will often encounter them.
A good glossary of such terms (in their many uses) can be found at the following external link:
[http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/glossary.html Marc Carlson's "Some Clothing of the Middle ages; Glossary"]

*generic early period [[t-tunic]]
*"10 gore dress" - a [[14th century]] style worn by [[Viking]]s in [[Greenland]]. It adds side [[gore]]s and more advanced sleeve caps (early set in sleeves) on a basic T-tunic to give more shaping to a gown.
*[[viking garb|viking clothing]] - most often used to refer to early period Scandinavians, i.e. men in t-tunics and leg wraps, and women in the controversial to reconstruct [[apron_dress|"apron dresses"]]
*[[Burgundian clothing]]
*Norman [[bliaut]]
*Italian Renaissance - actually refers to a variety of substyles, all of which have in common
**For women- a dress with a seam at the waist, pleated on skirts below and a corseted [[bodice]] above.
**For men- [[doublet]]s worn above [[tights]] is mostly the fashion (although longer robes also exist). See [[Florentine_clothing|Florentine]], [[Venetian_clothing|Venetian]], [[Flemish clothing]].
*[[Elizabethan clothing]]
*[[Great-Kilt|The great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing, which is a belted cloak worn in late medieval Scotland, not the modern pleated skirt.
*[[Cotehardie]]
*[[Houpelande]]

==Medieval clothing styles by time period:==
*pre-600
**[[Roman clothing]]
*600-800 (note: not sure on where to put time boundaries here)
**Viking
**Frankish
*800-1100
**[[800 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1100-1200
**[[bliaut]] in England, France, variations from Germanic region through the Alps to Italy, and some features copied further afield eg Christian Spain
**[[T-tunic]] in nearly all of Europe
**[[1100 Byzantine|Byzantine]]
*1200-1300
**Spain-side laced dresses
*1300-1400
**[[Clothing shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
*1400-1500
**[[burgundian_clothing|Burgundian]]
**[[Cotehardie]]
**[[Houpelande]] England, France, Italy, northern Europe c1360-1450
**Italian early Renaissance styles
*1500-1600
**[[Tudor clothing]]
**[[Elizabethan clothing]]
**[[Florentine clothing|Renaissance Florentine]],
**[[Venetian clothing|Renaissance Venetian]]
**[[Flemish clothing|Renaissance Flemish]]
**German Renaissance ([[landsknecht]])

==Medieval Clothing styles by Region:==
*Russia
*Scandinavia
*Germanic region
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[bliaut]] c1130-1200. Local variation - trim in bands on biceps,
**[[Clothing_shoulderless surcoat|armless/shoulderless surcoat]] c1310 Germany
**[[Houpelande]] northern Europe c1360-1450
*[[Irish clothing|Ireland]]
**[[leine]] and [[brat]] - Kings pre 1000
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[coathardie]]s eg[[moy bog gown]] women's garments worn c1400-1800
**[[shinrone gown]] 16th or 17th Century Irish woman's dress
*[[Scotish clothing|Scotland]]
**[[t-tunic]]
**[[Great-Kilt|the great-kilt]] - read carefully, there are many misconceptions about this article of clothing
*[[English clothing|England]]
**[[Bliaut]] men & women, 1050-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Tudor clothing]] 1485-1558
**[[Elizabethan clothing]] 1558-1603
*France and region
**[[Frankish clothing|Frankish]]
**[[Bliaut]] men, & women 1100-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**[[Burgundian clothing]] 14?? - ?
*Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Checkosolvakia)
*Italian city states
**[[t-tunic]]
**Italian variations on the ladies' [[bliaut]] c1130-1200
**[[Houpelande]] men & women c1360-1450
**early Renaissance (1400-?)
**Renaissance Flemish
**Renaissance Venetian
**Renaissance Florentine
*Roman Empire
**[[Roman clothing]]
*Byzantium and "near East"
*Northern Africa (Including Egypt)
*Spain (Islamic and Christian)
**[[t-tunic]]
**t-tunic styles with sleeves similar to those on the [[bliaut]] c1100-1200
**[[Clothing_spainish surcoat|women's side laced surcoat]] c1190-?
**Islamic clothing - http://witch.drak.net/lilinah/MaghribiWomensCostume.html
*The region including Afghanistan....
*Indian
**[[sari]]
*[[Mongol clothing]]
*[[Chinese clothing|Chinese]]
*Other Asian
*[[Japanese clothing|Japanese]]

