Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Eleanor of Castile

2007-10-03T09:06:28Z

209.198.142.10:

basgetsit
[[Image:Elencast.jpg|right]]
'''Eleanor of Castile''' (1244-1290) was the first [[queen consort]] of [[Edward I]] of [[England]]. Eleanor was born in [[Castile]], [[Spain]], the daughter of [[Ferdinand III]], [[King]] of Castile and [[Leon]]. Her given [[name]] was Leonor (she was called Eleanor in England). She [[marriage|married]] Edward, the son of [[Henry III]] of [[England]], in October 1254 at Burgos and became [[queen]] in 1272 when his father died and he became king. Theirs was one of the most successful [[royal]] marriages of all time, and she often accompanied her husband on his military campaigns, giving [[birth]] to his fourth son (later King [[Edward II]] of [[England]]) at Caernarfon in 1284, immediately after the conquest of [[Wales]]. She gave birth to sixteen children all told, six of whom survived into adulthood, but only two or three of whom outlived their parents.

Eleanor died on November 28, 1290, at [[Nottingham]] (believed actually Harby, Nottinghamshire rather than the city), and her body was returned to [[London]] for burial at [[Westminster Abbey]]. Such was Edward's devotion to her that he erected [[memorial cross]]es at each overnight stop. Three of these "[[Eleanor cross]]es" are still landmarks today, although the most famous at [[Charing Cross]] (from which its name derives) is a copy. He did not remarry for nine years, to Margaret of [[France]], in 1299.

The locations of the 12 crosses were as follows: [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], [[Grantham]], [[Stamford]], [[Geddington]], [[Northampton]], [[Stony Stratford]], [[Woburn]], [[Dunstable]], [[St. Albans]], [[Waltham]], [[Westcheap]], and [[Charing Cross|Charing]].

'''Children of Queen Eleanor and King Edward I :'''
#[[Eleanor of England|Eleanor]] -- (17 June 1264 - 12 October 1297) married (1) Alfonso III of Aragon, (2) Henry, [[Count]] of Bar
#Joan -- (1265 - <7 September 1265) [[burial|buried]] in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#John -- (<10 July 1266 - 3 August 1271) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Henry -- (13 July 1267 - 14 October 1274) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Katherine (or Julian) -- (1271 - 5 September 1271) died shortly after birth in [[Israel]]
#Joan of Acre -- (1272 - 23 April 1307) married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 3rd [[Earl]] of Gloucester and 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph de Morthermer, Earl of Gloucester & Hertford
#Alphonso -- (24 November 1273 - 19 August 1284) Earl of Chester, buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Margaret -- (11 September 1275 - 1318) married [[John II of Brabant|John II]], Duke of Brabant
#Berengaria -- (1276 - ~1279) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Mary -- (11 March 1278 - <8 July 1332) nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire (England)
#Isabella -- (1279 - 1279)
#Alice -- (12 March 1280 - 1291)
#Elizabeth -- (August 1282 - 5 May 1316) married (1) John I, Count of [[Holland]] & Zeeland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex
#Edward -- (25 April 1284 - 21 September 1327) became [[Edward II]] of [[England]], married Isabella of [[France]]
#Beatrice -- (~1286 - ~1286) died shortly after birth in [[Aquitaine]], [[France]]
#Blanche -- (1290 - 1290)
<hr>
For completeness:

"'''Eleanor of Castile'''" was the name of one queen consort of [[England]] (''as above'') and three queens consort of parts of what is now [[Spain]]:

*Eleanor of Castile (1202-1244), queen consort of Aragon: daughter of [[Alfonso VIII]] of Castile; wife of [[James I]] of Aragon
*Eleanor of Castile (131x-1359), queen consort of Aragon: daughter of [[Ferdinand IV]] of Castile; wife of [[Alfonso IV]] of Aragon
*Eleanor of Castile (136x-1416), queen consort of [[Navarre]]: daughter of [[Henry II]] of Castile; wife of [[Charles III]] of Navarre; mother of [[Blanche of Navarre]]
<hr>
''Originally taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile''

[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]

London

2007-10-03T09:06:16Z

209.198.142.10:

acc4toloel
'''London''' was to all intents and purposes founded by the [[Roman]]s, when Claudius sent his legions to conquer the island of [[Britain|Brittania]] (as the Romans eventually called it). There may have been a native settlement there before, but it was almost certainly not called anything like London, nor did it have especial significance.

