Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Cunnan:Projects

2005-11-05T10:43:55Z

Dura59: /* 12th Century life */

Tincture

2005-11-05T10:43:49Z

Dura59:

Cunnan:Regional point of view

2005-11-05T10:43:34Z

Dura59:

The [[Known World]]'s a big place, and we all play the game in different ways. This page lists pages in [[Cunnan]] which display some '''regional point of view''' that would benefit from some editorial attention. Note that it's fine to have pages with subject matter that is regional in nature. This page is only concerned with pages which should address the ways of the [[Known World]], but in fact only address some portion of it.

==How to flag RPOV pages==
Pages which contain such content can be marked with the following tag:

<nowiki>{{rpov}}</nowiki>

which will look like this:

<div class="notice metadata" id="rpov" style="text-align: center; background: #efefff; margin: 1em 10%; border: #9F9FFF 1px solid;">This page needs to be edited to take into account the rest of the [[Known World]]. <br>See [[Cunnan:Regional point of view|regional point of view]] for more information.</div>

You should also list the page below, along with your login and the time. You can do this by typing <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.

== List of RPOV pages ==
The full list of RPOV tagged pages can be found at [[:Category:Regional_point_of_view]].

* [[non-combatant]]
* [[University]] -- Only Lochac and An Tir represented well.
* [[arrows]] - I know archery is very different in Lochac to elsewhere, I believe these are all Lochac rules - what about general american ones?

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
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</div>

Fibre arts

2005-11-05T10:43:29Z

Dura59:

'''Fibrearts''' covers the production of [[thread]] and [[cloth]] from [[fibre]]s. The arts include [[shearing]], [[carding]], [[spinning]], [[weaving]], [[felting]], [[fulling]], [[knitting]], [[dyeing]], and [[printing]]. Materials can come from animals ([[wool]] from sheep, [[silk]] from silk worm cocoons), plants ([[linen]] from [[flax]], [[cotton]], [[hemp]]) or from a blend of materials.

Sometimes in the SCA the term is also used in a wider sense to cover the production of [[braid]]s and items made from spun [[fibre]]s to a finished peiece or [[cord]], eg [[tablet weaving]], [[braiding]], [[netting]], etc.

==Fibrearts in the SCA==
Many players in the [[SCA]] like to practise these art forms. There are several ways to contact someone in your local area to learn more about/share knowledge about the fibrearts:
*Contact a local [[guild]] that covers fibre arts (if there is one)
*Walk up and talk to anyone who is practising a fibre art at an event
*Practise a fibreart at an event, to draw in others who do the same
*Ask around in person and on email lists for your local area if anyone does fibrearts
*Ask your local [[laurel]] council if there are any laurels for fibrearts in your area

===Guilds for fibrearts===
Many kingdoms and smaller areas have guilds that cover the fibrearts. Some encompass every aspect of the art (eg Lochac Fibreguild), while others maintain very narrow fields of interest (eg East Kingdom Narrowworker's guild).

*Lochac Fibreguild [[http://www.sca.org.au/mailman/listinfo/fibreguild|http://www.sca.org.au/mailman/listinfo/fibreguild]]
*East Kingdom Narrowworker's guild [[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NarrowworkGuild/|http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NarrowworkGuild/]]
*

[[category:Fibre Arts]]

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Herald

2005-11-05T10:43:10Z

Dura59: /* External Links */

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:herald.png]]</div>
Medieval heralds served as envoys, granted devices (variously called arms, coats of arms, and devices), oversaw the provision of heraldic trappings for funerals, and provided support at tournaments. SCA heralds provide support at tournaments by announcing the names of the combatants, serve as the voice of the [[Crown]] during courts and as otherwise needed, make announcements at events, provide information to resolve questions of precedence and protocol, and help others to find appropriate names and armory for their chosen culture and time period.

=== Heraldic Organization ===

The first level of SCA heraldic organization is the kingdom level; each kingdom has a College of Heralds. Many SCA groups have a designated heraldic officer. In baronies, principalities, and kingdoms, this officer is usually the designated voice of the ruling nobility. In principalities and kingdoms, the officer is called the Principal Herald, and usually has some administrative responsibilities, including the appointment of deputies to oversee the processing of name and device submissions and maintenance of the order of precedence. (These functions are not always separate from those of the kingdom in principalities.) In baronies and smaller groups, the heraldic officer is usually the default person to make announcements and to assist group members who wish to submit names and devices. However, any herald can assist with these tasks.

The process of providing heraldic credentials varies from kingdom to kingdom. Some kingdoms have a system of training and testing heralds for advancement or to issue warrants; others simply issue warrants to persons who provide proof of membership and demonstrate an interest in heraldry.

The second level of SCA heraldic organization is the Society level. The SCA [[College of Arms]] administers [[heraldry]] throughout the [[SCA]]. Its head is the Laurel Sovereign of Arms; the Laurel Queen of Arms is currently Countess Elisabeth de Rossignol. Warranted heralds are usually automatically members of their kingdom's College of Heralds; however, membership in the College of Arms is limited to the Laurel Sovereign of Arms, their designated deputies and staff, and those who provide commentary on name and device submissions. Some kingdoms designate a specific herald to provide commentary on submissions.

Presently, there is a deputy for name registration (Pelican Queen of Arms Margaret Makafee) and armorial registration (Wreath Queen of Arms Jeanne Marie Lacroix). The Morsulus Herald maintains the [[Society]] Ordinary and Armorial, a record of all names and [[device]]s registered in the Society.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
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=== Heraldic Titles and Ranks ===

There are a number of heraldic ranks and titles, both at the kingdom and Society levels. In some kingdoms, a trainee herald is called a [[Cornet]]; once the Cornet has passed a basic test and has gained experience in the various fields of heraldry they are accorded the rank of [[Pursuivant]], while senior heralds are referred to as "Herald." In other kingdoms, these titles are based solely on the heraldic office an individual holds. For example, a kingdom may choose to style all deputies to the principal herald as "herald," and all local heraldic officers as "pursuivant." Heralds who hold no particular office are frequently referred to as pursuivants-at-large. Finally, the Laurel Sovereign of Arms may choose to name heralds who have provided long and dedicated service to the College of Arms "Herald Extraordinary."

Historically, heraldic titles could come from place names (Richmond Herald), surnames (Chandos Herald), charges (Rouge Dragon Pursuivant), and order names (Garter King of Arms). (These heraldic titles are all English.) Heraldic titles in the SCA are frequently taken from the name of a charge on a group's arms (e.g., Triskele Herald of [[Trimaris]]), from documented or conjectural heraldic charges, sometimes from the name of an order (e.g., Pelican Sovereign of Arms), occasionally from place names (Midlands Herald of the [[Middle]]), and hypothetically from surnames.

Historically, English heralds could use their heraldic titles as surnames; for example, in a 1541 lay subsidy of London, two heralds are listed as "Master Richemond Harrord" and "Mr York Harrord"; in ''The True Use of Armorie'' (1592), the narrator refers to "a Herauld ... surnamed Faulcon" (perhaps corresponding to Falcon King of Arms). Anthony Wagner asserts this right for members of the English [[College of Arms]] in the 20th century; many SCA heralds with titles will frequently sign heraldic correspondence with their title (e.g. "Margaret Pelican"), or refer to colleagues this way.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
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[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
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</div>

=== Who is a Herald? ===

In the SCA, ''anyone'' can practice [[heraldry]] as an activity. Generally, you do not need a special office or [[title]] to help others choose names and research [[device]]s, herald a [[tournament]], or make announcements at an [[event]]. The only activities limited to persons of a particular rank involve actually accepting and processing submission forms. This is because this duty involves working with money. Who may do this varies from [[Kingdom]] to Kingdom. Officially licensed Kingdom heralds are said to have a [[warrant]].

