Harold Godwinsson

2007-10-25T19:21:11Z

72.32.53.153:

calilit
'''Harold Godwinsson''', was born ca. 1022. His reign lasted from 5 January 1066 to 14 October 1066, when he was killed at the [[Battle of Hastings]].

Harold's father was Godwin, the powerful [[Earl]] of [[Wessex]], and thus he was grandson to Wulfnoth Cild, [[Thegn]] of [[Sussex]]. Godwin married twice, first to Thyra Sveinsdï¿½ttir (994 - 1018), a daughter of Sweyn I of [[Denmark]], who was [[King]] of Denmark, of [[Norway]], and of [[England]]. His second wife was Gytha Thorkelsdï¿½ttir, who was a granddaughter to the legendary [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[viking]] Styrbjï¿½rn Starke and great-granddaughter to [[Harold Bluetooth]], King of [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], father of Sweyn I. This second marriage resulted in the birth of two sons Harold and Tostig Godwinsson, and a sister Edith of Wessex (1020 - 1075) who was [[Queen consort]] of [[Edward the Confessor]].

Created [[Earl]] of East Anglia in 1045, Harold was sent, with his father Godwin, into exile in 1051, for leading opposition to [[Edward the Confessor|King Edward]] but helped him to regain his position by force of arms a year later. When Godwin died in 1053, Harold succeeded him as earl of [[Wessex]] (a province at that time covering the southernmost third of England), which made him the second most powerful figure in England after the king.

When Edward's nephew (also an Edward) was located in Hungary (he was in exile ever since the time of Canute), he was recalled, arriving back in 1057, as a possible counter-weight to Harold's vaulting ambitions. However ''Edward the Exile'' died mysteriously within weeks. He left a four-year-old son, Edgar, but Edward was compelled to declare that, were he to die before Edgar was of age, Harold Godwinsson should be his [[regent]].

In 1058 Harold also became Earl of [[Hereford]], and he replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing [[Norman]] influence in England under the restored [[Saxon]] monarchy of [[Edward the Confessor]], who had spent more than a quarter of a century in exile in [[Normandy]].

Harold sought glory in a series of campaigns, between 1062 and 1063 against the ruler of [[Gwynedd]] in [[Wales]], Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, who had conquered all of [[Wales]]; this conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat (and death at the hands of his own troops) in 1063. Around 1064, Harold married [[Edith of the Swan-Neck|Edith]], daughter of the Earl of [[Mercia]], who was also the former wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. By Harold, Edith had two sons - possibly twins - named Harold and Ulf, both of whom survived into adulthood and probably ended their lives in exile. Harold entered into this marriage (which amassed even more power for him) despite that fact that, by the Danish law then pertinent, he was already married to Ealdgyth or Edith, known as the "swan-neck", by whom he had several (possibly 5) children.

In 1065 Harold supported a rebellion against his brother [[Tostig Godwinsson|Tostig]], Earl of Northumbria, who was replaced by Morcar. This strengthened Harold's acceptability as Edward's successor, but fatally divided his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with [[Harald Hardrada]], [[King]] of [[Norway]].

At about the same time, King [[Edward the Confessor|Edward]] had sent Harold as his envoy to Normandy, and to its duke, William, to whom Edward had promised the English throne some 10 years earlier, impressed by the [[Norman]] skill of government. In the course of his visit (which began with shipwreck) Harold swore on holy [[relic]]s to uphold William's right to succeed (although he was later, whilst acknowledging the oath, to say that it had been given under duress and without knowledge of the relics -- a mere spoken promise).

Upon Edward the Confessor's death (on 5 January 1066), however, Harold ignored both William and Edgar's respective claims, as closest blood-kin of the dead king, and, claiming that Edward had promised him the crown on his deathbed, he compelled the Witenagemot (the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables) to approve him for coronation as king, which then took place on the following day.

However, the country was invaded, by both Harald of Norway and [[William the Conqueror|William]], [[Duke]] of [[Normandy]]. The first argued that he had an hereditary right (and a strong enough army) to govern [[England]]. William also claimed that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had perjured himself of his recent oath.

Invading what is now Yorkshire in September, 1066, [[Harald Hardrada]] and Tostig defeated the English [[earl]]s, Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria, at the [[Battle of Fulford]] near [[York]] (on September 20), but were in turn defeated and slain by Harold's army five days later at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] (September 25).

Harold now forced his army to march 240 miles to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7000 men in [[Sussex]] in southern England three days later, on 28 September. Harold established his army in hastily built earthworks near Hastings. The two armies clashed near Hastings on 14 October, where after a hard fight Harold was killed and his forces routed. <br>
Harold's wife, Edith of the Swan-neck, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark (the face being destroyed) known only to herself.

Harold did have one lasting effect on history: his illegitimate daughter, Gytha of [[Wessex]], married Vladimir Monomakh, the Grand Duke of the Kievan Rus', and is ancestor to several Russian rulers. Consequently the Russian Orthodox Church has recently recognised Harold as a [[martyr]] with October 14 as his feast day.