==Clothing styles by profession or cultural group== (ie styles that will be distinct from the normal clothing styles of the time):
*[[entertainers_clothing|musicians,jongleurs and entertainers]]
*[[prostitute_clothing|prostitutes]]
*[[clerical_clothing|clergy]] includes priests, monks, nuns
*romany and other travelling groups
*[[mariner_clothing|mariners]] (sailors)
*[[military_clothing|military clothing]]
*travelling traders - was special clothing worn, or clothing from home, local clothing or a mixture of both?
*clothing of the jews

==Clothing for special purposes==
*special clothing for fighters
*special [[clothing for horseriding]]
*changes to crusader dress for the heat of the east (were there any?)
*clothing adjustments for working in a hot place (eg a kitchen)
*clothing adjustments for working in the fields (taking off layers, add a straw hat, etc)
*nightgowns (mostly just undergarments we think - evidence?)
*clothing for attending religious services (add a hat or veil? rosary?, what for which religion, etc)
*clothing for weddings - (I believe nothing more special than your best clothes or a new best set for the rich, but an article with evidence from various periods is needed)
*[[Maternity_and_breastfeeding_Clothing|Clothing for maternity and breastfeeding]]

This page is a work in progress, and also an overview the scope of which is beyond any average person. Details will be wrong - fix them. Go on, you know you're just itching to fill in the gaps.

Gauntlet

2004-07-04T04:04:44Z

Maco:

Metal glove/wrist protection.

Duct tape

2004-07-04T03:57:17Z

Maco:

Duct tape, while not being used or even known during [[period]], is a very handy item... and '''[[they would have used it if they'd had it]]!'''

Uses include:
* holding [[armor]] together
* holding [[garb]] together
* holding [[tent]]s together
* making [[sword]]s look shiny (if you use the really shiny, not just dull silver, side)
* holding just about anything together (but don't expect duct tape to help in (most) relationships.)

"Duct tape is like the Force. It has a light side and a dark side, and it holds
the universe together."

Ok, so this isn't medieval, but hey, it's a good use for duct tape!

[[image:ducttapefun.jpg]]

Talk:Duct tape

2004-07-04T03:56:00Z

Maco:

LMAO!!!! Nice pic!
[[User:Maco|Maco]]

Bayonet

2004-07-04T03:52:50Z

Maco:

A [[blade]] adapted to fit the [[muzzle]] end of a [[rifle]] and used as a [[weapon]] in [[close combat]]. Quite effective in a charge on foot.

Katana

2004-07-04T03:51:41Z

Maco:

A Katana is a Japanese sword. It is very long and thin with only one cutting edge. The handle may be bound with a fabric strip instead of wire. It is made by a swordsmith usually using the folding method, often many more times than European swords. Even so, since carbon is not added, only what's already there is in it, the steel won't be as good of quality. European swords are generally of better quality than katanas. Katanas are mundanely referred to as "ninja swords."

Cunnan:How does one edit a page

2004-07-04T03:47:10Z

Maco:

[[Cunnan]] is a [[WikiWiki]], meaning that anyone can easily edit any [[Cunnan:What is an article|article]] and have those changes posted immediately. This page is the reference for '''Wiki markup'''. You may also want to learn about:

* [[cunnan:How to start a page|How to start a page]]
* General policies in [[Cunnan:Policies and guidelines]]
* [[Cunnan:Naming conventions]] for how to name articles themselves

It's very easy to edit a Wiki page. Simply click on the "'''Edit'''" link at the top or bottom of a Wiki page to change the page itself, or click on "'''Discussion'''" link and then on "Edit this page" to write on the corresponding [[Cunnan:Talk page|talk page]]. This will bring you to a page with a text box containing the editable text of that Wiki page.