As Londinium it was the capital of the Roman province, until Brittania was sub-divided later. When the Romans left it appears to have carried on, for some time, because later records and archaeology point to a trading station just outside the western gates of the Roman city, at a suitable point for beaching [[ship]]s. This later became known as the Ald-wich or "old city", when the Roman city was reinvested by native [[king]]s, who doubtless found the semi-tumbled Roman walls useful.

[[Saxon]] kings ruled from here, when they weren't somewhere else in their kingdom, and [[William the Conqueror|William]] (the Bastard, of [[Normandy]]) built a [[Norman]] [[keep]] here which still exists as the [[White Tower]] within the [[Tower of London]].

The main seat of government, however, migrated out of the commercial hub of London proper, upriver about 2 miles to the isle of Thorney where [[monk]]s had built a [[cathedral]], the [[Westminster Abbey|West Minster]]. A hall was built here for the King, and around it grew the [[Palace]] of Westminster.

[[Category:Cities (medieval)]]

Cunnan:Village pump

2007-10-03T09:05:44Z

209.198.142.10:

rolouli
In [[Medieval]] [[village]]s people would gather at the '''Village Pump''' to discuss those items that were important to their lives. On [[Cunnan]] the Village Pump serves a similar purpose: Giving users a place to meet and discuss current events, policy and content.
----

== Announcements ==
* Some of the old Village pump articles have been moved to save space:
** [[Cunnan:Old Village pump discussions (moved 2003)|Moved during 2003]]
** [[Cunnan:Old Village pump discussions (moved 2004)|Moved during 2004]]
** [[Cunnan:Old Village pump discussions (moved 2005)|Moved during 2005]]
** [[Cunnan:Old Village pump discussions (moved 2006)|Moved during 2006]]

== Topics ==

=== Content on Wikipedia ===

Those who remember when Cunnan appeared on a list of sites who used Wikipedia data incorrectly will be amused to note that several Cunnan pages have been transported to Wikipedia. Branle, trobar ric and pastourelle among others have all been taken across. In fact their page on the Branle was not correctly attributed. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 11:28, 26 April 2007 (EST)

=== Instrumental Music ===
I'm sure most SCA performers memorize their music in the best traditional fashion, but for anyone who doesn't have frequent contact with other ''jongleurs'' I have suggested on the [http://cunnan.sca.org.au/wiki/Talk:Instrumental_music Instrumental music] page that it might be helpful to post music in abc notation because
* it is human-readable with a little practice
* there is an extensive software base to produce hardcopy, edit, and play MIDI renderings
* there is already a huge resource of music in abc notation readily available
--[[User:64.9.120.91|64.9.120.91]] 00:32, 1 April 2007 (EST) aka [http://360.yahoo.com/kittybriton Kittybriton]

=== Spam flood ===
As anyone who looked at [[Special:Recentchanges]] today probably noticed Cunnan was the target of a group of spam bots who touched a large number of pages. The domain the bots were spamming has now been added to the antispam filter.

I've been through all the touched pages and have edited and saved the most recent useable version of each. Unfortunately, the spam bots unwittingly hit a bug in the software which means that the the page revisions before each of their edits have most probably been corrupted. If anyone feels like spending an hour helping to cleanup then they should go through my edits for the day and check that the page revision I restored each article to was optimal (i.e. the second most recent revision in most cases).