A [[Saxon]] cult of hero worship rose around Harold (as a focus of anti-[[Norman]] sentiment) and by the 12th century legend said that Harold had indeed survived the battle, had spent two years in Winchester after the battle recovering from his wounds, and then had traveled to Germany where he spent years wandering as a [[pilgrimage|pilgrim]]. As an old man he was supposed to have returned to England and lived as a hermit in a cave near Dover. As he lay dying, he had confessed that although he went by the name of Christian, he had been born Harold Godwinsson. Various versions of this story persisted throughout the Middle Ages, and have little claim to fact.

<center>
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Preceded by:<br>[[Edward the Confessor]]
</td>
<td width = 40% align = center>
[[English Monarchs]]
</td>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Succeeded by:<br>[[William the Conqueror]]
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</table>
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This has been adapted from material from Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson], with additions from a variety of sources including '''Ashley''', ''British Kings and Queens'' (2002) Constable & Robinson.

[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]
[[category:11th century]]
[[category:people (medieval)]]

Flaumpens (recipe)

2007-10-25T19:08:57Z

72.32.53.153:

celbasa
== Period Recipe ==
From the [[Forme of Cury]].
:'''''FLAUMPENS''. XX.IX. IIII.'''

:Take fat Pork ysode. pyke it clene. grynde it smale. grynde Chese & do þerto. wiþ sugur and gode powdours. make a coffyn of an ynche depe. and do þis fars þerin. make a thynne foile of gode past & kerue out þeroff smale ''poyntes''. frye hem ''in fars''. & bake it up &c.

=== Notes ===
* ''Flaumpeyns''. ''Flaumpens'', Contents. V. No. 113.
* ''Points'', seems the same as ''Prews'', No. 176.
* ''in fars'', f. ''in the fars''; and yet the Fars is disposed of before; ergo quære.

== Modern Recipe ==
[[Image:Flaumpens.jpg]] [[Image:Flaumpens2.jpg]]
=== Ingredients ===
* 750 g [[Pork]], chopped small (not ground)
* 3 [[Egg]] Yolks, had boiled
* 2 tsp [[Galingal]] ground
* 1/2 tsp [[salt]]
* 1 1/2 cups grated [[cheddar cheese]]

* one 8 inch x 2 inch deep dish pie crust with lid

=== Method ===
# Fry pork and add spices and crushed eggs yolks
# Blind bake the bottom of the pie crust at 220 C for 15 minutes
# Put pork into crust and put grated cheese on top. Add lid and bake at 190 C for 20 minutes or until golden brown.

YiS <br>
Gwynfor Lwyd

== Notes ==
The historical version of this recipe was taken from the [[Project Gutenberg]] e-text of the [[Forme of Cury]].

[[Category:Forme of Cury]][[Category:Recipes]][[Category:VicCG]][[Category:VicCG-Gwynfor]]

Galingale

2007-10-25T19:08:39Z

72.32.53.153: /* See Also */

getlierro
'''Galigale''' (''Cyperus Longus''), also called galangal, is a hardy perennial plant, whose root is used in cooking, often as a [[ginger]] substitute. When cultivating galingale prefers moist soil in a sunny position.

As a medicinal [[herb]] galingale was used as a diuretic and as a stimulant added to [[wine]].

basvaracv
==See Also==

===Recipes using galingale===

* [[Sawse madame (recipe)|Sawse madame]]
* [[Crustardes of flessh (recipe)|Crustardes of flessh]]
* [[Flaumpens (recipe)|Flaumpens]]

===Period references===

* [[Galingale (Askham)|Galingale according to Askham's Herbal]]

[[Category:spices]]

Talk:Harold Godwinson

2007-10-25T19:08:21Z

72.32.53.153:

olodro
I have reverted the last edit on the grounds that the English throne was usurped on several occasions, but that Harold, as a former exile, and oath-breaker, thereby placed himself in a category well above the others, most of whom were opportunists who could argue that they acted in the name of short-term stability.--[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 09:20, 15 Jul 2005 (CDT)

Galingale

2007-10-25T19:08:07Z

72.32.53.153:

getlierro
'''Galigale''' (''Cyperus Longus''), also called galangal, is a hardy perennial plant, whose root is used in cooking, often as a [[ginger]] substitute. When cultivating galingale prefers moist soil in a sunny position.

As a medicinal [[herb]] galingale was used as a diuretic and as a stimulant added to [[wine]].

==See Also==

===Recipes using galingale===

* [[Sawse madame (recipe)|Sawse madame]]
* [[Crustardes of flessh (recipe)|Crustardes of flessh]]
* [[Flaumpens (recipe)|Flaumpens]]

===Period references===

* [[Galingale (Askham)|Galingale according to Askham's Herbal]]

[[Category:spices]]

Harold Godwinson

2007-10-25T19:05:07Z

72.32.53.153:

letoroerchit
#REDIRECT[[Harold Godwinsson]]

Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Harold Godwinsson

Flaumpens (recipe)

Galingale

Talk:Harold Godwinson

Galingale

Harold Godwinson