Also, [[royalty]], [[nobility]], [[household]]s, or any individual may retain someone as their personal herald for [[court]], as a messenger, and other heraldic duties. Who this person is and what their duties are is strictly the prerogative of the "employer."

Heralds can frequently be identified because they wear tabards: garments which depict the arms of the person who employs them on the front, back, and sleeves. Only heralds should wear tabards; however, it is authentic for others to wear heraldic surcoats or gowns, depending on the time period and culture they seek to recreate. Tabards with baronial or kingdom arms may be part of the group's regalia; heralds who do not hold a specific office sometimes wear medallions, favors, or tabards with the SCA College of Arms logo shown above.

=== External Links ===

* [http://www.aeheralds.net/ Æthelmearc College of Heralds]
* [http://heraldry.ansteorra.org/ Ansteorra College of Heralds]
* [http://www.antirheralds.org/ An Tir College of Heralds]
* [http://www.heralds.artemisia.sca.org/ Artemisian College of Heralds]
* [http://www.atenveldt.com/Heraldry/tabid/109/Default.aspx Atenveldt Heraldry]
* [http://herald.atlantia.sca.org/ Atlantia College of Heralds]
* [http://www.sca-caid.org/herald/ Caid College of Heralds]
* [http://calontir.sca.org/herald/herald.html Calontir College of Heralds]
* [http://www.drachenwald.sca.org/files/herald/index.html Drachenwald Heraldry]
* [http://ealdormere.sca.org/ecoh/ Ealdormere College of Heralds]
* [http://www.eastkingdom.org/heraldry/ East Kingdom College of Heralds]
* [http://www.sca.org.au/herald/ Lochac College of Heralds]
* [http://www.meridies.org/herald.html Meridies College of Heralds]
* [http://www.midrealm.org/heraldry/ Middle Kingdom: Office of the Dragon Herald]
* [http://www.northshield.org/officers/herald/ Northshield: Polaris Herald]
* [http://www.outlandsheralds.org/ Outlands College of Heralds]
* [http://www.trimaris.org/triskele/index.shtml Trimaris: Triskele Principal Herald]
* [http://heralds.westkingdom.org/ West Kingdom College of Heralds]

See also:
* [[Heraldry]]

[[category:SCA officers]]

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Herald

2005-11-05T10:42:55Z

Dura59: /* Heraldic Titles and Ranks */

Herald

2005-11-05T10:42:51Z

Dura59: /* Heraldic Organization */

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:herald.png]]</div>
Medieval heralds served as envoys, granted devices (variously called arms, coats of arms, and devices), oversaw the provision of heraldic trappings for funerals, and provided support at tournaments. SCA heralds provide support at tournaments by announcing the names of the combatants, serve as the voice of the [[Crown]] during courts and as otherwise needed, make announcements at events, provide information to resolve questions of precedence and protocol, and help others to find appropriate names and armory for their chosen culture and time period.

=== Heraldic Organization ===

The first level of SCA heraldic organization is the kingdom level; each kingdom has a College of Heralds. Many SCA groups have a designated heraldic officer. In baronies, principalities, and kingdoms, this officer is usually the designated voice of the ruling nobility. In principalities and kingdoms, the officer is called the Principal Herald, and usually has some administrative responsibilities, including the appointment of deputies to oversee the processing of name and device submissions and maintenance of the order of precedence. (These functions are not always separate from those of the kingdom in principalities.) In baronies and smaller groups, the heraldic officer is usually the default person to make announcements and to assist group members who wish to submit names and devices. However, any herald can assist with these tasks.

The process of providing heraldic credentials varies from kingdom to kingdom. Some kingdoms have a system of training and testing heralds for advancement or to issue warrants; others simply issue warrants to persons who provide proof of membership and demonstrate an interest in heraldry.

The second level of SCA heraldic organization is the Society level. The SCA [[College of Arms]] administers [[heraldry]] throughout the [[SCA]]. Its head is the Laurel Sovereign of Arms; the Laurel Queen of Arms is currently Countess Elisabeth de Rossignol. Warranted heralds are usually automatically members of their kingdom's College of Heralds; however, membership in the College of Arms is limited to the Laurel Sovereign of Arms, their designated deputies and staff, and those who provide commentary on name and device submissions. Some kingdoms designate a specific herald to provide commentary on submissions.

Presently, there is a deputy for name registration (Pelican Queen of Arms Margaret Makafee) and armorial registration (Wreath Queen of Arms Jeanne Marie Lacroix). The Morsulus Herald maintains the [[Society]] Ordinary and Armorial, a record of all names and [[device]]s registered in the Society.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== Heraldic Titles and Ranks ===

There are a number of heraldic ranks and titles, both at the kingdom and Society levels. In some kingdoms, a trainee herald is called a [[Cornet]]; once the Cornet has passed a basic test and has gained experience in the various fields of heraldry they are accorded the rank of [[Pursuivant]], while senior heralds are referred to as "Herald." In other kingdoms, these titles are based solely on the heraldic office an individual holds. For example, a kingdom may choose to style all deputies to the principal herald as "herald," and all local heraldic officers as "pursuivant." Heralds who hold no particular office are frequently referred to as pursuivants-at-large. Finally, the Laurel Sovereign of Arms may choose to name heralds who have provided long and dedicated service to the College of Arms "Herald Extraordinary."

Historically, heraldic titles could come from place names (Richmond Herald), surnames (Chandos Herald), charges (Rouge Dragon Pursuivant), and order names (Garter King of Arms). (These heraldic titles are all English.) Heraldic titles in the SCA are frequently taken from the name of a charge on a group's arms (e.g., Triskele Herald of [[Trimaris]]), from documented or conjectural heraldic charges, sometimes from the name of an order (e.g., Pelican Sovereign of Arms), occasionally from place names (Midlands Herald of the [[Middle]]), and hypothetically from surnames.

Historically, English heralds could use their heraldic titles as surnames; for example, in a 1541 lay subsidy of London, two heralds are listed as "Master Richemond Harrord" and "Mr York Harrord"; in ''The True Use of Armorie'' (1592), the narrator refers to "a Herauld ... surnamed Faulcon" (perhaps corresponding to Falcon King of Arms). Anthony Wagner asserts this right for members of the English [[College of Arms]] in the 20th century; many SCA heralds with titles will frequently sign heraldic correspondence with their title (e.g. "Margaret Pelican"), or refer to colleagues this way.

=== Who is a Herald? ===

In the SCA, ''anyone'' can practice [[heraldry]] as an activity. Generally, you do not need a special office or [[title]] to help others choose names and research [[device]]s, herald a [[tournament]], or make announcements at an [[event]]. The only activities limited to persons of a particular rank involve actually accepting and processing submission forms. This is because this duty involves working with money. Who may do this varies from [[Kingdom]] to Kingdom. Officially licensed Kingdom heralds are said to have a [[warrant]].

Also, [[royalty]], [[nobility]], [[household]]s, or any individual may retain someone as their personal herald for [[court]], as a messenger, and other heraldic duties. Who this person is and what their duties are is strictly the prerogative of the "employer."

Heralds can frequently be identified because they wear tabards: garments which depict the arms of the person who employs them on the front, back, and sleeves. Only heralds should wear tabards; however, it is authentic for others to wear heraldic surcoats or gowns, depending on the time period and culture they seek to recreate. Tabards with baronial or kingdom arms may be part of the group's regalia; heralds who do not hold a specific office sometimes wear medallions, favors, or tabards with the SCA College of Arms logo shown above.

