https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Ld+H%C3%A6rekCunnan - User contributions [en]2026-05-13T07:45:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Jasper&diff=37938Jasper2008-07-31T04:40:13Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Jasper''' is a coarse-grained variety of chalcedony. The name comes from the [[Greek]] ''iaspis'' or "spotted stone." Jasper has been used as a [[gemstone]] since [[Bible|Biblical]] times and may be one of the stones mentioned in the ''[[Breastplate]] of Aaron''. There are numerous varieties of Jasper. These are sold under various trade names which have not been completely standardised. Red jasper is one the more common types although many gemologists believe that ''iaspis'' originally referred to [[green]] jasper, which is extremely rare. Jasper has a waxy or dull luster, but unlike chalcedony is always opaque, even in thin slabs. Jasper is easily dyed and is often used to imitate other gemstones such as lapis lazuli and [[jade]]. Some varieties of jasper are listed below:<br />
*red jasper—brick red with spots or streaks of pale yellow and slate blue<br />
*fancy jasper—mottled blend of mauve, lilac, cream, and green; similiar in appearance to bloodstone<br />
*zebra japser—bands of greenish black and white<br />
*green-lined jasper—leafy green streaked with cream and black (also called ''moss jasper'')<br />
*golden jasper—blend of creamy yellow, yellow orange, and golden brown<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Agate&diff=37907Agate2008-07-28T02:04:30Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>Named for the ''Achates'' river in [[Sicily]], '''agate''' is a variety of microcrystalline quartz. Most specimens exhibit alternating bands of light and dark colors. When the bands are wide enough, solid color stones can also be present. There are dozens of agate varieties on the market. The following is a list of the better known types in [[ancient]] and [[medieval]] times:<br />
*chalcedony (uniform in color—in the narrow medieval sense, refers only to pale blue and gray varieties)<br />
*cornelian & sard (also known as carnelian—a variety of chalcedony ranging from pale orange to scarlet, when ''heat-treated'' the stone turns blood red; ''sard'' is the reddish brown variety; sard may also refer to red [[jasper]])<br />
*chrysoprase (an apple green chalcedony; see also the entry on [[emerald]]s)<br />
*dendrite or "moss agate" (milky white mottled with olive green)<br />
*heliotrope or "blood stone" (teal green with blood red spots; when these spots are absent, the stone is referred to as ''plasma'')<br />
*onyx (alternate bands of creamy white, beige, and pale brown or tan)<br />
*sardonyx (alternating white and ruddy brown; while sardonyx does occur naturally, most specimens on the market have been dyed in a process known as ''caramelisation''—the onyx is boiled in honey or a sugar solution. The tan layers take on a rich brown color, while the denser white layers are unaffected)<br />
*black onyx (also known as "touchstone", with alternate bands of white and jet black or gray; nearly all black onyx is dyed—following the sugar dye process, the stone is ''carbonised'' in sulphuric acid, turning the brown layers black)<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
* [[Agate (Maplet)|Agate according to Maplet's ''A Greene Forest'']]<br />
* [[enhancement of gems]]tones<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Jasper&diff=37906Jasper2008-07-28T01:58:31Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Jasper''' is a grainy variety of chalcedony. The name comes from the Greek ''iaspis'' or "spotted stone." Jasper has been used as a gemstone since Biblical times and may be one of the stones mentioned in the ''Breastplate of Aaron''. There are numerous varieties of Jasper. These are sold under various trade names which have not been completely standardised. Red jasper is one the more common types although many gemologists believe that ''iaspis'' originally referred to green jasper, which is extremely rare. Jasper is also used to imitate other gemstones such as jade.</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Gemstones&diff=37905Gemstones2008-07-28T01:41:40Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Cheap Gemstones */</p>
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<div>A large number number of '''gemstones''' were known to many cultures during the [[medieval]] period. Which gemstones were known in which time and place is harder to ascertain. Such small precious goods could travel vast distances via trading, a trade which had been widespread in the time of the [[ancient]] Myceneans (2000BC?), so it is only via the evidence of archeological finds and writings of gemstones that we can be sure which stones reached which cultures. Trade goods were more likely to reach prosperous outwards looking cultures than ones undergoing [[war]], famine or internal unrest.<br />
<br />
[[Book]]s on gemstones, called [[lapidary|lapidaries]], were published throughout [[period]]. Many names occur for the same gemstones in [[medieval]] [[literature]], making it difficult to identify the gemstone named. The same name may also be applied to several similar looking gemstones, e.g. [[carbuncle]] could refer to [[ruby]] or [[garnet]].<br />
<br />
==Types of Gemstones==<br />
===Expensive Gemstones===<br />
These are the four traditional precious gemstones:<br />
*[[diamond]]<br />
*[[ruby]]<br />
*[[sapphire]] <br />
*[[emerald]]<br><br />
NOTE: The price of these stones depends upon the 4 Cs; color, clarity, cut, and carats (weight). A large heavily included specimen may be much cheaper than a small but otherwise flawless stone.<br />
<br />
===Moderately Expensive Gemstones===<br />
*[[amethyst]] (bigger discoveries in the [[modern]] period have brought the price down, making it a good value choice for the modern [[reenactment|reenactor]])<br />
*[[citrine]] (natural citrine is a pale yellow color and rather expensive. Most citrine on the market today is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. The color ranges from amber to golden red)<br />
*[[garnet]] (depending on type; ''rhodolite'' and ''pyrope'' are moderately expensive, but ''almandine'' is fairly cheap if one knows where to shop)<br />
*[[pearl]]<br />
*[[topaz]]<br />
*zircon (also known as jacinth)<br />
<br />
===Cheap Gemstones===<br />
*[[agate]]<br />
*[[amber]]<br />
*chalcedony<br />
*cornelian or sard (see entry on [[agate]] above)<br />
*rock crystal (see entry on [[quartz]])<br />
*[[jasper]]<br />
*[[moonstone]] (again, price varies as to type; ''adularia'' can be rather expensive)<br />
<br />
==Modern Gemstones==<br />
[[Out-of-period]] gemstones (or gemstones which were so excessively rare as to not have names in medieval [[Europe]]):<br />
*amazonstone (but see Cariadoc's entry on ''eumentres'')<br />
*black [[opal]]<br />
*jade (not available in [[Europe]], rare in the [[Middle East]], common in [[China]])<br />
*tiger eye (http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html)<br />
*labradorite<br />
*[[tourmaline]]<br />
<br />
==Fakery==<br />
Also fake gemstones (e.g. [[Cabochons]] - coloured [[glass]] jewels backed with metal foil) existed in medieval times, as a cheaper way to make things more ostentatious. They are more likely to be used in uses such as [[garment]]s and [[belt]]s, than on something like the [[crown jewels]]. Just remember that in some times glitz was popular, with more being better, but in others obvious use of fake gems would mark one as a cheap try-hard, and a few fine pieces of real gems might be preferred. [[Enamel]] could also be used to create brightly coloured blobs that pass for gems at a distance.<br />
<br />
See also: [[Imitation Gemstones]]<br />
<br />
==Other Items==<br />
Other items were also used in the same manner as gemstones - [[glass]], [[ivory]], very small [[mirror]]s.<br />
<br />
For the lower classes cheaper alternatives than gemstones existed for [[jewelry]] - [[bone]] [[bead]]s, cheap stone, wooden or cheap glass beads and similar items.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html Cariadoc's ''"On gemstones"'']<br />
*Lois Sherer, ''"30,000 years of beads"''. (Available from many places including [[Melbourne University]] [[Library]])<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=123 Atlantian A&S Links: Jewelry & Jewelrymaking] - includes sections of links on [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=1065 lapidaries] and [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=53 gem faceting]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Garnet&diff=33693Garnet2007-07-11T00:54:29Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Garnet''' is one of the three gemstones known under the [[ancient]] classification of [[carbuncle]]. Garnets appear in several types, including ''pryope'' (blood [[red]]) and ''almandine'' ([[purple]]-[[red]]). Often these two types appear together in the same [[stone]]. Among the lesser known types are ''demantoid'' and ''Tsavorite'', both of which are a vivid [[green]] [[colour|color]]. These latter two types were unknown in the [[Middle Ages]]. Tsavorite was only discovered in 1974.<br />
<br />
Garnet belongs to a group of aluminum silicates—Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; the coloring comes from several differnt metals, such as magnesium in ''pyrope''—Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> or iron in ''almandine''—Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Most red garnet is a combination of almandine and pyrope. Garnet's hardness ranges from 6½ to 7½ on the Mohs' scale. Both almandine and pyrope are harder than quartz and very durable, making them suitable for all types of jewelry.<br />
<br />
The price of garnet can vary considerably. Almandine, which is very common, is typicaly wine red in color. A fairly large stone can be purchased at low cost. Fine ''rhodolite'', on the other hand, rivals the color of ruby. Rhodolite is a variety of mostly pyrope and some almandine. It can cost up to ten times the price of an equivalent sized almandine. Tsavorite is expensive enought to be considered an investment stone.<br />
<br />
Photos: tumbled garnet [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-AlmandineGarnet.htm] garnet cabochons [http://www.firemountaingems.com/shopping.asp?skw=KWGEMCABGARNET]<br />