Then type away, write a short Edit summary on the small field below the edit-box and when finished press "Save page"! You can also preview your changes before saving if you like. Depending on your system, pressing Enter while the edit box is not active (there is no typing cursor in it) may have the same effect as pressing Save.

Please use a [[Cunnan:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]].

It is often more convenient to copy and paste the text first into your favorite text editor, edit and spell check there, and then paste back into the browser to preview. This way, you can also keep a local backup copy of the pages you authored so that you can make changes offline.

==Minor edits==
When editing a page, a [[Cunnan:How to log in|logged-in]] user has the option of flagging the edit as a "minor edit". When to use this is somewhat a matter of personal preference. The rule of thumb is that an edit of a page that is spelling corrections, formatting, and minor rearranging of text should be flagged as a "minor edit". A major edit is basically something that makes the entry worth relooking at for somebody who wants to watch the article rather closely, so any "real" change, even if it is a single word. This feature is important, because users can choose to ''hide'' minor edits in their view of the Recent Changes page, to keep the volume of edits down to a manageable level.

The reason for not allowing a user who is not logged in to mark an edit as minor is that vandalism may be marked as a minor edit, in which case it may stay unnoticed longer. This limitation is another reason to log in.

==The wiki markup==
In the left column of the table below, you can see what effects are possible. In the right column, you can see how those effects were achieved. In other words, to make text look like it looks in the left column, type it in the format you see in the right column.

You may want to keep this page open in a separate browser window for reference. If you want to try out things without danger of doing any harm, you can do so in the [[cunnan:Sandbox|Sandbox]].

=== Sections, paragraphs, lists and lines ===

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>What it looks like</th>
<th>What you type</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Start your sections with header lines:

== New section ==
=== Subsection ===
==== Sub-subsection ====

</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

== New section ==

=== Subsection ===

==== Sub-subsection ====
</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
A single [[newline]]
has no effect
on the layout.
These can be used to separate
sentences within a paragraph.

This aids editing and
improves the ''diff'' function.

But an empty line
starts a new paragraph.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>A single newline
has no effect
on the layout.
These can be used to separate
sentences within a paragraph.
This aids editing and
improves the ''diff'' function.

But an empty line
starts a new paragraph.
</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>You can break lines 
without starting a new paragraph.</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>You can break lines 
without starting a new paragraph.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
* Lists are easy to do:
** start every line with a star
** more stars means deeper levels
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>* Lists are easy to do:
** start every line with a star
** more stars means deeper levels
</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
# Numbered lists are also good
## Very organized
## easy to follow
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki># Numbered lists are also good
## Very organized
## easy to follow</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
* You can even do mixed lists
*# and nest them
*#* like this
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>* You can even do mixed lists
*# and nest them
*#* like this</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
; Definition list : list of definitions
; item : the item's definition
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>; Definition list : list
of definitions
; item : the item's definition</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
:A colon indents a line or paragraph.
A manual newline starts a new paragraph.

This is, however, considered bad practice.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>:A colon indents a line or paragraph.
A manual newline starts
a new paragraph.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
<td>
<pre><nowiki>IF a line starts with a space THEN
it will be formatted exactly
as typed;
in a fixed-width font;
lines won't wrap;
ENDIF
this is useful for:
* pasting preformatted text;
* algorithm descriptions;
* program source code
* ascii art;</nowiki></pre>

WARNING If you make it wide,
you [[page widening|force the whole page to be wide]] and
hence less readable. Never start ordinary lines with spaces.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki> IF a line starts with a space THEN
it will be formatted exactly
as typed;
in a fixed-width font;
lines won't wrap;
ENDIF
this is useful for:
* pasting preformatted text;
* algorithm descriptions;
* program source code
* ascii art;</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td><center>Centered text.</center>
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki><center>Centered text.</center></nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>A horizontal dividing line: above
----

and below.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>A horizontal dividing line: above
----
and below. </nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Links, URLs, images ===

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>What it looks like</th>
<th>What you type</th>
</tr>
<tr valign="top"><td>London has good [[public transport]].
*First letter of target is automatically capitalized.
*Internally spaces are automatically represented as underscores (typing an underscore has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended).