=== External Links ===

* [http://www.aeheralds.net/ Æthelmearc College of Heralds]
* [http://heraldry.ansteorra.org/ Ansteorra College of Heralds]
* [http://www.antirheralds.org/ An Tir College of Heralds]
* [http://www.heralds.artemisia.sca.org/ Artemisian College of Heralds]
* [http://www.atenveldt.com/Heraldry/tabid/109/Default.aspx Atenveldt Heraldry]
* [http://herald.atlantia.sca.org/ Atlantia College of Heralds]
* [http://www.sca-caid.org/herald/ Caid College of Heralds]
* [http://calontir.sca.org/herald/herald.html Calontir College of Heralds]
* [http://www.drachenwald.sca.org/files/herald/index.html Drachenwald Heraldry]
* [http://ealdormere.sca.org/ecoh/ Ealdormere College of Heralds]
* [http://www.eastkingdom.org/heraldry/ East Kingdom College of Heralds]
* [http://www.sca.org.au/herald/ Lochac College of Heralds]
* [http://www.meridies.org/herald.html Meridies College of Heralds]
* [http://www.midrealm.org/heraldry/ Middle Kingdom: Office of the Dragon Herald]
* [http://www.northshield.org/officers/herald/ Northshield: Polaris Herald]
* [http://www.outlandsheralds.org/ Outlands College of Heralds]
* [http://www.trimaris.org/triskele/index.shtml Trimaris: Triskele Principal Herald]
* [http://heralds.westkingdom.org/ West Kingdom College of Heralds]

See also:
* [[Heraldry]]

[[category:SCA officers]]

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Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:42:25Z

Dura59:

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:42:13Z

Dura59:

Cunnan:Wiki newcomers hints

2005-11-05T10:41:52Z

Dura59:

In brief:
*yes, you too can edit pages!
*want to experiment without stuffing up anything? - try the [[Cunnan:sandbox|sandbox]]
*how do I edit pages? - read the guide: [[Cunnan:How_does_one_edit_a_page]]
*remember we have [[copyright rules]]

=FAQ=
===What can I write about? ===

Like they say, write what you know. The main page says Cunnan is all about "information for re-enactors of the Middle Ages and Renaissance with a heavy slant towards members of the SCA". If it's useful for re-enactors, write away! This is often explanations of rare words, descriptions of how things were viewed in the medieval world, short medieval histories of people and places, or advice on how to recreate an aspect of history. But don't stop there!

===But I don't know any history or stuff, what else can I write about===
You could write about experiences, words and practises found in the SCA and other reenactment groups. Also you could pick a random unwritten page on a medieval topic, read a few other good webpages or a few pages of a book on the topic, and give a 3 sentence summary of their content and a link to the pages consulted. You can always ask someone local to you to describe a topic and type in what they say (acknowledging their contribution helps). You'll find out new information,and we will too when you write it here.

Or you can help by correcting our spelling, adding links and generally tidying up the content of the wiki.

===How can I ask for help?===
Write a note on the village pump is often quickest and best, or other wise you could email admins. The admins can be found at [[Special:Listadmins]].

===I want to move a page or do other tricky stuff===
Some features are just hidden a bit - take a better look at what options are available under [[special:special pages|special pages]] in the toolbox on the left of your screen (you may need to scroll down a bit).

There are a lot more things you can do that are hidden here. But some features such as moving and deleting pages have been restricted to loggged in users, other to admins. This is because we don't want every spammer or vandal who turns up to be able to destroy the wiki (it can be brought back but that's a lot of time that could be spent adding content instead). Stick around for a while, contributing articles and you'll probably get your acess level increased. In the meantime, leave a note in the [[cunnan:village pump|village pump]] saying which page you wanted to move or what else you wanted to do and why (briefly) and the next person with suitable acess will probably fix it for you.

[[Category:Help|Wiki newcomers hints]]

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[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
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Laurel

2005-11-05T10:41:50Z

Dura59:

The symbol of the [[Laurel wreath]] was traditionally given to scholars, artists, athletes and soldiers in Ancient Greece as symbols of excellence. In the SCA, the Laurel is awarded to those who excel in a particular area of [[Arts and Sciences]], and it's in the job description for them to pass on knowlege to others. These people also judge [[A&S]] competitions, pass on recommendations to the [[Crown]] as to who future laurels should be, and are examples of courtesy and chivalric conduct. A Laurel may take on an [[apprentice]] to train up to 'laurelhood', often in a particular field similar to their own.

Becoming a Laurel (or any type of [[peer]]) takes about 10 years of dedicated work, on average.

A Laurel is addressed with the [[title]] of Master or Mistress, and bears a symbol of the laurel wreath. Some may also wear a [[Chain of Fealty]] if they are in [[fealty]] to the [[Crown]].

==Kingdom Specific Information==
The [[Lochac]] Order of the Laurel have a web page http://www.sca.org.au/laurels

[[Category:People]]

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[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
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[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
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Events

2005-11-05T10:41:46Z

Dura59: /* International Events */

Events

2005-11-05T10:41:43Z

Dura59: /* Rowany Events */

Events

2005-11-05T10:41:40Z

Dura59: /* Melbourne Events */

Events

2005-11-05T10:41:37Z

Dura59: /* Australian Events */

Events

2005-11-05T10:41:34Z

Dura59: /* Types of Events */

Events

2005-11-05T10:41:28Z

Dura59: /* Topics */

Entertainment

2005-11-05T10:41:26Z

Dura59:

Aside from being clumsy, there are many ways to entertain others in the [[SCA]]. These reflect many of the [[period]] forms of entertainment.

===Performance===

*[[music]]
**[[singing]]
*[[poetry]]
*[[story telling]]
*[[dance]]
*[[juggling]]
*[[theatre]]
**[[Playlets -- Ferrets]]

===Pastimes===

*[[game]]s
*baiting -- a revolting spectacle in which helpless animals (often with their teeth and claws removed) were tormented for the "entertainment" of passers-by. <br>In period, peers seem to have been exempt. However ....
*[[hunting]]
**[[falconry]]

===Related topics===

*[[Bardic Circle]]

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Febus

2005-11-05T10:40:53Z

Dura59:

'''Febus''' is a [[15th Century Italian Dance]] which appears in seven different manuscripts. It is classified as a [[bassadanza]].

==Reconstruction==

This dance is performed by three people. The original instructions call for one man and two women.

===Steps used===

* [[continentia]] left and right ('''CL''' and '''CR''')
* [[sempio]] left and right ('''SL''' and '''SR''')
* [[doppio]] left and right ('''DL''' and '''DR''')
* [[riverentia]] ('''Rv''')
* [[ripresa]] left and right ('''RpL''' and '''RpR''')
* [[mezavolta]] right ('''MzvR''')
* [[saltarello step|saltarello]] left and right ('''SlL''', '''SlR''')
* [[voltatonda]] left ('''VtL''')

===Choreography===

:The three dancers begin in a line, side by side facing up the hall, and holding hands. The man is standing in the centre.

:The dancers perform a continentia left and then right. They then perform two sempi, one doppio left and a ripresa right. This sequence is performed again, however while the women perform the final ripresa the man performs a mezavolta to face down the hall.

1 CL, CR<br>
2-3 SL, SR, DL<br>
4 RpR

5 CL, CR<br>
6-7 SL, SR, DL<br>
8 RpR (women) - MzvR (man)

:Everybody perfoms two dopi, so that the man moves away from the two women. Everybody perform a mezavolta to face each other again, and then perfome two sempi and two dopi, with the man passing between the two women. All perform a mezavolata right again, a ripresa left then right and a riverentia.