== Reference ==<br />
Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World'', New York, 1997.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33692Imitation Gemstones2007-07-11T00:18:34Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Natural Imitations */</p>
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<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [dead link], glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html] & [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/lab_created/simulated_cubic_zirconia.asp]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm] rock crystal "diamonds" [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/gemstones/images7/110051.jpg] & [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/gemstones/rock_crystal.asp]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm] prehnite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Prehnite.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], tumbled citrine (heat treated) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Citrine.htm] (& natural) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-CitrineNatural.htm] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33688Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T22:00:15Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Natural Imitations */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [dead link], glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html] & [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/lab_created/simulated_cubic_zirconia.asp]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm] rock crystal "diamonds" [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/gemstones/quartz_diamond.asp] & [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/gemstones/rock_crystal.asp]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm] prehnite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Prehnite.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], tumbled citrine (heat treated) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Citrine.htm] (& natural) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-CitrineNatural.htm] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33687Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T21:56:45Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Synthetic Gems */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [dead link], glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html] & [http://www.gemcountryusa.com/lab_created/simulated_cubic_zirconia.asp]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm] prehnite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Prehnite.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], tumbled citrine (heat treated) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Citrine.htm] (& natural) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-CitrineNatural.htm] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33686Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T21:53:23Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Glass Jewels */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [dead link], glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm] prehnite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Prehnite.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], tumbled citrine (heat treated) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Citrine.htm] (& natural) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-CitrineNatural.htm] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Talk:Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33685Talk:Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T21:47:09Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>Another possibility for imitating sapphire (blue corundum) is '''blue quartz''', which gets its coloration from inclusions of ''crocidolite'' or ''rutile fibers''. Yet another possibilty is '''dumortierite quartz''', also known as ''blue aventurine''. The latter tends to be semi-opaque, while blue quartz is more translucent (compare with ''green aventurine''). I haven't seen enough of either on the market to judge their respective qualities. Based on what little I have seen, I tend to favor the blue quartz over the blue aventurine. I have seen some rather nice specimens of blue quartz, from Madagascar, being sold on the internet. Both matierials have a Mohs hardness of '7', making them durable enough for any jewelry application. Blue aventurine tends to resemble ''denim lapis'' rather than corundum. Both types of quartz are less expensive than blue topaz (roughly half the cost). The trick is finding a reliable supply. [[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]]<br />
<br />
== fake is period ==<br />
<br />
This is a cool article. I was under the impression that fake gemstones were period no? I heard once they were made out of glass or glass paste. I have seen similar things in museums. [[User:Sabine|Sabine]] 06:59, 21 November 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
Indeed some of the info about particular imiattions says which were period substitutions. It would be great to have more detail though. I've edited the introduction to enhance the mention that imitation gemstones is a period practise. If anyone fancies oing a google search, links ot period examples of carbacons and other imitations would be much appreciated.[[User:Tiff|Tiff]]<br />
<br />
You might try [http://www.goldsmith.it/us/culturale/storia/coronaferrea/coronaferrea.html] This will take you to an Italian website that analyzes the gemstones in the Iron Crown. Crown Jewels Timeline [http://www.willofyre.com/CoronetResearchPage.htm] shows several excellent examples of period jewelry. Pliny the Elder mentions that common gemstones were sometimes palmed off as precious stones, such as claiming a rock crystal as diamond. Other times it was a case of mistaken identity, such as mistaking red spinel for ruby. I did recommend some out-of-period stones, chiefy from a concern for economy. A $100 tourmaline may seem quite expensive until you compare it with a $1000 emerald of the same weight and cut. [[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]]<br />
<br />
== Photos! ==<br />
<br />
I was in a museum in NYC 2 weeks ago and I got some close-ups of fake gems on a statue. I don't have time to put them up right now but I wanted you to know they were there. [[User:Sabine|Sabine]] 15:40, 6 January 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Image:FakeGems01.jpg<br />
<br />
http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Image:FakeGems02.jpg<br />
<br />
Thanks for the photos, Sabine. I noticed that one of the links I included (for topaz crystals) has gone dead. I have removed that link, but have added some others that might be of interest. --[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 07:47, 11 July 2007 (EST)</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33684Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T21:43:11Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Other Substitutes */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm] prehnite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Prehnite.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], tumbled citrine (heat treated) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Citrine.htm] (& natural) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-CitrineNatural.htm] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=33683Imitation Gemstones2007-07-10T21:32:23Z<p>Ld Hærek: /* Other Substitutes */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [dead link], citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
== Extant Examples==<br />
<br />
From a 14th century statue.<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems02.jpg]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:FakeGems01.jpg]] <br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Quartz&diff=30848Quartz2006-12-22T21:17:25Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Quartz''' is a crystalline form of ''silica'' (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and is one of the most common gemstones in the world. The name itself comes from the Old English word for "cross-vein stone". However, some authorities believe it derives from the Slavic word for "hard". The ancient Europeans believed quartz to be a petrified form of water; hence the name ''crystalus'', from the Greek word for "ice".<br />
<br />
Quartz was a common [[gemstone]] even in Pliny's time. Even so, he noted that that a rock crystal bowl sold for 150,000 ''sestertii'' (about $6000 US). He also expressed some surprise that the introduction of [[glass]] did not adversely affect the price of crystal. Today, fine glassware is still referred to as "crystal".<br />
<br />
Quartz comprises an entire family of gemstones, which are classified according to color:<br />
*rock crystal (clear quartz)<br />
*smoky quartz (also known as ''morion'' & ''caingorm''; formerly sold under the trade name "smoky topaz")<br />
*[[amethyst]] (purple quartz; also ''amethyst quartz'', which is purple with translucent bands of white quartz)<br />
*[[citrine]] (golden yellow to scarlet red quartz; when occuring in the same stone as amethyst, it is known as ''ametrine'')<br />
*rose quartz (translucent quartz that is pale to rose pink in color)<br />
<br />
There are also man-made varieties of quartz, such as ''prasiolite'', which is pale green, and ''blue crystal'', a vivid cobalt blue in color.<br />
<br />
== Quartzite Families ==<br />
Most of the quartz varieties listed above are transparent. There are also several translucent or opaque varieties that make good gemstones. Most of these were unknown in [[medieval]] times, at least as separate minerals. They were often classed with other gemstones of similar appearance.<br />
*aventurine (a pale to vivid green variety of quartz, heavily included with mica; it was unknown in medieval times, but was probably available and most likely classed as green ''jasper''; the Chinese sometimes used it as a substitute for ''jade'')<br />
*blue quartz (unlike blue crystal above, blue quartz is a natural stone but rather turbid; it takes its color from inclusions of crocidolite or rutile; the color ranges from gray to sky blue and gem quality material is hard to obtain)<br />