Thus the link above is to <nowiki>http://www.cunnan.org/wiki/Public_transport</nowiki>, which is the article with the name "Public transport".
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>London has good [[public transport]].</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>Same target, different name: [[cunnan FAQ|answers]].
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>Same target, different name:
[[cunnan FAQ|answers]]</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top">
<td>Endings are blended into the link: [[test]]ing, [[gene]]s
</td>
<td>

<pre><nowiki>Endings are blended
into the link: [[test]]ing, [[gene]]s</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top">
<td>
Automatically hide stuff in parentheses: [[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]].
Automatically hide namespace: [[Cunnan:Village Pump|Village Pump]].

The server fills in the part after the | when you save the page.

</td>
<td>
<pre><nowiki>Automatically hide stuff in parentheses:
[[kingdom (biology)|]]. </nowiki></pre>

<pre><nowiki>Automatically hide namespace:
[[Cunnan:Village Pump|]].</nowiki></pre>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td>When adding a comment to a Talk page,
you should sign it. You can do this by
adding three tildes for your user name:
: [[User:Montrealais|Montrealais]]
or four for user name plus date/time:
: [[User:Montrealais|Montrealais]] 08:10 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>When adding a comment to a Talk page,
you should sign it. You can do this by
adding three tildes for your user name:
: ~~~
or four for user name plus date/time:
: ~~~~</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>[[The weather in London]] is a page that doesn't
exist yet.

*You can create it by clicking on the link.

*To create a new page:
*#Create a link to it on some other page.
*#Save that page.
*#Click on the link you just made. The new page will open for editing.
*Have a look at [[Cunnan:How to start a page|how to start a page]] guide and Cunnan's [[Cunnan:Naming conventions|naming conventions]].
*After creating a page, search for its title and make sure that everyone correctly links to it.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>[[The weather in London]] is a page
that doesn't exist yet.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>
Redirect one article title to another by putting text like this in its first line. Note that there must be no text following this, or the redirect may not work. See [[Cunnan:How to use redirect pages]] for more.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[United States]]</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>
For a special way to link to the article on the same subject in another language, see [[Cunnan:Interlanguage links]].

</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>External link: [http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia]
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>External link:
[http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia]</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>Or just give the URL: http://www.nupedia.com.

*In the [[URL]] all symbols must be among: A-Z a-z 0-9 ._\/~%-+&#?!=()@ \x80-\xFF. If a URL contains a different character it should be converted; for example, ^ has to be written %5E (to be looked up in [[ASCII]]).
</td>

<td><pre><nowiki>Or just give the URL:
http://www.nupedia.com.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top"><td>A picture: [[Image:Wiki.png|Cunnan - The Free Encyclopedia]]

* Only images that have been uploaded to Cunnan can be used. To upload images, use the [[Special:Upload|upload page]]. You can find the uploaded image on the [[Special:Imagelist|image list]]. See [[Cunnan:Image use policy]] for many more hints.

</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>
A picture: [[Image:Wiki.png]]</nowiki></pre>
or, with alternate text (''strongly'' encouraged) 
<pre><nowiki>[[Image:Wiki.png|Cunnan - The Free Encyclopedia]] </nowiki>
</pre>

Browsers render alternate text when not displaying an image -- for example, when the image isn't loaded, or in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud. See [[Cunnan:Alternate text for images|Alternate text for images]] for help on choosing alternate text.
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
Clicking on an uploaded image displays a description page, which you can also link directly to: [[:Image:Wiki.png]]
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

[[:Image:Wiki.png]]
</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, or to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link.