9-10 DL, DR<br>
11-12 MzvR, SL, SR<br>
13-14 DL, DR<br>
15-16 MzvR, RpL<br>
17-18 RpR, RvL

:With the man passing between the women again, all perform 2 saltarelli. Next perform another mezavolta to face each other again, and perform three ripresa, left, right and left. Perform a voltatonda by doing a sempi right and sempio right and a sempio left turing in a full circle over your left shoulder, and then perform a ripresa right.

19-20 SlR, SlL<br>
21-22 MzvR, RpL<br>
23-24 RpR, RpL<br>
25-27 VtL, RpR

:To complete the dance everybody performs two sempi to come into a straight line. The women then perform a mezavolta right. Joing hands everybody perform a ripresa left, a ripresa right and a riverenita left.

28-29 SL, SR, women MzvR<br>
30-31 RpL, RpR<br>
32 RvL

==Music==

This dance is 32 bars long, and so theoretically any bassadanza music 32 bars long should be able to be used for this.

* [[Media:febus.mid|A two part arrangement of music especially written for this dance in 2005]]
[[Category:dances]]

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Guilds

2005-11-05T10:40:39Z

Dura59: /* Guilds in the SCA */

==Medieval Guilds==
In earlier [[medieval]] times, '''Guilds''' (originally ''Gilds'') were social and religious institutions, providing mutual support to their members. In later periods, they came to be exclusive associations for mercantile groups, such as merchants, or craftsmen.

Guilds would help their members in a number of ways:
* Supporting the families of dead members
* Setting price ranges for wares (thus preventing uncompetitive pricing)

Links:
*[[http://oit.boisestate.edu/sknox/dissertation/ The Guilds of Early Modern Augsburg]] Talks about the economics of the shoemakers, barbers & bathers, millers and joiners guilds of a 16th Century German City

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[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
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== Guilds in the SCA==

'''Guilds''' in the [[SCA]] offer ways to improve and share your knowledge in the subject area, through in-person meetings and correspondence (snail mail and email list). They also encourage their artform to be practised more - more lessons, competitions in that topic, etc.

Some guilds use a structure of names (e.g. novice, journeyman, master, unranked) to indicate the assessed skill of a member. This rank generally indicates a few things:
* the assessed skill of the guild-member (i.e. how well they make/do guild-specific things - including how well-documented the things are)
* the productivity of the guild-member (i.e. how many things they've made or how many variants of skills they've learned)
* how skilled the guild member is at *teaching* the skill to others

For example, in [[Lochac]]'s [[Royal Guild of Defence]]:
* ''Journeyman'' is an apprentice teacher and has mastered 3 different styles of period fencing
* ''Provost'' is an accepted teacher and has mastered 5 different fencing styles
* ''Guild-master'' is an exceptional teacher, has mastered 7 different styles and undertakes quality [[research]].

Some of the Guilds are:
* [[Kingdom of Ealdormere]]
** [[Bardic College of Ealdormere]]
** [[Games Guild of Ealdormere]]
* [[Kingdom of Lochac]]
** [[Bardic Guild]] ([[Entertainment]])
** [[Brewers, Vintners and Imbibers Guild]] ([[brewing]] and [[drinking]])
** [[Worshipful Company of Broiderers]]
** [[Guild of Cooks]]
** [[Royal Guild of Defence]] ([[rapier]])
** [[Fibre Guild]]
** [[Painters and Limners Guild]]
** [[College of Scribes]] ([[calligraphy]] and [[illumination]])
** [[Guild of the Silver Rondel]] ([[dance]])
** [[Woodworkers Guild]]

A full list of guilds in Lochac can be found at http://www.sca.org.au/lochac/groups/guilds.html

''See also:''
:[[mailing lists]]

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Guilds

2005-11-05T10:40:31Z

Dura59: /* Medieval Guilds */

Cunnan:Requested pictures

2005-11-05T10:39:36Z

Dura59:

If you think that there is an article that could be improved with an image but you dont can't find or get permission to use one, then list the artilce here along with what you think is needed. Some of [[Cunnan]]'s other users might have or might be willing to make the image you need. If you think that there is an important article missing from then you can leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Requested articles|Requested articles]] page.

* [[Device]] - Needs some example devices.
* [[Kingdoms]] - Needs a map of the [[Known world]]. Coats of Arms for each Kingdom would be good too.
* [[Illumination]] - Needs some examples.
* [[Embroidery]] - pictures of the different stiches would be nice.
* [[Weapon]]s - Pictures of different weapons (and plans for armour).
* Articles about people (e.g. [[Gwynfor Lwyd]], [[Delbert von Strassburg]], etc) would be more informative with devices.
* [[Maaseik Embroidery]] - an anonymous user asked about example images

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
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Arts

2005-11-05T10:39:26Z

Dura59:

<div style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;">[[Image:arts.png]]</div>
== Arts and Craft Topics ==
=== Researching and documentation ===
*[[why research]]
*how to begin [[researching]]
*how [[documentation]] works
*should I enter that A&S [[competition]]

=== Cooking & Brewing ===
*[[Brewing]]
*[[Feasting]]
*[[Food]]
**[[Subtleties]]
**[[Medieval Recipe]]s

=== Smithing ===
*[[Armour]]
*[[Weaponry]]
*[[Jewellery]] and [[piecework]]

=== Clothing ===
*[[Garb]]
**[[Fashion]]
**[[Shoes]]
**[[Early Period Dress]] (pre 1380)
***[[Viking Garb]]
**[[Gothic Dress]] (1300-1480)
**[[Late Period Dress]] (1480-end of SCA period)
**[[Accessories]]
**[[index of clothing styles]]

=== Decorative arts ===
*[[Embroidery]] and [[Beading]]
*[[Bobbin lacemaking]]
*[[Drawn thread work]] and [[needlelace]]
*[[Stencil]]ling and [[Fabric painting]]
*[[Stone Carving]]

=== Textile and Fibre Arts ===
*[[Tablet weaving]]
*[[Loom weaving]]
*various [[braiding technique]]s
*various [[knitting]] techniques (or similar)
*[[Dyeing]]
*[[Spinning]]

=== Performance ===
*[[Singing]]
*[[Instrumental music]]
*[[Poetry]]
*[[Renaissance dance]]

=== Writing and artwork ===
*[[Calligraphy]] & [[Illumination]]
*[[Cartography]] ([[Maps]])
*[[Language]]
*[[Illumination]]
*[[period painting]]
*medieval [[literature]]

=== Construction ===
*[[Pavillion]]
*[[Housing]]
*[[Ships]]
*[[Furniture]]- see also [[woodworking]]
*[[Siege weapons]]

=== Household ===
*[[Bedding]]
*[[Tablewares]]
*period ways of [[lighting]] spaces (including [[oil lamps]] and [[candles]])
*[[household tools]]
*[[haircare]]

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Cunnan:Village pump

2005-11-05T10:38:28Z

Dura59: /* Server move, heads up */

Queen

2005-11-05T10:38:22Z

Dura59:

The '''Queen''' is the female half of the current rulers of a [[Kingdom]]. The Queen and [[King]] acting together are referred to as the [[Crown]]. She is addressed as Your Majesty, and referred to as Her (Royal) Majesty.