*dumortierite quartz (medium to dark blue in color; it is often mistaken for [[lapis lazuli]])<br />
*tiger's-eye (golden brown; inclusions of asbestos needles give it a silken luster and a ''chatoyancy'' almost like that of a holograph; apparently unknown in medieval times, it may have been the source of [[Pliny]]'s "hyena stone")<br />
<br />
== Microcrystalline Quartz ==<br />
There are several families of quartz, whose crystal structure is too small to be seen with the naked eye. These types all have a waxy luster and are translucent rather than transparent.<br />
*[[agate]] (characterised by alternating wavy bands of color; onyx is a type of ''agate'')<br />
*chalcedony (a variety of agate displaying solid uniform color)<br />
*jasper (in ancient times a catch-all term for gemstones otherwise unclassified; by medieval times the term was more or less restricted to spotted green stones; today ''jasper'' refers to a variety of microcrystalline quartz that is opaque rather than translucent, and displaying more earth-like colors than either ''agate'' or ''chalcedony'')<br />
*[[opal]] (technically opal is neither a variety of quartz, nor is it even a crystal; rather it is a silicate suspension in a hydrous gel (SiO<sub>2</sub>•nH<sub>2</sub>O)<br />
<br />
== Durability ==<br />
Quartz is a fairly hard mineral, ranking 7 on the Mohs scale. This is an important property for reenactors to note. Because silica is commonly found in ordinary dust, any gemstone softer than quartz will eventually lose its polish. Extra care should be given to softer stones, such lapis lazuli, in order to prevent scratching. In addition, quartz is very durable, having no cleavage planes. This makes it suitable for all types of jewellry. Microcrystalline quartz (agate, chalcedony, etc) is somewhat softer (6½ to 7 on the Mohs scale), but is still very durable and will hold a polish for a long time.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*C. Plinius Secundus, 37th Book of ''The Natural History of the World'', trans. by Philomen Holland, 1601.<br />
*Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World,'' New York, 1997<br />
*June Culp Zeitner, ''Gem & Lapidary Materials'', Geoscience Press, Inc. 1996<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30844Old Norse Religion2006-12-22T07:55:31Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30843Old Norse Religion2006-12-22T07:52:13Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30840Old Norse Religion2006-12-21T21:36:45Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30839Old Norse Religion2006-12-21T21:30:53Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Viking&diff=30837Viking2006-12-21T21:27:33Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Viking''' is a term with many meanings, and depending on whom you are talking to, you may get a different response.<br />
<br />
In the [[SCA]] (as in much of modern western media) the word ''Viking'' is currently used to refer to any of the [[Norse]] people from between (about) the [[6th century|500s]] to (about) the [[14th century|1300s]]. Whether this is an accurate usage is a matter of energetic disagreement.<br />
<br />
Some of the various positions in this disagreement are that Viking:<br />
* refers to any [[Norse]]man from the period mentioned.<br />
* refers to ?wanderers?, or Norse who traveled about.<br />
* specifically Norse merchants that traveled about during the period in question.<br />
* refers specifically to those ''western'' [[Scandanavia]]n [[pirate]]s and marauders that ravaged northern and western [[Europe]] between the [[8th century|8th]] and [[11th century|11th centuries]].<br />
<br />
''See Also:''<br />
* [[Norse]]<br />
* [[Norman]]<br />
* [[Old Norse]] - [[language]]<br />
* [[Old Norse alternate titles]]<br />
* [[Old Norse Religion]]<br />
* [[Drottkvaett]] - [[poetry|poetic]] form<br />
* [[Viking Garb]]<br />
* [[Viking embroidery]]<br />
* [[Viking fighting equipment]]<br />
* [[Fire and Steel|Fire and Steel]] - A Viking-age [[re-enactment group]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:viking]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30836Old Norse Religion2006-12-21T21:24:45Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Old_Norse_Religion&diff=30835Old Norse Religion2006-12-21T21:23:01Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div></div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion&diff=30834Religion2006-12-21T20:25:02Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>=== Religion in Western Europe 600 - 1600 ===<br />
<br />
In the last years of the Roman Empire Western Europe was a patchwork of belief systems, most notable among them the [[pagan]] cult of Wotan, the remnants of the Celtic druids and [[Christian]]ity. Having won the conversion of Emperor Constatine some years earlier [[Europe]]an [[Christian]]ity was centred in [[Rome]], and later gained a foothold in [[Ireland]]. Its spread was gradual and by the [[10th century]] [[Christian]]ity dominated [[Europe]].<br />
<br />
The spread of [[Islam]] through the traditional [[Christian]] heartland of Egypt meant the the word ''Christendom'' soon became synonymous with [[Europe]], the temporary [[Muslim]] conquest of [[Iberia]] notwithstanding.<br />
<br />
==== Related links ====<br />
<br />
* [[Religion in the Renaissance]]<br />
* [[Pagan]]ism<br />
* [[Old Norse Religion]]<br />
* [[Christian]]ity<br />
* [[Islam]]<br />
* [[Judaism]]<br />
* [[Buddhism]] <br />
* [[Hinduism]]<br />
<br />
=== Religion in the SCA ===<br />
<div style="float:right; width:25%; border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;padding:5px; margin: 5px;"><small>According to [http://history.westkingdom.org/AHP/AnnotatedHistoryOfTheWest.pdf The Annotated History of The West], Governing & Policy Decision No. 6 (as it was then called) was instituted in [[AS]] VI due to problems with evangelism and "wizards" threatening people.</small></div><br />
<br />
Sometime during its history, the [[SCA]] decided to ban all overt use of religion. This law was enacted because incidents showed some kind of ruling was required (see sidenote). While it does dispose of a very important part of medieval times, it also takes away many of the bad aspects. (e.g. it's not fun to be on the wrong side of a [[Crusade]]r, a [[Catholic]] in [[Reformation]] [[England]], etc). <br />
<br />
In general, a guideline is to not inflict religion on anyone else while attending an [[SCA]] event, and everyone will get along fine. Personal expressions of religion are acceptable, but religious activities may not be an official part of any SCA event. Many people adopt [[persona]]s that are deeply religious, because their medieval counterpart would have been deeply religious. The problem is only with inflicting your religious beliefs (even if they're only "pretend" ones) on other people who might find that offensive. (And some people might be offended if you pretend to hold religious beliefs or positions you don't actually hold; this is the actual problem with monk or nun personas, assuming that actual monks or nuns are not likely to join the SCA.) Feel free to carry or use a rosary or other [[religious]] artifact; just don't rub other people's faces in it, and ''don't force them (or appear to force them) to be a part of your religious observance.''<br />
<br />
One of the most obvious repercussions of this ruling is the ban on certain potentially offensive symbols (e.g. the Swastika, Hand of Glory, etc) in [[SCA]] [[device]]s.<br />
<br />
Curiously, many groups turn a blind eye to the practice of venerating [[relic]]s or swearing oaths by certain [[saint]], so long as those relics and oaths are based on fictional [[SCA]] saints like [[Saint Cunard the Tenacious]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religion]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Religion&diff=30833Religion2006-12-21T20:24:23Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>=== Religion in Western Europe 600 - 1600 ===<br />
<br />
In the last years of the Roman Empire Western Europe was a patchwork of belief systems, most notable among them the [[pagan]] cult of Wotan, the remnants of the Celtic druids and [[Christian]]ity. Having won the conversion of Emperor Constatine some years earlier [[Europe]]an [[Christian]]ity was centred in [[Rome]], and later gained a foothold in [[Ireland]]. Its spread was gradual and by the [[10th century]] [[Christian]]ity dominated [[Europe]].<br />
<br />
The spread of [[Islam]] through the traditional [[Christian]] heartland of Egypt meant the the word ''Christendom'' soon became synonymous with [[Europe]], the temporary [[Muslim]] conquest of [[Iberia]] notwithstanding.<br />
<br />
==== Related links ====<br />
<br />
* [[Religion in the Renaissance]]<br />
* [[Pagan]]ism<br />
* Old Norse Religion<br />
* [[Christian]]ity<br />
* [[Islam]]<br />
* [[Judaism]]<br />
* [[Buddhism]] <br />
* [[Hinduism]]<br />
<br />
=== Religion in the SCA ===<br />
<div style="float:right; width:25%; border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff;padding:5px; margin: 5px;"><small>According to [http://history.westkingdom.org/AHP/AnnotatedHistoryOfTheWest.pdf The Annotated History of The West], Governing & Policy Decision No. 6 (as it was then called) was instituted in [[AS]] VI due to problems with evangelism and "wizards" threatening people.</small></div><br />
<br />
Sometime during its history, the [[SCA]] decided to ban all overt use of religion. This law was enacted because incidents showed some kind of ruling was required (see sidenote). While it does dispose of a very important part of medieval times, it also takes away many of the bad aspects. (e.g. it's not fun to be on the wrong side of a [[Crusade]]r, a [[Catholic]] in [[Reformation]] [[England]], etc). <br />
<br />
In general, a guideline is to not inflict religion on anyone else while attending an [[SCA]] event, and everyone will get along fine. Personal expressions of religion are acceptable, but religious activities may not be an official part of any SCA event. Many people adopt [[persona]]s that are deeply religious, because their medieval counterpart would have been deeply religious. The problem is only with inflicting your religious beliefs (even if they're only "pretend" ones) on other people who might find that offensive. (And some people might be offended if you pretend to hold religious beliefs or positions you don't actually hold; this is the actual problem with monk or nun personas, assuming that actual monks or nuns are not likely to join the SCA.) Feel free to carry or use a rosary or other [[religious]] artifact; just don't rub other people's faces in it, and ''don't force them (or appear to force them) to be a part of your religious observance.''<br />