 [[media:Sg_mrob.ogg|Sound]]
 
 [[media:Tornado.jpg|Image of a Tornado]]
</td>
<td>
<pre>
<nowiki>

[[media:Sg_mrob.ogg|Sound]]

[[media:Tornado.jpg|Image of a Tornado]]

</nowiki></pre></td></tr>

<tr>
<td>
To link to books, you can use [[Cunnan:ISBN]] links.

ISBN 0123456789X
</td>
<td>
<nowiki>ISBN 0123456789X</nowiki>
</table>

=== Character formatting ===

<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<th>What it looks like</th>
<th>What you type</th>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>
''Emphasize'', '''strongly''', '''''very strongly'''''.
*These are double and triple apostrophes, not double quotes.
</td>
<td>
<pre><nowiki>''Emphasize'', '''strongly''',
'''''very strongly'''''.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>
You can also write italic and bold
if the desired effect is a specific font style
rather than emphasis, as in mathematical formulae:

:F = ma

*However, the difference between these two methods is not very important for graphical browsers, and many people choose to ignore it.
</td>
<td>
<pre><nowiki>You can also write italic and bold
if the desired effect is a specific font style
rather than emphasis, as in mathematical formulas:

:F = ma</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
<td>A typewriter font for <tt>technical terms</tt>.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>A typewriter font for <tt>technical terms</tt>.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
<td>You can use small text for captions.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>You can use small text for captions.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>You can <strike>strike out deleted material</strike>
and underline new material.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>You can <strike>strike out deleted material</strike>
and underline new material.</nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top">
<td>
'''Umlauts and accents:''' (See [[cunnan:Special characters]]) 
À Á Â Ã Ä Å 
Æ Ç È É Ê Ë 
Ì Í
Î Ï Ñ Ò 
Ó Ô Õ
Ö Ø Ù 
Ú Û Ü ß
à á 
â ã ä å æ
ç 
è é ê ë ì í 
î ï ñ ò ó ô 
&oelig; õ
ö ø ù ú 
û ü ÿ</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

&Agrave; &Aacute; &Acirc; &Atilde; &Auml; &Aring;
&AElig; &Ccedil; &Egrave; &Eacute; &Ecirc; &Euml;
&Igrave; &Iacute; &Icirc; &Iuml; &Ntilde; &Ograve;
&Oacute; &Ocirc; &Otilde; &Ouml; &Oslash; &Ugrave;
&Uacute; &Ucirc; &Uuml; &szlig; &agrave; &aacute;
&acirc; &atilde; &auml; &aring; &aelig; &ccedil;
&egrave; &eacute; &ecirc; &euml; &igrave; &iacute;
&icirc; &iuml; &ntilde; &ograve; &oacute; &ocirc;
&oelig; &otilde; &ouml; &oslash; &ugrave; &uacute;
&ucirc; &uuml; &yuml;</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign=top>
<td>
'''Punctuation:''' 
¿ ¡ « » § ¶ 
&dagger; &Dagger; • —
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

&iquest; &iexcl; &laquo; &raquo; &sect; &para;
&dagger; &Dagger; &bull; &mdash;</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top">
<td>
'''Commercial symbols:''' 
™ © ® ¢ € ¥ 
£ ¤</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

&trade; &copy; &reg; &cent; &euro; &yen;
&pound; &curren;
</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>Subscript: x2 
Superscript: x2 or x²
*The latter method of superscript can't be used in the most general context, but is preferred when possible (as with units of measurement) because most browsers have an easier time formatting lines with it.
ε0 =
8.85 × 10−12
C² / J m.</td>

<td><pre><nowiki>Subscript: x2
Superscript: x2 or x&sup2;
&epsilon;0 =
8.85 &times; 10&minus;12
C&sup2; / J m.</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>'''Greek characters:''' 
α β γ δ ε ζ 
η θ ι κ λ μ ν 
ξ ο π ρ σ &sigmaf; 
τ υ φ χ ψ ω 
Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π 
Σ Φ Ψ Ω
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>