== The Queen in the SCA ==
In the [[SCA]] the Queen may gain her [[rank|position]] through [[right of arms]] (Queen Regnant), or by being [[consort]] to the [[King]] (Queen Consort). When a Queen steps down, she becomes a [[Countess]] (or some variant appropriate to her [[persona]]) if she has reigned once and in some kingdoms becomes a [[Order of the Rose|Lady of the Rose]]. If she has reigned twice or more, she becomes a [[Duchess]] (or variant).

In some kingdoms it is customary for the queen to use as [[arms]] the arms of the kingdom, whereas in others the queen has arms specific to her. The Queen of [[Lochac]], whether she is Queen Regnant or Queen Consort, uses the undifferenced [[Arms of the Kingdom of Lochac]]. However in [[Kingdom of the West|the West]] the Queen consort's arms differ from the kingdom's arms by containing a [[wreath of roses]] rather than a [[laurel wreath]].

===See also===
* [[alternate titles]]
[[category:title]]

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Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:38:05Z

Dura59: /* Renaissance Music */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:Village pump

2005-11-05T10:37:58Z

Dura59: /* Notable Persons */

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:37:50Z

Dura59: /* Renaissance Painting and Scupture */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:Village pump

2005-11-05T10:37:38Z

Dura59: /* Spam flood */

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:37:31Z

Dura59: /* The Arts in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:Village pump

2005-11-05T10:37:24Z

Dura59: /* Midrealm wiki */

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:37:11Z

Dura59: /* Philosophy in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:37:04Z

Dura59: /* Science and Technology in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:36:59Z

Dura59: /* Renaissance Authors */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
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[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
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[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
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== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

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[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:36:37Z

Dura59: /* Learning in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
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[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:36:20Z

Dura59: /* Religion in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
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== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Renaissance

2005-11-05T10:35:49Z

Dura59: /* Life in the Renaissance */

The '''Renaissance''' was a [[cultural movement]] and time period in the [[History of Europe]], considered to mark the end of the [[Middle Ages]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in Italy and the [[16th century]] in northern [[Europe]].
It is also known as "'''Rinascimento'''" (in Italian).

The following article discusses the '''Renaissance''' in its most traditional form, as a cultural and scientific rebirth that began in [[14th century]] [[Italy]], where one of its main centers was [[Florence, Italy]], and then spread throughout Europe. In [[science]], [[theology]], [[literature]] and [[art]], the Renaissance began with a rediscovery of and focus on older Greek texts which had disappeared from the West in the latter years of the [[Roman Empire]].

"Renaissance" is a [[French]] word that literally means ''rebirth''. This name has been historically used in contrast to the '''[[Dark Ages]]''', a term coined by [[Petrarch]] to refer to what we now call the Middle Ages. Following Petrarch's lead, the term had long been considered appropriate because during the Renaissance, the [[literature]] and culture of the ancient civilizations of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] were adopted by scholars and artists in Italy, and widely disseminated through [[printing]].

The term '''renaissance''' was probably first applied to this period of history by the Florentine painter [[Vasari]] in around 1550. [[Vasari]] used the term ''Renaissance'' to describe the changes in the world of [[art]] that occurred during that time. Many people today still make the mistake of identifying the renaissance as purely an artistic movement.

More properly, the '''renaissance''' was a movement that embodied both culture, thought, and especially learning. The '''renaissance''' itself can be identified with the rise of [[Humanism]] which began in Italy with authors such as [[Boccaccio]] and [[Petrarch]] in the [[14th century]] and ran through the [[15th century]] with [[Erasmus]] and many others, and into the [[High Renaissance]] period of the [[16th century]] when [[Mannerism]] became prevalent.

Towards the end of the Renaissance, scientists increasingly began to reject [[Greek]] (and biblical) sources in favor of new discoveries. Theologians continued to focus on the [[Greek]], as well as on the relatively new study [[Hebrew]] and [[Aramaic]]. The second half of the Renaissance is also the period of the [[Reformation]], although it could be argued that the conflict between [[Humanism]] and [[Scholasticism]], which was very much the footprint of the Renaissance, was also the starting point for the [[Reformation]]. In any case, the Renaissance and [[Reformation]] overlapped fairly heavily if you were to take a strict time-period viewpoint.

Rinascimento is also considered as a sort of natural evolution of italian [[Umanesimo]].

During the last quarter of the 20th century, however, more and more scholars began to take a view that the '''Renaissance''' was perhaps only one of many such movements. This was in large part due to the work of historians like [[Charles H. Haskins]], who made convincing cases for a "Renaissance of the 12th century," as well as by historians arguing for a "[[Carolingian renaissance]]." Both of these concepts are now accepted by the scholarly community at large; as a result, the present trend among historians is to discuss each so-called renaissance in more particular terms, e.g., the ''Italian Renaissance'', the ''English Renaissance'', etc. This terminology is particularly useful because it eliminates the need for fitting "The renaissance" into a chronology that previously held that it was preceded by the Middle Ages and followed by the [[Reformation]], which was sometimes patently false. The entire period is now more often replaced by the term 'Early Modern' in the practice of historians. See [[periodization]].

== [[Life in the Renaissance]] ==

Although the Renaissance was a time of significant change in comparison to the [[Middle Ages]], there were times of both peace and prosperity, and war, disease and famine. For the average man in the street (or [[village]]) daily life had changed little since the [[Middle Ages]]. Diet was similar, life was short (an average life expectancy of 30 - 35 years in most parts of [[Europe]], with perhaps a 50% child mortality rate within the first year of life), and war and disease were commonplace.

In comparison to the [[14th century]], however, the [[15th century]] and the [[16th century]] were both times of population growth, economic growth, and relative prosperity, especially for the town people and those of privilege.

=== [[Religion in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Religion in the Renaissance]] can be best summed up by saying that the '''Renaissance''' was a period of huge [[religious]] turmoil. The studies and teachings of the [[Humanists]] eventually lead to the [[Reformation]], and many of the religious debates can be broadly (and as inaccurately as broad generalisations usually are) categorised as a battle between the establishment and the new blood.

Undoubtedly one of the major threads was forged by [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] when he declared his realm independant of Rome, establishing his own [[Church of England]], and thereby beginning the trend whereby the [[Catholic Church]] ceased to be able to provide a supra-national force of unification.

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== [[Learning in the Renaissance]] ==

Perhaps the most significant invention of the Renaissance was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press]. Apart from allowing many copies of the [[Bible]] to be distributed much more easily and cheaply than copying by hand, the new technology allowed wide distribution of [[political]] information, [[Renaissance Music]] works, [[Renaissance Dance]] texts, [[heresy|heresies]], and many other works.

=== [[Renaissance Authors]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Alciato Andrea Alciato]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni Leonardo Bruni]
* [[Giovanni Boccaccio]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam Erasmus of Rotterdam]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne Michel de Montaigne]
* [[Petrarch]], Francesco Petrarca
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castiglione Castiglione]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati Coluccio Salutati]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Rabelais Francois Rabelais]
* [[William Shakespeare]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_More Thomas More]

=== [[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] ===

[[Science and Technology in the Renaissance]] was focussed around the major sciences of [[astrology]] and [[geometry]], as well as [[medicine]], [[magic]] and [[alchemy]]. Although [[astronomy]] was a major emerging science, it did not truly come into its own until after the end of the [[16th century]]. Until [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler], [[astronomy]] was a science that was studied purely to enable better understanding of [[astrology]].

For example, [[Copernicus]], probably the man most recognisably a [[scientist]] of his day, studied [[medicine]], [[canon law]] and [[philosophy]] and earned a living as a [[secretary]] and a [[doctor]].