<br />
One of the most obvious repercussions of this ruling is the ban on certain potentially offensive symbols (e.g. the Swastika, Hand of Glory, etc) in [[SCA]] [[device]]s.<br />
<br />
Curiously, many groups turn a blind eye to the practice of venerating [[relic]]s or swearing oaths by certain [[saint]], so long as those relics and oaths are based on fictional [[SCA]] saints like [[Saint Cunard the Tenacious]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Religion]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30819Imitation Gemstones2006-12-19T17:51:15Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle.<sup>1</sup> ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/view/256/1566/] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and may have a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
*NOTE: 1. The meaning of "carbuncle" has changed over the years. In the modern jewelry trade it refers to a cabochon that has been hollowed out. This is often done with large ''almandine'' cabs to lighten the color.<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Moonstone&diff=30818Moonstone2006-12-19T17:34:54Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Moonstone''' is a chatoyant variety of feldspar that occurs in all the colors of the full moon—silver white, golden peach, and slate blue. There are also colorless varieties, known as ''adularia'' or "rainbow moonstone", which are especially prized. Regardless of color, all moonstone exhibits a silvery blue gleam that appears to come from just below the surface. The best grades of moonstone come from [[India]], where according the some accounts, the stone was held to be sacred.<br />
<br />
Whether moonstone was known in the [[Middle Ages]] is uncertain. [[Pliny]]'s description of ''selenite'' would indicate at least a second hand knowledge of the [[stone]]. But his description could also apply to gypsum, a fairly common mineral. On the other hand, [[Albertus Magnus]]' description of the same stone a thousand years later is vague and confused. Possibly, the name "moonstone" was applied to a variety of [[gemstone]]s, such as ''cat's-eye'', ''[[opal]]'', and ''star [[sapphire]]''.<br />
<br />
Chemically moonstone is a member of the ''feldspar'' group (potassium aluminum silicate: KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>). There are related varieties with similar chemical composition. With a hardness of '6' it is somewhat soft for a gemstone. Also, like all feldspars, moonstone exhibits cleavage in two directions but is durable enough when cut en [[cabochon]] to be used in most jewelry applications. Moonstone beads are especially popular.<br />
<br />
== blue moonstone: ==<br />
A closely related stone is '''blue moonstone'''. Actually a variety of laboradorite (plagioclase Ca/NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), it is nearly transparent and has an intense [[blue]] ''schiller''. Sometimes known as Madagascar moonstone, the term "rainbow moonstone" can apply to this stone as well.<br />
<br />
Moonstone is sometimes mistaken for precious [[opal]], and blue dyed [[chalcedony]] is sometimes sold as blue moonstone.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Moonstone&diff=30817Moonstone2006-12-19T17:30:58Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Moonstone''' is a chatoyant variety of feldspar that occurs in all the colors of the full moon—silver white, golden peach, and slate blue. There are also colorless varieties, known as ''adularia'' or "rainbow moonstone", which are especially prized. Regardless of color, all moonstone exhibits a silvery blue gleam that appears to come from just below the surface. The best grades of moonstone come from [[India]], where according the some accounts, the stone was held to be sacred.<br />
<br />
Whether moonstone was known in the [[Middle Ages]] is uncertain. [[Pliny]]'s description of ''selenite'' would indicate at least a second hand knowledge of the [[stone]]. But his description could also apply to gypsum, a fairly common mineral. On the other hand, [[Albertus Magnus]]' description of the same stone a thousand years later is vague and confused. Possibly, the name "moonstone" was applied to a variety of [[gemstone]]s, such as ''cat's-eye'', ''[[opal]]'', and ''star [[sapphire]]''.<br />
<br />
Chemically moonstone is a member of the ''feldspar'' group (potassium aluminum silicate: KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>). There are related varieties with similar chemical composition. With a hardness of '6' it is somewhat soft for a gemstone. Also, like all feldspars, moonstone exhibits cleavage in two directions but is durable enough when cut en [[cabochon]] to be used in most jewelry applications. Moonstone beads are especially popular.<br />
<br />
== blue moonstone: ==<br />
A closely related stone is '''blue moonstone'''. Actually a variety of laboradorite (plagioclase Ca/NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>), it is nearly transparent and has an intense blue ''schiller''. The term "rainbow moonstone" can apply to this stone as well.<br />
<br />
Moonstone is sometimes mistaken for precious [[opal]], and blue dyed [[chalcedony]] is sometimes sold as blue moonstone.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Gemstones&diff=30813Gemstones2006-12-19T02:17:37Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>A large number number of '''gemstones''' were known to many cultures during the [[medieval]] period. Which gemstones were known in which time and place is harder to ascertain. Such small precious goods could travel vast distances via trading, a trade which had been widespread in the time of the [[ancient]] Myceneans (2000BC?), so it is only via the evidence of archeological finds and writings of gemstones that we can be sure which stones reached which cultures. Trade goods were more likely to reach prosperous outwards looking cultures than ones undergoing [[war]], famine or internal unrest.<br />
<br />
[[Book]]s on gemstones, called [[lapidary|lapidaries]], were published throughout [[period]]. Many names occur for the same gemstones in [[medieval]] [[literature]], making it difficult to identify the gemstone named. The same name may also be applied to several similar looking gemstones, e.g. [[carbuncle]] could refer to [[ruby]] or [[garnet]].<br />
<br />
==Types of Gemstones==<br />
===Expensive Gemstones===<br />
These are the four traditional precious gemstones:<br />
*[[diamond]]<br />
*[[ruby]]<br />
*[[sapphire]] <br />
*[[emerald]]<br><br />
NOTE: The price of these stones depends upon the 4 Cs; color, clarity, cut, and carats (weight). A large heavily included specimen may be much cheaper than a small but otherwise flawless stone.<br />
<br />
===Moderately Expensive Gemstones===<br />
*[[amethyst]] (bigger discoveries in the [[modern]] period have brought the price down, making it a good value choice for the modern [[reenactment|reenactor]])<br />
*[[citrine]] (natural citrine is a pale yellow color and rather expensive. Most citrine on the market today is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. The color ranges from amber to golden red)<br />
*[[garnet]] (depending on type; ''rhodolite'' and ''pyrope'' are moderately expensive, but ''almandine'' is fairly cheap if one knows where to shop)<br />
*[[pearl]]<br />
*[[topaz]]<br />
*zircon (also known as jacinth)<br />
<br />
===Cheap Gemstones===<br />
*[[agate]]<br />
*[[amber]]<br />
*chalcedony<br />
*cornelian or sard<br />
*rock crystal (see entry on [[quartz]])<br />
*jasper<br />
*[[moonstone]] (again, price varies as to type; ''adularia'' can be rather expensive)<br />
<br />
==Modern Gemstones==<br />
[[Out-of-period]] gemstones (or gemstones which were so excessively rare as to not have names in medieval [[Europe]]):<br />
*amazonstone (but see Cariadoc's entry on ''eumentres'')<br />
*black [[opal]]<br />
*jade (not available in [[Europe]], rare in the [[Middle East]], common in [[China]])<br />
*tiger eye (http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html)<br />
*labradorite<br />
*[[tourmaline]]<br />
<br />
==Fakery==<br />
Also fake gemstones (e.g. [[Cabochons]] - coloured [[glass]] jewels backed with metal foil) existed in medieval times, as a cheaper way to make things more ostentatious. They are more likely to be used in uses such as [[garment]]s and [[belt]]s, than on something like the [[crown jewels]]. Just remember that in some times glitz was popular, with more being better, but in others obvious use of fake gems would mark one as a cheap try-hard, and a few fine pieces of real gems might be preferred. [[Enamel]] could also be used to create brightly coloured blobs that pass for gems at a distance.<br />
<br />
See also: [[Imitation Gemstones]]<br />
<br />
==Other Items==<br />
Other items were also used in the same manner as gemstones - [[glass]], [[ivory]], very small [[mirror]]s.<br />
<br />
For the lower classes cheaper alternatives than gemstones existed for [[jewelry]] - [[bone]] [[bead]]s, cheap stone, wooden or cheap glass beads and similar items.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html Cariadoc's ''"On gemstones"'']<br />
*Lois Sherer, ''"30,000 years of beads"''. (Available from many places including [[Melbourne University]] [[Library]])<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Gemstones&diff=30812Gemstones2006-12-19T02:04:57Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>A large number number of '''gemstones''' were known to many cultures during the [[medieval]] period. Which gemstones were known in which time and place is harder to ascertain. Such small precious goods could travel vast distances via trading, a trade which had been widespread in the time of the [[ancient]] Myceneans (2000BC?), so it is only via the evidence of archeological finds and writings of gemstones that we can be sure which stones reached which cultures. Trade goods were more likely to reach prosperous outwards looking cultures than ones undergoing [[war]], famine or internal unrest.<br />