&alpha; &beta; &gamma; &delta; &epsilon; &zeta;
&eta; &theta; &iota; &kappa; &lambda; &mu; &nu;
&xi; &omicron; &pi; &rho; &sigma; &sigmaf;
&tau; &upsilon; &phi; &chi; &psi; &omega;
&Gamma; &Delta; &Theta; &Lambda; &Xi; &Pi;
&Sigma; &Phi; &Psi; &Omega;
</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
'''Math characters:''' 
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ 
≈ &prop; &equiv; ≠ ≤ ≥ → 
× · ÷ ∂ ′ ″ 
∇ &permil; ° &there4; &alefsym; ø 
∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ &sube; &supe; 
¬ &and; &or; ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ 
→ ↔ 
(See also [[Cunnan:WikiProject Mathematics|WikiProject Mathematics]])
</td>
<td valign="middle"><pre><nowiki>
&int; &sum; &prod; &radic; &minus; &plusmn; &infin;
&asymp; &prop; &equiv; &ne; &le; &ge; &rarr;
&times; &middot; &divide; &part; &prime; &Prime;
&nabla; &permil; &deg; &there4; &alefsym; &oslash;
&isin; &notin; &cap; &cup; &sub; &sup; &sube; &supe;
&not; &and; &or; &exist; &forall; &rArr; &hArr;
&rarr; &harr;</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr valign="top"><td>x2   ≥   0 true.
*To space things out, use non-breaking spaces - <tt>&nbsp;</tt>.
*<tt>&nbsp;</tt> also prevents line breaks in the middle of text, this is useful in formulas.
</td>
<td><pre><nowiki>
x2&nbsp;&nbsp;&ge;&nbsp;&nbsp;0 true.
</nowiki></pre></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
'''Suppressing interpretation of markup:''' 
<nowiki>Link → (to) the [[Cunnan FAQ]]</nowiki>
* Used to show literal data that would otherwise have special meaning.
* Escapes all wiki markup, including that which looks like HTML tags.
* Does not escape HTML character entities.
</td>
<td>
<pre><nowiki><nowiki>Link &rarr; (to)
the [[Cunnan FAQ]]</nowiki></nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>
'''Commenting page source:''' 
''not shown in page''
* Used to leave comments in a page for future editors.
</td>
<td>
<pre><nowiki></nowiki></pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

=== Tables ===

HTML tables can be quite useful as well. For details on how to use them and discussion about when they are appropriate, see [[Cunnan:How to use tables]].

Stitch

2004-07-04T03:43:20Z

Maco:

A pattern of forcing thread up through fabric then back down. The pattern can be repeated. Stitches can be decorative (''See:'' [[Embroidery]]) for trimming and ornamenting clothing or accessories or functional for holding 2 (or more) pieces of fabric together to make clothing, [[garb]], or accessories.

User talk:Maco

2004-07-04T03:37:15Z

Maco:

User talk:Maco

2004-07-04T03:36:47Z

Maco:

Belt

2004-07-04T03:27:58Z

Maco:

The belt has many uses:
*Provides a place to attach your [[tankard]] or [[drinking horn]]
*Holds [[favour]]s
*a place to hang your [[pouch]] or [[mobile phone]]
*keeps your [[t-tunic]] tidy
*for having [[belt fight]]s with
*can tuck up long skirts/tabards out of the mud

The decorative form that women wear with their dresses, often made of cloth and embroidered, is known as a [[girdle]].

12th Century food hygiene

2004-07-04T03:22:20Z

Maco:

Although a [[12th Century|12th Century]] kitchen and eating table may appear quite unsanitary to our modern eyes, in fact we can document a number of procedures in place to deal with this issue.

==In the kitchen==
A [[garderobe]] pit was located in the kitchen of a house (well at least any house large enough to have a kitchen). Into this food scraps were disposed of.