Nonetheless, the advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] did allow for much wider distribution of scientific thought during the Renaissance than had been possible in the [[Middle Ages]] and so [[scientist]]s throughout [[Europe]] were able to collaborate on works and exchange [[theories]] in a way that was not previously possible. Everyone knew what everyone else was working on, even if it was completely wrong.

=== [[Philosophy in the Renaissance]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa Nicholas of Cusa]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino Marsilio Ficino]
* [[Niccolo Machiavelli]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini Francesco Guicciardini]

== [[The Arts in the Renaissance]] ==

=== [[Renaissance Painting and Scupture]] ===

* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Angelico Fra Angelico]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone Giotto di Bondone]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch Hieronymus Bosch]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder Pieter Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger Pieter Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder Jan Brueghel the Elder]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger Jan Brueghel the Younger]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello Donatello]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli Sandro Botticelli]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Durer Albrecht Durer]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo Michelangelo]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaello_Santi Raphael], Raffaello Sanzio
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci Leonardo da Vinci]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck Jan van Eyck]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden Rogier van der Weyden]

=== [[Renaissance Music]] ===

The advent of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press printing press] in the Renaissance allowed the wide distribution of printed music. This allowed composers to sell their work more widely and obtain a better living. Important Renaissance composers and arrangers of music include [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josquin_Des_Prez Josquin Des Prez] and [[Tielman Susato]].

=== [[Renaissance Dance]] ===

Although dance as an art form was well known in the [[middle ages]], the first recorded dance instructions and [[choreography]] date from the middle of the [[15th century]].

Early Italian dancemasters include [[Domenico da Piacenza]] and his students [[Antonio Cornazano]] and [[Guglielmo Ebreo]] (Guglielmo the [[Jew]]).

Dance masters of the late [[16th century]] include the Italians [[Fabritio Caroso]] and [[Cesare Negri]] as well as the frenchmen [[Thoinot Arbeau]] and [[Antoine Arena]].

Wiki

2005-11-05T10:35:45Z

Dura59:

'''WikiWiki''' is Hawaiian meaning "quick". A WikiWikiWeb is a website that can be edited by all users with the responsibility for accuracy and control resting with the community and not with an individual (such as a webmaster). The [http://c2.com/cgi-bin/wiki Portland Pattern Repository] was the first wiki, established by Ward Cunningham in 1995.

[[Cunnan]] is a WikiWikiWeb that was started in March [[2003]] to provide information useful to people interested in [[re-enactment]] of [[Europe]]an society and skills for the [[period]] between [[600]][[AD]] and [[1600]][[AD]]. The software that Cunnan uses is called PediaWiki and more information on it can be found at http://wikipedia.sourceforge.net

== Other WikiWebs ==
* The [[Wikipedia]] - http://www.wikipedia.org
* [[Arrowsreach Wiki]]

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Middle Ages

2005-11-05T10:35:19Z

Dura59:

The '''Middle Ages''' (adjective ''medieval'') was the ''middle'' period in a schematic division of [[European history]] into three 'ages': Classical civilization, the Middle Ages, and Modern Civilization. It is commonly considered as having lasted from the end of the Western [[Roman Empire]] ([[5th century]]) until the rise of national monarchies and the beginnings of demographic and economic renewal after the [[Black Death]], European overseas exploration and the cultural revival known as the [[Renaissance]] around the [[15th century]].

As the later Roman Empire changed its form and collapsed in the West, several [[Germanic]] and later [[Slavic]] peoples and the still-powerful regional noble families of the later Empire competed for power in different parts of Europe with one another and with the surviving eastern portion of the Roman Empire (commonly called the [[Byzantine Empire]] by modern Europeans).

The early part of the period is marked in western Europe by the greatly reduced power of centralised administration and the consequent alienation of government authority and responsibility for military organisation, taxation and law and order at successive levels to provincial and local lords supported directly from the proceeds of a portion of the territories over which they held military, political and judicial power. The later Middle Ages would see the regrowth of centralized power as countries came to be aware of their own national identities and strong rulers sought to expand the territory they organized under a central government. One well known version of this consolidation is known as the [[Albigensian Crusade]].

This hierarchy of reciprocal obligations, known as [[feudalism]] or the feudal system, binding each man to serve his superior in return for the latter's protection made for a confusion of territorial sovereignty (as allegiances were subject to change over time, and were sometimes mutally contradictory), but the resulting ability of local arrangements to function in the absence of a strong royal power provided some resiliency in a political order distinguished by its lack of uniformity.

The spread of [[Christian]]ity from the Mediterranean area and from [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] throughout Europe and the absence of any firm alternative ideological basis for power meant that ecclesiastics became deeply involved in government, and provided the basis for a first European "identity" in the form of a religion common to most of the continent from at least the [[9th century]] until the separation of the Catholic and Orthodox churches (1054).

An example of this identity at work is the period loosely identified as the [[Crusade]]s, during which [[Pope]]s, kings, and emperors tried to draw on Christian unity to wage war on [[Islam]], which was spreading along Europe's southern and eastern borders. Political unanimity in Europe was largely illusory, and the military support for most crusades was drawn from limited regions of Europe. Substantial areas of northern Europe also remained outside Christendom until the twelfth century or later.

'''[[Periodization]]'''

It is extremely difficult to decide when the Middle Ages ended, and in fact scholars assign different starting dates for the [[Renaissance]] in different parts of Europe. Most scholars who work in 15th century Italian history, for instance, consider themselves Renaissance or Early Modern historians, while anyone working on England in the early 15th century is considered a medievalist. Others choose specific events, such as the Turkish capture of [[Constantinople]] or the end of the Anglo-French [[Hundred Years' War]] (both [[1453]]), or the fall of Muslim [[Spain]] or [[Christopher Columbus]]'s voyage to [[the Americas|America]] (both [[1492]]), to mark the period's end.

Similar differences are now emerging in connection with the start of the period. Traditionally, the Middle Ages is said to begin when the West Roman Empire formally ceased to exist in 476 CE. However, that date is not important in itself, since the West Roman Empire had been very weak for some time, while Roman culture was to survive at least in Italy for yet a few decades or more. Today, some date the beginning of the Middle Ages to the division and Christanisation of the Roman Empire ([[4th century]]) while others see the period to the rise of Islam ([[7th century]]) as "late Classical".

The Middle Ages in the West are often subdivided into an early period (sometimes called the "[[Dark Ages]]", at least from the fifth to eighth centuries) of shifting polities, a relatively low level of economic activity and successful incursions by non-Christian peoples (Slavs, Arabs, Scandinavians, Magyars); a middle period (the High Middle Ages) of developed institutions of lordship and vassalage, castle-building and mounted warfare, and reviving urban and commercial life; and a later period of growing royal power, the rise of commercial interests and weakening customary ties of dependence, especially after the 14th-century plague.