<br />
[[Book]]s on gemstones, called [[lapidary|lapidaries]], were published throughout [[period]]. Many names occur for the same gemstones in [[medieval]] [[literature]], making it difficult to identify the gemstone named. The same name may also be applied to several similar looking gemstones, e.g. [[carbuncle]] could refer to [[ruby]] or [[garnet]].<br />
<br />
==Types of Gemstones==<br />
===Expensive Gemstones===<br />
These are the four traditional precious gemstones:<br />
*[[diamond]]<br />
*[[ruby]]<br />
*[[sapphire]] <br />
*[[emerald]]<br />
<br />
===Moderately Expensive Gemstones===<br />
*[[amethyst]] (bigger discoveries in the [[modern]] period have brought the price down, making it a good value choice for the modern [[reenactment|reenactor]])<br />
*[[citrine]] (natural citrine is a pale yellow color and rather expensive. Most citrine on the market today is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. The color ranges from amber to golden red)<br />
*[[garnet]] (depending on type; ''rhodolite'' and ''pyrope'' are moderately expensive, but ''almandine'' is fairly cheap if one knows where to shop)<br />
*[[pearl]]<br />
*[[topaz]]<br />
*zircon (also known as jacinth)<br />
<br />
===Cheap Gemstones===<br />
*[[agate]]<br />
*[[amber]]<br />
*chalcedony<br />
*cornelian or sard<br />
*rock crystal (see entry on [[quartz]])<br />
*jasper<br />
*[[moonstone]] (again, price varies as to type; ''adularia'' can be rather expensive)<br />
<br />
==Modern Gemstones==<br />
[[Out-of-period]] gemstones (or gemstones which were so excessively rare as to not have names in medieval [[Europe]]):<br />
*amazonstone (but see Cariadoc's entry on ''eumentres'')<br />
*black [[opal]]<br />
*jade (not available in [[Europe]], rare in the [[Middle East]], common in [[China]])<br />
*tiger eye (http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html)<br />
*labradorite<br />
*[[tourmaline]]<br />
<br />
==Fakery==<br />
Also fake gemstones (e.g. [[Cabochons]] - coloured [[glass]] jewels backed with metal foil) existed in medieval times, as a cheaper way to make things more ostentatious. They are more likely to be used in uses such as [[garment]]s and [[belt]]s, than on something like the [[crown jewels]]. Just remember that in some times glitz was popular, with more being better, but in others obvious use of fake gems would mark one as a cheap try-hard, and a few fine pieces of real gems might be preferred. [[Enamel]] could also be used to create brightly coloured blobs that pass for gems at a distance.<br />
<br />
See also: [[Imitation Gemstones]]<br />
<br />
==Other Items==<br />
Other items were also used in the same manner as gemstones - [[glass]], [[ivory]], very small [[mirror]]s.<br />
<br />
For the lower classes cheaper alternatives than gemstones existed for [[jewelry]] - [[bone]] [[bead]]s, cheap stone, wooden or cheap glass beads and similar items.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cariadoc/gemstones.html Cariadoc's ''"On gemstones"'']<br />
*Lois Sherer, ''"30,000 years of beads"''. (Available from many places including [[Melbourne University]] [[Library]])<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Talk:12th_Century_Calendar&diff=30742Talk:12th Century Calendar2006-12-08T18:38:46Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Category: Calendar====<br />
<br />
I have deleted the "Category : Calendar" tag from this entry, because it is the only article attached to that category. This was done with regret -- personally I should like to see a small clutch of caledar-related articles, not least to compare and contrast the differing views of the calendar both across the geographical span of the Known World and the Real World, and also across the chronological span of [[period]]. I am therefore leaving this mote, to remind future editors that, if the category is revived, this article deserves to be re-attached to it. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Medieval Timekeeping ==<br />
<br />
Several years ago, I came across a book on the history of sundials. One photo showed a 10th Century English sundial. The hours were layed out on a half circle, which had been divided into '''eight''' equal divisions, not the usual twelve. The gnomon was a simple rod that projected straight out. The sundial was located on the south wall of the church. Not very accurate by modern standards but useful enough for local time keeping. I thought the 8-hour division interesting. I wonder if it was due to Danish influence, as the Norse also divided their money and weights into units of eight or sixteen.<br />
--[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 05:35, 9 December 2006 (EST)</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Talk:12th_Century_Calendar&diff=30741Talk:12th Century Calendar2006-12-08T18:38:13Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Category: Calendar====<br />
<br />
I have deleted the "Category : Calendar" tag from this entry, because it is the only article attached to that category. This was done with regret -- personally I should like to see a small clutch of caledar-related articles, not least to compare and contrast the differing views of the calendar both across the geographical span of the Known World and the Real World, and also across the chronological span of [[period]]. I am therefore leaving this mote, to remind future editors that, if the category is revived, this article deserves to be re-attached to it. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Medieval Timekeeping ==<br />
<br />
Several years ago, I came across a book on the history of sundials. One photo showed a 10th Century English sundial. The hours were layed out on a half circle, which had been divided into '''eight''' equal divisions, not the usual twelve. The gnomon was a simple rod that projected straight out. The sundial was located on the south facing wall of the church. Not very accurate by modern standards but useful enough for local time keeping. I thought the 8-hour division interesting. I wonder if it was due to Danish influence, as the Norse also divided their money and weights into units of eight or sixteen.<br />
--[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 05:35, 9 December 2006 (EST)</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Talk:12th_Century_Calendar&diff=30740Talk:12th Century Calendar2006-12-08T18:36:44Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Category: Calendar====<br />
<br />
I have deleted the "Category : Calendar" tag from this entry, because it is the only article attached to that category. This was done with regret -- personally I should like to see a small clutch of caledar-related articles, not least to compare and contrast the differing views of the calendar both across the geographical span of the Known World and the Real World, and also across the chronological span of [[period]]. I am therefore leaving this mote, to remind future editors that, if the category is revived, this article deserves to be re-attached to it. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Medieval Timekeeping ==<br />
<br />
Several years ago, I came across a book on the history of sundials. One photo showed a 10th Century English sundial. The hours were layed out on a half circle, which had been divided into '''eight''' equal divisions, not the usual twelve. The gnomon was a simple rod that projected straight out. Not very accurate by modern standards but useful enough for local time keeping. I thought the 8-hour division interesting. I wonder if it was due to Danish influence, as the Norse also divided their money and weights into units of eight or sixteen.<br />
--[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 05:35, 9 December 2006 (EST)</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Talk:12th_Century_Calendar&diff=30739Talk:12th Century Calendar2006-12-08T18:35:57Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>====Category: Calendar====<br />
<br />
I have deleted the "Category : Calendar" tag from this entry, because it is the only article attached to that category. This was done with regret -- personally I should like to see a small clutch of caledar-related articles, not least to compare and contrast the differing views of the calendar both across the geographical span of the Known World and the Real World, and also across the chronological span of [[period]]. I am therefore leaving this mote, to remind future editors that, if the category is revived, this article deserves to be re-attached to it. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]<br />
<br />
Several years ago, I came across a book on the history of sundials. One photo showed a 10th Century English sundial. The hours were layed out on a half circle, which had been divided into '''eight''' equal divisions, not the usual twelve. The gnomon was a simple rod that projected straight out. Not very accurate by modern standards but useful enough for local time keeping. I thought the 8-hour division interesting. I wonder if it was due to Danish influence, as the Norse also divided their money and weights into units of eight or sixteen.<br />
--[[User:Ld Hærek|Ld Hærek]] 05:35, 9 December 2006 (EST)</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Garnet&diff=30731Garnet2006-12-07T04:36:02Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Garnet''' is one of the three gemstones known under the [[ancient]] classification of [[carbuncle]]. Garnets appear in several types, including ''pryope'' (blood [[red]]) and ''almandine'' ([[purple]]-[[red]]). Often these two types appear together in the same [[stone]]. Among the lesser known types are ''demantoid'' and ''Tsavorite'', both of which are a vivid [[green]] [[colour|color]]. These latter two types were unknown in the [[Middle Ages]]. Tsavorite was only discovered in 1974.<br />
<br />
Garnet belongs to a group of aluminum silicates—Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; the coloring comes from several differnt metals, such as magnesium in ''pyrope''—Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> or iron in ''almandine''—Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. Most red garnet is a combination of almandine and pyrope. Garnet's hardness ranges from 6½ to 7½ on the Mohs' scale. Both almandine and pyrope are harder than quartz and very durable, making them suitable for all types of jewelry.<br />