Cunnan's software has been upgraded so that the database corruption wont occur again even if the spam bots return.
[[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 23:35, 8 Oct 2005 (CDT)

* Hmm, it just happened again. I believe I have got rid of the spam, but it was done using multiple "machines" so it wasn't worth my time blocking everyone. Also some pages were hit multiple times. Rollback only works for the last action on the page, including rollbacks, so some of the fixes had to be edits. Nasty! I understand Tobin's problems the first time. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 09:53, 22 Oct 2005 (CDT)
** Three cheers for Cian! Thanks for doing the dirty work Cian, the fact that you and Tobin have done this is much appreciated. Given that this is the second time this has happened maybe it's time that we adopted a policy of only allowing editing for people who have logged in. It's not a foolproof defence I know, and it makes us feel less welcoming, but it would save a lot of aggravation. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 20:55, 22 Oct 2005 (CDT)
*** The most nasty wiki spam bots use a mixture of accounts and anonymous edits (the attack today and the first major attack are both examples of this). Forcing people to register only inconveniences humans. I've updated the anti spam filter to include the <nowiki><div></nowiki> id that the recent spam attacks have all included. Hopefully this will catch future attacks from this bot. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 04:57, 5 Nov 2005 (CST)
*** The two attacks I have "cleaned up" today all targetted the same files but the second one created blank pages. I wonder if they were doing so for a purpose? I blocked the repeating URLs which sometimes actually used a username. [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 19:40, 11 Dec 2005 (CST)
**** I've added some things from today's spam flood to the anti spam filter. If things stop working someone should tell me. -- [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 05:51, 12 Dec 2005 (CST)

*FYI the [[France]] page is currently showing up as uneditable due to the spam filter --[[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 02:41, 8 Dec 2005 (CST)
** I know, I'll remove ''that site'' from the anti spam filter when I've got time to do a general cleanup -- [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 05:51, 12 Dec 2005 (CST)

*I'm getting sick of not being able to properly use the word special-ist (without the hyphen) because it includes cial-is (without the hyphen). I seem to use the word (and it's relatives) quite a bit. Is there any way we can still exclude the pharaceutical (because that trick is working nicely thankyou), but allow certain words that contain it? special-ist special-ism, special-ists, special-istic etc. [[User:Tiff|Tiff]]
** Oops, my bad. I'll change the anti spam filter to require a non-letter character on either side for a match. Should happen after I'm back from work today. Have people noticed any other false positives? -- [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 13:15, 12 Jan 2006 (CST)
*** Should be fixed now. The new rule for c*alis is '''<nowiki>[^A-Za-z]c*alis[^A-Za-z]</nowiki>''' (with the * replaced by the appropriate letter of course). -- [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 01:43, 13 Jan 2006 (CST)

* I was unable to add a link to the Bordescros website hosted by www . freewebs . com / bordescros because of the spam filter. Can this be made an exception please.--[[User:MasterWill|MasterWill]] 06:49, 16 Mar 2006 (CST)
** I've removed freewebs from the spam filter. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 00:15, 24 Mar 2006 (CST)

* Not quite a flood this time, but the same pages have been attacked by the same sort of spam from various different "users". Is there anyway we can combat that sort of spam (other than the manual power of moderator's fingers) ? I have been banning the users for 2 weeks, but it really is pointless if they just come back with a new "name" the next day. Is it possible to prevent people/bots using usernames that are in the format of URLs (eg. 218.53.104.2)? - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 08:49, 23 Jun 2006 (EST)

* I've just enabled two things that should help reduce the amount of spam we're getting. The first is proxy blocking using [http://www.au.sorbs.net/ SORBS]. This may catch a few legitimate users but that's unlikely (and if it does, well, they shouldn't be accessing the internet via an open proxy anyway). The second is [[wikipedia:Captcha|Captcha]]s for any edit which adds a URL to a page or changes an existing URL. For the time being the captchas are simple maths problems, e.g. "38 - 6 =" or "12 + 0 =". I'm going to e-mail [[User:Del|Del]] about the possibility of having the software required for image captchas installed on chiara (Cunnan's server). There may still be a few spammers which get through but this will stop the stupider bots and most non-humans. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 19:39, 22 July 2006 (EST)
** Just a minor thing about Captcha; when you come to the maths problem, and there's a link that should point to some information about why it's there/what it is, the link is broken. I think this is because it's supposed to be linking to the wikipedia article, but instead it's linking to cunnan?
- [[User:Asfridhr|Asfridhr, who has been too lazy to log in.]]