== Life in medieval Europe ==
* [[arts]] and [[cultural life]]
** [[literature]]
** [[poetry]]
** [[dance]]
** [[architecture]] and [[sculpture]]
** [[European music]]
*** the [[troubador]]
** [[murals]] and [[paintings]]
** [[tapestry]], and [[handicrafts]]
** [[books]], [[manuscript]]s, scribes and the art of [[making books]]
** [[universities]]
* [[monastic orders]]
** [[Benedictines]]
** [[Carthusians]]
** [[Cistercians]]
* mendicant friars
** [[Dominicans]]
** [[Franciscans]]
** [[Carmelites]]
* [[Black Death]] and [[health]] of populations
* [[politics]] and [[religion]]
** [[Crusades]]
** [[Papacy]]
** [[Inquisition]]
** [[Heresy]] e.g [[John Wyclif]]
** [[Alchemy]]
* [[everyday life]] in the Middle Ages
** [[guilds]] of [[craftsmen]]
** [[Danse macabre]]

See also:
* [[warfare]]
* [[fortification]]
* [[siege weaponry]]
* [[Inquisition]]
* [[European music]]
* [[dance]]
* [[Pilgrimage]]
* [[Romanesque Architecture]]

=== External [[Garb]] Links ===
* One theory on how to make a [[bliaut]] and one of the better methods - http://jauncourt.i8.com/bliautho.htm
* The clothing index for Marguerie's Pages - http://jauncourt.i8.com/costume.htm
* Some Extant Clothing of the Middle Ages - http://www.virtue.to/articles/extant.html
* Some clothing of the Middle Ages, includes many sketches - http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/bockhome.html
* Marc Carlsons' Excellent site. Goes up until the end of the [[16th century]] - http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/SHOEHOME.HTM
* Comparative study of Extant garments relevant to East [[Denmark]] - http://www.forest.gen.nz/Medieval/articles/garments/garments.html
* Robin Netherton's excellent work on the [[gothic]] fitted dress - http://netherton.net/robin/
* Another way of making [[kirtle]]s - http://sca-garb.freservers.com/articles/corikirtle.html
* Ten gore dress from Herjolfnes - http://sca-garb.freservers.com/articles/cotehardie.html
* Summary of WOmen's Cotehardies - http://www.loudzen.com/users/jessica/cotehardie/index.html

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http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:Public domain resources

2005-11-05T10:35:03Z

Dura59:

If you know of a good source of public domain text or images (or even sound files) then you can list them here. If you know of a site that has good information that could be included in Cunnan but you need to ask for permission then you should see the [[Cunnan:Boilerplate request for permission|Boilerplate request for permission]]

* [http://www.pdbooksonline.com Public Domain Books: Online] - Visitors can read & download 1,000's of free books from the Public Domain.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Fruit

2005-11-05T10:34:57Z

Dura59:

Here is an attempt at a list of fruits that were known in [[period]]:
*[[apple]]
*[[quince]]
*[[nectarine]]
*[[fig]]
*[[date]]
*[[pomegranate]]
*[[lemon]]
*[[pear]]
*[[orange]]
*[[mandarin]]
*[[persimmon]]
*[[crabapple]]
*[[plum]]s
*[[apricot]]
*[[peach]]?
*[[cherry]]
*[[grape]]s
**[[raisins]], [[currants]] and [[sultanas]] (<--you will find these at a feast in EVERY food where raisins and sultanas just ''should not be'')
*[[berry|berries]]
**[[strawberry]]
**[[raspberry]]
**[[blackberry]]
**[[elderberry]]
**[[Goosberry]]
**[[Bilberry]]
**[[Mulberry]]
**[[Wild blackberry]]
*[[melons]]
**[[Honeydew]]
**[[Canteloupe]]

[[category:food]]

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:34:50Z

Dura59: /* Information previously published elsewhere */

If you need help take a look at the [[Cunnan:Help]] page.

==Who owns this site?==
Depending on your point of view the site is owned either by ''everyone'' or by ''no-one''. Technically, the site is maintained by the [[College of St Monica]] and is served from the http://www.sca.org.au server but its content has been edited by many people from many groups. No one person or organisation can claim ownership of any given article on Cunnan.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found errors in an article, who do I contact?==
It depends on the error, but you generally have two choices:
* You can try to correct the article yourself by going back to it and clicking on the "edit this page" link. You might want to read about [[Cunnan:How does one edit a page|editing]] before you do so.
* Or, If you think someone else should do the fixing, then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop vandals from destroying the site?==
Several things. The comunity can watch for vandals and revert any changes they make. Additionally, [[Cunnan:Administrators|admins]] can block vandals from making edits, and undo any changes a vandal has made with a single mouse click.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop this wiki from becoming a boring stagnant pond?==
Well written and newcomer friendly articles that are updated by regular users. There is nothing wrong with adding humour to an article so long as its to the point and isn't the ''only'' thing an article contains.<br>Since anyone can edit the wiki pages shouldn't ever become stale.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found an article that only concerns a small group.==
When Cunnan first started it was only used by a very small group of people (mostly members of the [[College of St Monica]]). There are still quite a few pages from that time that are only relevant to a few people, but have never been re-written or removed because they don't conflict with what anyone else wants to write.

Also, Cunnan welcomes people from all medieval re-enactment groups - however, most contributors are members of the [[SCA]], so there is a very heavy bias towards SCA relevant information.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found information copied from another publication!==
Or

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==Who wrote a particular article?==
The first thing you should do is check the article's history. you can do this by going to the article in question and following the "Page History" link, which should be located at the bottom and side of each page (assuming you have changed you preferences. This will show you a list of all changes to a page and who made them (this is never included in an article itself). If the information in an article wasn't written specifically for Cunnan (i.e. it was previously published elsewhere) then there should be a notice at the end of the article giving a source (more details below)

=== Information previously published elsewhere ===
It is ok, and encouraged, for information previously published elsewhere to be included in Cunnan so long as the Author/[[Cunnan:Copyrights|copyright holder]] gave permission and the following message appears at the end of the article: "This article is based on an original article by ''personXYZ''. You can find a copy of the original at ''urlXYZ''." If you have found an article that you think violates this rule then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:34:04Z

Dura59: /* Who wrote a particular article? */

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:33:56Z

Dura59: /* I found information copied from another publication! */

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:33:50Z

Dura59: /* I found an article that only concerns a small group. */

If you need help take a look at the [[Cunnan:Help]] page.

==Who owns this site?==
Depending on your point of view the site is owned either by ''everyone'' or by ''no-one''. Technically, the site is maintained by the [[College of St Monica]] and is served from the http://www.sca.org.au server but its content has been edited by many people from many groups. No one person or organisation can claim ownership of any given article on Cunnan.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found errors in an article, who do I contact?==
It depends on the error, but you generally have two choices:
* You can try to correct the article yourself by going back to it and clicking on the "edit this page" link. You might want to read about [[Cunnan:How does one edit a page|editing]] before you do so.
* Or, If you think someone else should do the fixing, then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop vandals from destroying the site?==
Several things. The comunity can watch for vandals and revert any changes they make. Additionally, [[Cunnan:Administrators|admins]] can block vandals from making edits, and undo any changes a vandal has made with a single mouse click.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop this wiki from becoming a boring stagnant pond?==
Well written and newcomer friendly articles that are updated by regular users. There is nothing wrong with adding humour to an article so long as its to the point and isn't the ''only'' thing an article contains.<br>Since anyone can edit the wiki pages shouldn't ever become stale.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found an article that only concerns a small group.==
When Cunnan first started it was only used by a very small group of people (mostly members of the [[College of St Monica]]). There are still quite a few pages from that time that are only relevant to a few people, but have never been re-written or removed because they don't conflict with what anyone else wants to write.

Also, Cunnan welcomes people from all medieval re-enactment groups - however, most contributors are members of the [[SCA]], so there is a very heavy bias towards SCA relevant information.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found information copied from another publication!==
Or
==Who wrote a particular article?==
The first thing you should do is check the article's history. you can do this by going to the article in question and following the "Page History" link, which should be located at the bottom and side of each page (assuming you have changed you preferences. This will show you a list of all changes to a page and who made them (this is never included in an article itself). If the information in an article wasn't written specifically for Cunnan (i.e. it was previously published elsewhere) then there should be a notice at the end of the article giving a source (more details below)

=== Information previously published elsewhere ===
It is ok, and encouraged, for information previously published elsewhere to be included in Cunnan so long as the Author/[[Cunnan:Copyrights|copyright holder]] gave permission and the following message appears at the end of the article: "This article is based on an original article by ''personXYZ''. You can find a copy of the original at ''urlXYZ''." If you have found an article that you think violates this rule then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:33:11Z

Dura59: /* What's to stop this wiki from becoming a boring stagnant pond? */

If you need help take a look at the [[Cunnan:Help]] page.