<br />
The price of garnet can vary considerably. Almandine, which is very common, is typicaly wine red in color. A fairly large stone can be purchased at low cost. Fine ''rhodolite'', on the other hand, rivals the color of ruby. Rhodolite is a variety of mostly pyrope and some almandine. It can cost up to ten times the price of an equivalent sized almandine. Tsavorite is expensive enought to be considered an investment stone.<br />
<br />
== Reference ==<br />
Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World'', New York, 1997.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Enhancement_of_gems&diff=30729Enhancement of gems2006-12-07T04:01:51Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>Processes which alter the appearance of a [[gemstone]] are known in the jewlers' trade as '''enhancements'''. While some treatments, such as ''irradiation'', are strictly [[modern]] many enhancements of gemstones date back to [[ancient]] times. Enhancement is a controversial subject. [[Pliny]] condemned the practice and considered it to be a type of fraud. Even among modern jewlers the practice was a taboo subject for discussion, at least where customers were concerned. Modern trade laws, however, require jewlers to reveal all known enhancements.<br />
<br />
Traditional enhancments:<br />
*cutting & polishing (not strictly an enhancement in the traditional sense, but will be considered here none-the-less)<br />
*dyeing (see also the entry on [[agate]])<br />
*heat treating<br />
*oiling<br />
*waxing<br />
<br />
Modern enhancements:<br />
*improved heat treating<br />
*reconstitution<br />
*irradiation<br />
<br />
== Cutting: ==<br />
Modern jewelers do not consider the cutting of gems to be an enhancement since it does not alter the color or texture of the stones. Nevertheless, cutting and polishing are among the oldest means of improving a gemstone's appearance. Traditional cuts include the following:<br />
*baroques (gemstones left in their natural pebble shape are known as ''baroques''. Orginally these were found in river beds—later the technique was developed for polishing baroques in tumbling barrels. Baroque stones preserve the original weight of the gem; also, there was a widespread belief that cutting a gemstone would hurt or mar its mystical powers)<br />
*drilled beads (beaded necklaces were very popular in ancient times, and also among the Norse. The stones would be fashionef as balls or other simple shapes, and then drilled with bow drills. Pliny also mentions that the [[India]]ns would leave [[emerald]]s and other [[beryl]]s in their natural crystalline shape—a hexagonal prism—and drill out the pith)<br />
*cabochons (cabochons are gemstones with a rounded dome-top shape; this was a common method for cutting ring stones in the early Middle Ages)<br />
*rough facets<br />
<br />
== Heat Treatment: ==<br />
Heating is the oldest known method for enhancing gemstones. Carnelian has been treated by this method for at least 4000 years. The methods used are similiar to those for firing pottery in a kiln. Both [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]] are routinely heat-treated to improve their color. ''Aquamarine'' is also heat-treated to drive out the unwanted green hues. Heat treating can also drastically alter the color of a gemstone. Examples are changing [[amethyst]] into ''citrine'', and ''blue sapphire'' into ''white'' to imitate diamond. Traditional heat-treating was something of a gamble, as there was no way to control temperature or to determine the amount of time needed for the correct color change. Modern heat-treating however is a controlled process, which is considered permanent.<br />
<br />
== Oiling: ==<br />
The practice of oiling emeralds to hide surface flaws dates back to ancient times. Typically, ''cedar oil'' is used, although modern practice often subtitutes injected resin. The use of green-colored oil to improve the stone's color is considered unethical by most jewlers.<br />
<br />
== Waxing: ==<br />
This is a process used mostly on softer porous stones, such as [[lapis lazuli]] and turquoise. The stone is coated with wax to preserved the polish and to prevent the absorbtion of unwanted oils, which may discolor the stone. Modern methods have generally replaced the wax with artificial resin.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Enhancement_of_gems&diff=30728Enhancement of gems2006-12-07T03:46:04Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>Processes which alter the appearance of a [[gemstone]] are known in the jewlers' trade as '''enhancements'''. While some treatments, such as ''irradiation'', are strictly [[modern]] many enhancements of gemstones date back to [[ancient]] times. Enhancement is a controversial subject. [[Pliny]] condemned the practice and considered it to be a type of fraud. Even among modern jewlers the practice was a taboo subject for discussion, at least where customers were concerned. Modern trade laws, however, require jewlers to reveal all known enhancements.<br />
<br />
Traditional enhancments:<br />
*cutting & polishing (not strictly an enhancement in the traditional sense, but will be considered here none-the-less)<br />
*dyeing (see also the entry on [[agate]])<br />
*heat treating<br />
*oiling<br />
*waxing<br />
<br />
Modern enhancements:<br />
*improved heat treating<br />
*reconstitution<br />
*irradiation<br />
<br />
== Cutting: ==<br />
Modern jewelers do not consider the cutting of gems to be an enhancement since it does not alter the color or texture of the stones. Nevertheless, cutting and polishing are among the oldest means of improving a gemstone's appearance. Traditional cuts include the following:<br />
*baroques (gemstones left in their natural pebble shape are known as ''baroques''. Orginally these were found in river beds—later the technique was developed for polishing baroques in tumbling barrels. Baroque stones preserve the original weight of the gem; also, there was a widespread belief that cutting a gemstone would hurt or mar its mystical powers)<br />
*drilled beads (beaded necklaces were very popular in ancient times, and also among the Norse. The stones would be fashionef as balls or other simple shapes, and then drilled with bow drills. Pliny also mentions that the [[India]]ns would leave [[emerald]]s and other [[beryl]]s in their natural crystalline shape—a hexagonal prism—and drill out the pith)<br />
*cabochons (cabochons are gemstones with a rounded dome-top shape; this was a common method for cutting ring stones in the early Middle Ages)<br />
*rough facets<br />
<br />
== Heat Treatment: ==<br />
Heating is the oldest known method for enhancing gemstones. Carnelian has been treated by this method for at least 4000 years. The methods used are similiar to those for firing pottery in a kiln. Both ''ruby'' and ''sapphire'' are routinely heat-treated to improve their color. ''Aquamarine'' is also heat-treated to drive out the unwanted green hues. Heat treating can also drastically alter the color of a gemstone. Examples are changing ''amethyst'' into ''citrine'', and ''blue sapphire'' into ''white'' to imitate diamond. Traditional heat-treating was something of a gamble, as there was no way to control temperature or to determine the amount of time needed for the correct color change. Modern heat-treating however is a controlled process, which is considered permanent.<br />
<br />
== Oiling: ==<br />
The practice of oiling emeralds to hide surface flaws dates back to ancient times. Typically, ''cedar oil'' is used, although modern practice often subtitutes injected resin. The use of green-colored oil to improve the stone's color is considered unethical by most jewlers.<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Lapis_lazuli&diff=30727Lapis lazuli2006-12-07T03:37:35Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>''Lapis'' is a semi-precious [[gemstone]], known and used as far back as Pharonic [[Egypt]]. It is a compound of various other minerals and, in its finest form is intense radiant blue, occasionally with golden pyrite flecks. It takes excellent polish and has been widely used for [[jewellery]], and in [[mosaics]]. Ground, it is a major constituent in the pigment ''Ultramarine''.<br />
<br />
Accordingly it '''is''' a period [[stone]], and '''was''' available in [[medieval]] [[Europe]].<br />
<br />
Lapis is somewhat soft for a gemstone (5 - 6 on the Mohs scale). Nevertheless it is highly popular even today. It has an indistinct cleavage, which makes it suitable for ring stones when cut en cabochon or in bufftop. Lapis lazuli is also widely used in beads, small sculpture, and other ornamental objects.<br />
<br />
References:<br><br />
Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World'', New York, 1997<br><br />
June Culp Zeitner, ''Gem & Lapidary Materials'', Geoscience Press, 1996<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Lapis_lazuli&diff=30726Lapis lazuli2006-12-07T03:35:50Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Lapis'' is a semi-precious [[gemstone]], known and used as far back as Pharonic [[Egypt]]. It is a compound of various other minerals and, in its finest form is intense radiant blue, occasionally with golden pyrite flecks. It takes excellent polish and has been widely used for [[jewellery]], and in [[mosaics]]. Ground, it is a major constituent in the pigment ''Ultramarine''.<br />
<br />
Accordingly it '''is''' a period [[stone]], and '''was''' available in [[medieval]] [[Europe]].<br />
<br />
Lapis is somewhat soft for a gemstone (5 - 6 on the Mohs scale). Nevertheless it is highly popular even today. It has an indistinct cleavage, which makes it suitable for ring stones when cut en cabochon or in bufftop. Lapis lazuli is also widely used in beads, small sculpture, and other ornamental objects.<br />
<br />
Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World'', New York, 1997<br />
June Culp Zeitner, ''Gem & Lapidary Materials'', Geoscience Press, 1996<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Quartz&diff=30704Quartz2006-12-04T05:36:16Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Quartz''' is a crystalline form of ''silica'' (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and is one of the most common gemstones in the world. The name itself comes from the Old English word for "right-angle stone". However, some authorities believe it derives from the Slavic word for "hard". The ancient Europeans believed quartz to be a petrified form of water; hence the name ''crystalus'', from the Greek word for "ice".<br />