===Protected Pages===

*I have just protected a couple of pages that have been repeatedly hiit by a spambot. These pages are [[woman]] and [[convent]]. I will try to remember to remove the protection once that particular spambot has given up. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 22:22, 25 Jun 2006 (EST)

===Branle Dance Broken===

I've found that the page for the Branle dance is broken, both from searching for it and from the link for the dance page.

:[[branle]] looks fine to me. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 22:17, 25 Jun 2006 (EST)

I have tried it again and it's still not working. Specifically, I'm getting this error:

A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last
attempted database query was:

(SQL query hidden)

from within function "MediaWikiBagOStuff:_doquery". MySQL returned error "1062: Duplicate entry
'cunnan:messages:Currentevents' for key 1 (localhost)".

I am using Mozilla Firefox, the latest version (if that might make a difference).

*I can't interpret the technical stuff (I'll leave that to others, who i hope will log in soon), but it's working fine for me too, on a recent version of firefox. Maybe this is a timing issue - [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] and I are in the same timezone, and may be logging in a quieter time of day than you useage-wise. Have you checked 10 minutes, or even an hour later? We've had occasional errors related to server overuse.[[User:Tiff|Tiff]] 19:15, 27 Jun 2006 (EST)

=== Software Upgrade ===
Cunnan has been upgrade to version 1.6.8 of the Mediawiki software. If anything appears broken or acts weirdly mention it here so that someone can look at it. It's worth noting that there have been major changes to the database including conversion to UTF-8 encoding. This should have worked but some special characters may be messed up. You can help Cunnan by fixing them as you find them. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 19:12, 12 July 2006 (EST)

:All the unusual characters are out. I know that you've changed a couple of the AE ligatures on AEthelmearc, but there are lots of other characters such as the Forme of Cury recipes, and the Exeter Book riddles. I seem to recall last time this happened you were able to do a fix without editing every single item. Any chance of doing that again? [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 22:46, 12 July 2006 (EST)
::No, sadly, the newer version of the software requires the database to be in UTF-8. I'm at a loss as to why the conversion didn't work. I'm going to have another look at it in the morning but I'm not sure if it can be easily fixed. If it can't be then will just have to bite the bullet and fix problem pages manually. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 23:21, 12 July 2006 (EST)
:::Congrats on the upgrade! I hope you'll now be able to implement some of the extensions that help to address the wikispam issues. At mine, we ended up simply having to force a confirmed email address before editing, which unfortunately meant no anon edit at all, but since they only account for 1% of our contributions (besides spam) we went ahead with the plan. As far as you UTF-8 issue, I think it either has to do with PHP or with going from an early 1.4 version all the way to 1.6 in a single jump. I'm also working on the rest of the kingdom devices and their populace badges where I can. --[[User:ThorgrimrGunnarrsson|Thorgrimr of Dragonsspine]] 11:11, 13 July 2006 (EST)
: Why don't we just change them all to the accented letters etc to the &; forms, e.g. Æ and è They are charset independent. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 16:34, 13 July 2006 (EST)

=== Navigation links ===
The links in the sidebar to [[Current events]] and [[Cunnan:Site support]] aren't used for much at present. Does anyone have a suggestion for something they might be replaced with? I might send Del an e-mail asking if collecting donations to go towards the cost of hosting is possible. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 13:49, 13 July 2006 (EST)