==Who owns this site?==
Depending on your point of view the site is owned either by ''everyone'' or by ''no-one''. Technically, the site is maintained by the [[College of St Monica]] and is served from the http://www.sca.org.au server but its content has been edited by many people from many groups. No one person or organisation can claim ownership of any given article on Cunnan.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found errors in an article, who do I contact?==
It depends on the error, but you generally have two choices:
* You can try to correct the article yourself by going back to it and clicking on the "edit this page" link. You might want to read about [[Cunnan:How does one edit a page|editing]] before you do so.
* Or, If you think someone else should do the fixing, then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop vandals from destroying the site?==
Several things. The comunity can watch for vandals and revert any changes they make. Additionally, [[Cunnan:Administrators|admins]] can block vandals from making edits, and undo any changes a vandal has made with a single mouse click.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop this wiki from becoming a boring stagnant pond?==
Well written and newcomer friendly articles that are updated by regular users. There is nothing wrong with adding humour to an article so long as its to the point and isn't the ''only'' thing an article contains.<br>Since anyone can edit the wiki pages shouldn't ever become stale.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found an article that only concerns a small group.==
When Cunnan first started it was only used by a very small group of people (mostly members of the [[College of St Monica]]). There are still quite a few pages from that time that are only relevant to a few people, but have never been re-written or removed because they don't conflict with what anyone else wants to write.

Also, Cunnan welcomes people from all medieval re-enactment groups - however, most contributors are members of the [[SCA]], so there is a very heavy bias towards SCA relevant information.

==I found information copied from another publication!==
Or
==Who wrote a particular article?==
The first thing you should do is check the article's history. you can do this by going to the article in question and following the "Page History" link, which should be located at the bottom and side of each page (assuming you have changed you preferences. This will show you a list of all changes to a page and who made them (this is never included in an article itself). If the information in an article wasn't written specifically for Cunnan (i.e. it was previously published elsewhere) then there should be a notice at the end of the article giving a source (more details below)

=== Information previously published elsewhere ===
It is ok, and encouraged, for information previously published elsewhere to be included in Cunnan so long as the Author/[[Cunnan:Copyrights|copyright holder]] gave permission and the following message appears at the end of the article: "This article is based on an original article by ''personXYZ''. You can find a copy of the original at ''urlXYZ''." If you have found an article that you think violates this rule then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:33:01Z

Dura59: /* What's to stop vandals from destroying the site? */

If you need help take a look at the [[Cunnan:Help]] page.

==Who owns this site?==
Depending on your point of view the site is owned either by ''everyone'' or by ''no-one''. Technically, the site is maintained by the [[College of St Monica]] and is served from the http://www.sca.org.au server but its content has been edited by many people from many groups. No one person or organisation can claim ownership of any given article on Cunnan.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==I found errors in an article, who do I contact?==
It depends on the error, but you generally have two choices:
* You can try to correct the article yourself by going back to it and clicking on the "edit this page" link. You might want to read about [[Cunnan:How does one edit a page|editing]] before you do so.
* Or, If you think someone else should do the fixing, then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop vandals from destroying the site?==
Several things. The comunity can watch for vandals and revert any changes they make. Additionally, [[Cunnan:Administrators|admins]] can block vandals from making edits, and undo any changes a vandal has made with a single mouse click.

<div id="wikitikitavi" style="overflow:auto; height: 1px; ">
[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
</div>

==What's to stop this wiki from becoming a boring stagnant pond?==
Well written and newcomer friendly articles that are updated by regular users. There is nothing wrong with adding humour to an article so long as its to the point and isn't the ''only'' thing an article contains.<br>Since anyone can edit the wiki pages shouldn't ever become stale.

==I found an article that only concerns a small group.==
When Cunnan first started it was only used by a very small group of people (mostly members of the [[College of St Monica]]). There are still quite a few pages from that time that are only relevant to a few people, but have never been re-written or removed because they don't conflict with what anyone else wants to write.

Also, Cunnan welcomes people from all medieval re-enactment groups - however, most contributors are members of the [[SCA]], so there is a very heavy bias towards SCA relevant information.

==I found information copied from another publication!==
Or
==Who wrote a particular article?==
The first thing you should do is check the article's history. you can do this by going to the article in question and following the "Page History" link, which should be located at the bottom and side of each page (assuming you have changed you preferences. This will show you a list of all changes to a page and who made them (this is never included in an article itself). If the information in an article wasn't written specifically for Cunnan (i.e. it was previously published elsewhere) then there should be a notice at the end of the article giving a source (more details below)

=== Information previously published elsewhere ===
It is ok, and encouraged, for information previously published elsewhere to be included in Cunnan so long as the Author/[[Cunnan:Copyrights|copyright holder]] gave permission and the following message appears at the end of the article: "This article is based on an original article by ''personXYZ''. You can find a copy of the original at ''urlXYZ''." If you have found an article that you think violates this rule then you should leave a note on the [[Cunnan:Village pump|Village pump]].

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:32:51Z

Dura59: /* I found errors in an article, who do I contact? */

Cunnan:FAQ

2005-11-05T10:32:41Z

Dura59: /* Who owns this site? */

Maille

2005-11-05T10:32:39Z

Dura59: /* Manufacture */

'''Maille''' is the [[period]]-correct term for what is commonly known as ''"chainmail"'' in modern times. Maille is made of many interlocking [[metal]] rings, and one of the most common forms of [[armour]] was the maille [[hauberk]].

== Manufacture ==

In [[Europe]], the 1-to-4 pattern was almost completely dominant, with 1-to-6 being seen very rarely. In [[East Asia]] (primarily [[Japan]]), chainmail was also common, but here several more patterns were utilized and an entire nomenclature developed around them. In the [[Middle East]], yet other patterns were developed and often combined with metal plates linked in with the rings.

Historically, the rings composing a chainmail [[armour]] would be riveted or welded shut, to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to a thrusting attack or a hit by an [[arrow]].

In modern [[re-enactment]] and [[live-action roleplaying]] games, split sprung [[steel]] washers are sometimes used. Usually a two pairs of pliers are used to bend the washers open and closed whilst "knitting" the chainmail. The resulting mail is usually heavier than traditional wire-wound mail.

Members of the [[New Varangian Guard]] make their maille from spring steel rings. By using spring steel, you can use a finer gauge of wire and still retain strength. However, for truly tough and light maille, you cannot go past riveted maille.

In the [[SCA]], you will find people whose skill at making historically accurate mail varies right across the spectrum; from amateur to true artisan.

[[category:armour]]

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[[http://WTHP1.coolhost.biz] [WTHPD1]]
[http://WTHP2.coolhost.biz WTHPD2]
[[http://WTHP3.coolhost.biz | WTHPD3]]
[http://WTHP4.coolhost.biz | WTHPD4]
[WTHPD5 | http://WTHP5.coolhost.biz]
[[http://WTHP6.coolhost.biz WTHPD6]]
[[WTHPD7|http://WTHP7.coolhost.biz]]
http://WTHP8.coolhost.biz
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