Food was also [[food preservation|preserved]] in a variety of ways to make it less susceptible to the nasty organisms that make you sick.

Special places in the kitchen were set asside for jobs such as plucking and cleaning fowl. ([[12th_Century_References#Holmes 1952|Holmes 1952]], p93)

Some cleanliness standards for food servers (and presumably cooks) are present in the literature - a server carving a roast gets into big trouble when he is accused of wiping his mouth and nose while carving. ([[12th_Century_References#Holmes 1952|Holmes 1952]], p90). From this we can infer that quite strict cleanliness standards could be expected in the kitchen and infringements of these might be punished severely.

==At the table==
Diners would wash their hands before eating. In monasteries a whole large row of basins could be dedicated to this purpose (ZV), in houses basins and towels might sit on a sideboard for the use of diners, and richer persons at more formal occasions might have servants cary around basins, ewers of water and towels. (Holmes)

Although [[fork]]s were unknown in [[England]] and [[France]], and spoons were used only for dishes such as soup, there were strict rules about how your fingers should be used when eating.

In the 16th Century etiquette rules stated that one hand was to be used to take food from the communal dish to your plate or [[trencher]] and the other hand to bring food to your mouth. Similar rules are expected at 12th Century dining tables.

Etiquette rules are quite insistent on matters of cleanliness - washing your hands so your hands and nails are clean, no touching the nose or ears while at the table, no using toothpicks, and to wipe your mouth before using the hanap (a ceremonial communal drinking vessel)([[12th_Century_References#Holmes 1952|Holmes 1952]], p89)

Food scraps were kept in your bowl or thrown on the floor for the dogs. ([[12th_Century_References#Holmes 1952|Holmes 1952]], p90)

==Water==
Various records exist that stress the importance of having access to clean water to the [[12th Century]] person. A supply of fresh [[water]] would be kept in the kitchen of a townhouse for the use of the house.

12th Century literacy

2004-07-01T18:17:03Z

Maco:

The majority of the [[12th century]] populace was illiterate. This was not something imposed by the [[upper class]]es upon the lower, but instead simple a consequence of literacy being of little use to [[farmer]]s and suchlike, and not worth paying for.

For those who were well to do, but not [[noble]], occasionally [[school]]s would be run in town by clerics for a small fee. These would teach only the basics of learning. Boys who learnt well here could go into the [[clergy]] and follow a variety of [[lifestyle]]s from itinerant preacher, monk, teacher or pursue a career in academia if their skill was sufficient to attract a patron.

Nobles (or presumably anyone else with such a large budget) could employ a tutor to teach individual children or small groups of children. Noble girls and boys were taught alike, often the noble girls ending up with a better level of literacy than the boys who left early to become [[knight]]s.

12th century literature gives examples of noble ladies reading from [[book]]s as a commonplace thing. Possibly such ladies read more widely than their male counterparts, who may have considered reading a waste of time unless they were a scholar.

Literate persons in [[England]] and [[France]] could read and speak [[French]] (whether Anglo-Norman or continental dialect) as well as [[Latin]]. Often reading would be done aloud (even when alone) rather than silently, but this was not a sign of lack of literacy, meerly of different cultural rules in a society where reading was rarer. Running one's hand along the line to follow the words would not be unusual even in a well educated monk, but again, this does not imply a lesser reading skill - after all the reader was probably translating as they went- meerly that with so many less books available than are today, speed reading had no reason to develop, and 12th century scholars could take more time to understand a piece of writing.

== Sources ==
Holmes

[[Category:12th century]] [[Category:Education]]

Surface Couching

2004-06-30T08:21:36Z

Maco:

'''Surface couching''' is an [[embroidery]] technique where a [[cord]], [[braid]] or other [[thread]] is laid on the surface of a [[fabric]] and stitched down using a simple [[whip stitch]] technique. It is often used in goldwork as this type of thread does not pass easily through fabric. This techique is used often in decorating [[garb]].

''See also''
[[Underside Couching]]
[[Laid and Couched Work]]