<br />
Quartz was a common [[gemstone]] even in Pliny's time. Even so, he noted that that a rock crystal bowl sold for 150,000 ''sestertii'' (about $6000 US). He also expressed some surprise that the introduction of [[glass]] did not adversely affect the price of crystal. Today, fine glassware is still referred to as "crystal".<br />
<br />
Quartz comprises an entire family of gemstones, which are classified according to color:<br />
*rock crystal (clear quartz)<br />
*smoky quartz (also known as ''morion'' & ''caingorm''; formerly sold under the trade name "smoky topaz")<br />
*[[amethyst]] (purple quartz; also ''amethyst quartz'', which is purple with translucent bands of white quartz)<br />
*[[citrine]] (golden yellow to scarlet red quartz; when occuring in the same stone as amethyst, it is known as ''ametrine'')<br />
*rose quartz (translucent quartz that is pale to rose pink in color)<br />
<br />
There are also man-made varieties of quartz, such as ''prasiolite'', which is pale green, and ''blue crystal'', a vivid cobalt blue in color.<br />
<br />
== Quartzite Families ==<br />
Most of the quartz varieties listed above are transparent. There are also several translucent or opaque varieties that make good gemstones. Most of these were unknown in [[medieval]] times, at least as separate minerals. They were often classed with other gemstones of similar appearance.<br />
*aventurine (a pale to vivid green variety of quartz, heavily included with mica; it was unknown in medieval times, but was probably available and most likely classed as green ''jasper''; the Chinese sometimes used it as a substitute for ''jade'')<br />
*blue quartz (unlike blue crystal above, blue quartz is a natural stone but rather turbid; it takes its color from inclusions of crocidolite or rutile; the color ranges from gray to sky blue and gem quality material is hard to obtain)<br />
*dumortierite quartz (medium to dark blue in color; it is often mistaken for [[lapis lazuli]])<br />
*tiger's-eye (golden brown; inclusions of asbestos needles give it a silken luster and a ''chatoyancy'' almost like that of a holograph; apparently unknown in medieval times, it may have been the source of [[Pliny]]'s "hyena stone")<br />
<br />
== Microcrystalline Quartz ==<br />
There are several families of quartz, whose crystal structure is too small to be seen with the naked eye. These types all have a waxy luster and are translucent rather than transparent.<br />
*[[agate]] (characterised by alternating wavy bands of color; onyx is a type of ''agate'')<br />
*chalcedony (a variety of agate displaying solid uniform color)<br />
*jasper (in ancient times a catch-all term for gemstones otherwise unclassified; by medieval times the term was more or less restricted to spotted green stones; today ''jasper'' refers to a variety of microcrystalline quartz that is opaque rather than translucent, and displaying more earth-like colors than either ''agate'' or ''chalcedony'')<br />
*[[opal]] (technically opal is neither a variety of quartz, nor is it even a crystal; rather it is a silicate suspension in a hydrous gel (SiO<sub>2</sub>•nH<sub>2</sub>O)<br />
<br />
== Durability ==<br />
Quartz is a fairly hard mineral, ranking 7 on the Mohs scale. This is an important property for reenactors to note. Because silica is commonly found in ordinary dust, any gemstone softer than quartz will eventually lose its polish. Extra care should be given to softer stones, such lapis lazuli, in order to prevent scratching. In addition, quartz is very durable, having no cleavage planes. This makes it suitable for all types of jewellry. Microcrystalline quartz (agate, chalcedony, etc) is somewhat softer (6½ to 7 on the Mohs scale), but is still very durable and will hold a polish for a long time.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*C. Plinius Secundus, 37th Book of ''The Natural History of the World'', trans. by Philomen Holland, 1601.<br />
*Walter Schumann, ''Gemstones of the World,'' New York, 1997<br />
*June Culp Zeitner, ''Gem & Lapidary Materials'', Geoscience Press, Inc. 1996<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Moonstone&diff=30703Moonstone2006-12-04T05:25:55Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Moonstone''' is a chatoyant variety of feldspar that occurs in all the colors of the full moon—silver white, golden peach, and slate blue. There are also colorless varieties, known as ''adularia'' or "rainbow moonstone", which are especially prized. Regardless of color, all moonstone exhibits a silvery blue gleam that appears to come from just below the surface. The best grades of moonstone come from [[India]], where according the some accounts, the stone was held to be sacred.<br />
<br />
Whether moonstone was known in the [[Middle Ages]] is uncertain. [[Pliny]]'s description of ''selenite'' would indicate at least a second hand knowledge of the [[stone]]. But his description could also apply to gypsum, a fairly common mineral. On the other hand, [[Albertus Magnus]]' description of the same stone a thousand years later is vague and confused. Possibly, the name "moonstone" was applied to a variety of [[gemstone]]s, such as ''cat's-eye'', ''[[opal]]'', and ''star [[sapphire]]''.<br />
<br />
Chemically moonstone is a member of the ''feldspar'' group (potassium aluminum silicate: KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>). There are related varieties with similar chemical composition. With a hardness of '6' it is somewhat soft for a gemstone. Also, like all feldspars, moonstone exhibits cleavage in two directions but is durable enough when cut en cabochon to be used in most jewelry applications. Moonstone beads are especially popular.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Moonstone&diff=30702Moonstone2006-12-04T04:43:36Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Moonstone''' is a chatoyant variety of feldspar that occurs in all the colors of the full moon—silver white, golden peach, and slate blue. There are also colorless varieties, known as ''rainbow moonstone'', which are especially prized. Regardless of color, all moonstone exhibits a silvery blue gleam that appears to come from just below the surface. The best grades of moonstone come from [[India]], where according the some accounts, the stone was held to be sacred.<br />
<br />
Whether moonstone was known in the [[Middle Ages]] is uncertain. [[Pliny]]'s description of ''selenite'' would indicate at least a second hand knowledge of the [[stone]]. But his description could also apply to gypsum, a fairly common mineral. On the other hand, [[Albertus Magnus]]' description of the same stone a thousand years later is vague and confused. Possibly, the name "moonstone" was applied to a variety of [[gemstone]]s, such as ''cat's-eye'', ''[[opal]]'', and ''star [[sapphire]]''.<br />
<br />
Chemically moonstone is a member of the ''feldspar'' group (potassium aluminum silicate). With a hardness of '6' it is somewhat soft for a gemstone, but durable enough when cut en cabochon to be used in most jewelry applications. Moonstone beads are especially popular.<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30653Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:49:51Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
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<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB] (l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30652Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:46:50Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br>(l - r) iolite, aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz [http://www.stachurawholesalegemstones.com/images/P6040071.gif]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30651Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:36:14Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_tourmaline_rubellite.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30650Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:25:20Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison. Photo: [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_amethyst.htm]<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30649Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:05:14Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br>Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30648Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T03:03:14Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] (crystals) [http://crystalseen.tripod.com/images/facet%20rough/topaza.jpg] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical. Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30647Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T02:56:11Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://www.diamondfields.com/i/photos/namibia/An-assortment-of-rough-diam.jpg] [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical. Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30646Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T02:53:59Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical. Photos: chalcedony [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueChalcedony.htm] blue-lace agate [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueLaceAgate.htm] blue calcite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueCalcite.htm]<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30645Imitation Gemstones2006-11-29T02:44:50Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine [http://www.allseason.com/images/cabochon/cc3av.gif] (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30637Imitation Gemstones2006-11-28T23:36:15Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] labradorite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lab.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
<br />
[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærekhttps://cunnan.lochac.sca.org/index.php?title=Imitation_Gemstones&diff=30636Imitation Gemstones2006-11-28T23:32:58Z<p>Ld Hærek: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Imitation Gemstones''', either natural or man-made, are effective substitutes for [[gemstone|stones]] that are too expensive or too difficult to obtain. One of the problems facing [[reenactment|re-enactor]]s is how to present an authentic appearance for a person of middle to high wealth on a limited budget. This is especially true regarding [[jewelry]]. Many gemstones that were popular in the [[Middle Ages]] are too expensive for the average person to obtain. There are several ways to use substitute or imitation jewelry however. Imitation gemstones were also popular in medieval times for much the same reasons (people trying to save money and portray someone wealthier than they were). <br />
<br />
== Glass Jewels ==<br />
The use of [[colored glass]] to imitate gemstones dates back to ancient times. For small jewels this can be very effective. For larger gemstones glass may be too clear, and lacks the ''inclusions'' found in natural stones. Also, be cautioned that a lot of costume jewelry is made from acrylic not [[glass]]. ''Volcanic glass'', a man-made substance from obsidian and volcanic ash, is a possible candidate for imitation aquamarine and pale sapphire.<br> Photos: ceramic scarabs [http://photos.imageevent.com/juliannamucci/gemstones/icons/Turquoise-Scarab.jpg] glass drop "emeralds" [http://search.cartserver.com/search/search.cgi?cartid=s-2873&category=instock&maxhits=20&keywords=emerald+nonirit&bool=AND] foil-back glass rhinestones [http://www.jansjewels.com/other/sfoct-1.html]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Gems ==<br />
Most inexpensive jewelry on the market uses synthetic rather than natural gemstones. These fall into two categories: ''Laboratory synthetics'' are exact duplicates of natural minerals. The only difference is that the stone lacks the inclusions and imperfections found in nature. ''Synthetic imitations'' are also grown in the lab, but are of a different chemical composition than the natural stone, and are usually cheaper as well. When using synthetic stones one should remember that most [[medieval]] jewels were cut as cabochons. A facetted gemstone would look out of place on a [[Viking]] [[warrior]]. (Note, however, that crude faceted beads have been found in Viking treasure hordes.)<br>Photos: lab-grown opals [http://www.loose-gems.com/syntheticopal.html] synthetic blue spinel [http://www.loose-gems.com/sapphireimitation.html] cubic zirconia [http://www.loose-gems.com/whitecz.html]<br />
<br />
== Natural Imitations ==<br />
There are a number of natural gemstones that bear a strong resemblance to the cardinal stones — [[diamond]], [[emerald]], [[ruby]], and [[sapphire]]. The following is a list of natural stones (plus a few man-made ones) which may prove to be effective substitutes:<br />
*'''adamant''' ([[diamond]]) — ''Rock crystal'' (a clear variety of [[quartz]]) is the classic substitute for diamonds. The best quality quartz came from central [[Europe]], near the Rhine; hence the term ''rhinestone''. Today, most rhinestone is made of glass rather than quartz. ''Swarovski crystal'' is considered to be the best. Another good possibility is ''clear topaz'', but may not be available. Heat-treated ''white sapphire'' is available at a good price. ''Herkimer diamonds'' (another variety of quartz) make convincing looking diamonds in the rough.<br>Photos: diamonds in the rough [http://blog.kievukraine.info/uploaded_images/2038-709234.jpg] Herkimer quartz crystals [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Herks.htm]<br />
*'''carbuncle''' ([[ruby]]) — ''[[Garnet]]'' is the best bet; it was one of the three stones classed as carbuncle. ''Spinel'' was a another type of carbuncle, but it has become rarer and more expensive than even genuine ruby. Synthetic spinel may be a good substitute however. For an economical substitute, carnelian is a good choice. The best quality is heat-treated, although it looks rather brown in comparison. For imitating [[balas ruby]] consider using ''rubellite'' (pink tourmaline). This stone can be rather expensive, but is generally more available (and affordable) than natural red spinel.<br>Photos: ruby cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_ruby.htm] garnet (rhodolite) [http://www.gggems.com/rhodolite_cabochon.htm] pink tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_pink%20_tourmaline.htm]<br />
*'''[[emerald]]''' ([[green]] [[beryl]]) — This is a difficult stone to imitate. Few other minerals exhibit such a vivid green color. ''Green tourmaline'' or dark green ''peridot'' are generally the best choices. ''Green zoisite'' (anyolite) is a possibility, but often has ruby inclusions, and is only available in ''baroque'' (tumbled pebble) form. For those on a tight budget, ''green aventurine'' is a good choice, although it lacks the clarity of fine emerald. Make sure to obtain high-grade aventurine if possible. ''Nephrite jade'' is another economical choice. ''Green dioptase'' and ''chrome diopside'' both have the right color, but are too soft and brittle. In ancient times "emerald" referred to any green stone, including ''malachite'', which is fairly easy to obtain. Malachite has the vivid color of emerald but is an opaque stone.<br>Photos: emerald cabs [http://www.gggems.com/emeraude_cabochon.htm] chrome tourmaline [http://www.gggems.com/chrome_tourmaline_cabochon.htm] aventurine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-GreenAvent.htm] <br>neprhite jade [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Nephrite.htm] rough emerald [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Rough-Emeralds.htm]<br />
*'''hyacinth''' (medieval & modern [[sapphire]]) — This is another difficult stone to imitate. By the time of the [[Crusade]]s, the term "sapphire" was being used to refer to blue transparent gemstones, rather than the lapis of ancient times. A lot of medieval sapphire jewelry has proved to be nothing more than colored glass. If one wishes to use a natural gemstone substitute, the best choice, based on current prices, is ''iolite''—also known as "water sapphire"—although this stone is often more [[purple]] in color than true sapphire. Blue ''tanzanite'' is far too expensive except perhaps in baroque form. Another possibility is ''blue topaz''. This is not a naturally colored stone however. The blue coloration is produced by irradiation—either by x-ray or neutron bombardment—and has a tendency to fade over time. Be sure to ask for "London blue", as most blue topaz is rather pale in comparison and perhaps better suited for imitating ''aquamarine''.<br>Photos: sapphire cabs [http://www.gggems.com/sapphire_blue_cabochon.htm] iolite [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_iolite.htm] aquamarine [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_aquamarine.htm] blue quartz [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_blue_quartz.htm] <br>blue topaz (irradiated - scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/swssblue.htm#CTPZWB]<br />
== Other Substitutes ==<br />
*beryl (aquamarine) — First of all, bear in mind that most aquamarine found in nature is pale [[green]] in color NOT pale [[blue]]. Aquamarine jewelry is usually heat-treated to obtain the desired blue color. Aquamarine ''baroques'' are fairly cheap and exhibit a cloudy gray color with just a hint of turquoise or sky blue. Aquamarine gemstones are not terribly expensive, but may not be available in the desired cut. For the pale blue gem variety, ''kyanite'' approximates both the color and the crystal structure of beryl, and is readily available in bead form. For the more natural sea-green type, ''prehnite'' is a reasonable choice. Some varieties of ''apatite'' have a vivid blue-green color, but the stone is rather soft and brittle.<br>Photos: aquamarine (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Aquamarine.htm] kyanite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Kyanite.htm] sapphire [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sapphire.htm] blue topaz [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueTopaz.htm]<br />
*amethyst — This gemstone is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain. Purple ''fluorite'' approximates the color, but is very soft in comparison.<br />
*chryselectrum (golden topaz, chrysoberyl, etc) — ''Citrine'' is the obvious choice here. ''Smoky quartz'' is another possibilty, although it looks rather brown. Organic amber is a separate category, and is relatively cheap. Photos: Imperial topaz (scroll up) [http://www.gemhut.com/topaz.htm#CTPZ] citrine cabs [http://www.gggems.com/cabochon_citrine.htm]<br />
*callais (turquoise) — Turquoise is still relatively inexpensive, but the price is going up. Dyed howlite is a cheap alternative (but check the cautions for lapis above). For a durable substitute consider ''amazonite'' instead. The color is just about right, but it does lack the copper inclusions.<br>Photos: Turquoise nuggets [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-TurqNuggs.htm] Amazonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Amazonite.htm]<br />
*chalcedony — Fairly cheap but not always obtainable under that name. Try asking for ''blue-lace agate'', which is nearly identical.<br />
*opal — Genuine opal is both expensive and fragile. The natural stone tends to dry out over time. Opal is also sensitive to temperatures changes and can crack without warning. Fortunately, there are several stones offering the play of color and iridescence for which opal is famous. Depending on the base color of the opal being imitated, one might consider [[moonstone]], especially the "rainbow" variety. Another good possibility is ''spectrolite'', a high grade variety of labradorite.<br>Photos: opal [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-BlueOpal.htm] moonstone [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-MoonstoneAAA.htm] spectrolite cabs [http://www.gggems.com/labradorite.htm]<br />
*ultramarine (ancient [[sapphire]]/lapis lazuli) — Good quality lapis has become somewhat expensive, and a lot of the stuff on the market is of the "denim [[blue]]" variety. ''Sodalite'' is a good substitute although it lacks the pyrite inclusions found in genuine lapis. Dyed ''howlite'' is another possibility. Be warned, however, the dye job is seldom permanent.<br>Photos: lapis (tumbled) [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Lapis.htm] sodalite [http://www.hehishelo.co.uk/PageBackgrounds/PB-Tumbled-Sodalite.htm]<br />
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[[category:gemstones]]</div>Ld Hærek