=== weird characters ===
Hiya after a long time. I noticed on two pages, I was getting something weird - black diamonds with question marks in them. I believe in both cases they took the place of special charchters, like an e with an accent mark on top of it. I am using Firefox. [[User:Sabine|Sabine]] 06:19, 28 July 2006 (EST)
:Known problem. The database should have been converted to UTF-8 during the most recent upgrade but something went wrong. I haven't had time to try and fix it yet. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 11:41, 28 July 2006 (EST)

=== Content police :^) ===
I believe that one of the [[Cunnan:What isn't Cunnan|policies]] for [[Cunnan]] is that it is not to be used by groups as an archive that their own webpages/newsgroups can't manage. Therefore I am watching the pages for [[Bloodstone Keep Origins Ch 1]] and [[Bloodstone Keep Origins Ch 2]]. If too many of these sort of pages occur, we might have to make a policy edict about them. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 09:46, 10 August 2006 (EST)
:As they currently read the Bloodstone pages are OK, in my opinion. As long as they are only documenting events that have happened I don't think it's an issue. Planning events or using Cunnan as a genreal archive would be out though. The articles should probably be merged under a better title though. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 13:48, 14 August 2006 (EST)
:I'm not sure about these articles. They don't strike me as conforming to either the style or the content standards we should have in place here. I respectfully suggest that "Bloodstone Keep Origins" should more appropriately be an off-site webpage with links from the [[Bloodstone Keep]] article. [[User:Paul Matisz|Paul Matisz]] 09:57. 21 August 2006 (EST).
::As far as style goes, I agree with you. It is my own personal bias, but I think that Cunnan should aim for neutral point of view, non-personal accounts. I personally think that this level of content is great. I would love to see this much detail on every SCA group. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 23:29, 19 October 2006 (EST)

===Page of the Month===
You know, I think we could do with a new pages of the month.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 14:30, 7 October 2006 (EST)
:I agree, but what one?--[[User:ThorgrimrGunnarrsson|Thorgrimr of Dragonsspine]] 23:41, 7 October 2006 (EST)

:You can always add new proposed pages to [[Cunnan:Page of the Month]] (see bottom section). As to editting the actual [[Main Page]], it just needs us mods to get to action since we are the only ones who can change it. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]]

Sorry I haven't been updating it. I promise that if nobody else does anything I'll get to it for November. In the meantime, like Cian says, please put any good pages you see (or write) on the [[Cunnan:Page of the Month]] page. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 23:23, 19 October 2006 (EST)

===How Do I ... ?===
"create" a Category ?
We have a number of "wanted" ones, which could probably do with some attention, especially as the "wanted" ones show up on the list of "categories" without a hint that they are, in fact, inchoate ?? -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 19:10, 16 October 2006 (EST)
: I don't quite follow you, but I'll try and answer your query. If you edit the category to give it a possible description, then it will be able to show you what articles have been placed in that category. If that description is no longer accurate once you see the category's members, then either change the description or change what is in the category.
:If you want to start a brand new category, just put [[[[:category:NEWCATEGORYNAME]]]] somewhere on a page that is a suitable member for the new category. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 11:35, 17 October 2006 (EST)
:: Fine, so it's just a matter of ''describing'' the category. Good, can do that. Thanks, Cian. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]

===Proposed genocide===
Arising out of the above (and an attempt to do some categorising of my own work (thanks, [[User: Cian]] and others for your help in times past -- as you know them better than I, please continue) I have noticed that we have a goodly number of categories with only 1 article in them, and I was proposing to carry out a cull, especially targeting those where the category and the article are, effectivly, the same thing. Given that what I do, a more experienced admin can reverse, does anyone want to stop me before I start, or shall I hack away (discreetly) and allow restoration as wiser heads see fit ? -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 22:05, 20 October 2006 (EST)
: Not everything needs to be in a category. Personally, I think that there are too many, and some pages should not be in a super- and a sub-category , e.g. [[:category:people (medieval)]] and [[:category:monarchs (medieval)]]. So you have my secular blessing if it makes you comfortable. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 17:10, 23 October 2006 (EST)
::I disagree on the category/sub-category thing. If I am looking for weapons for example, I would like to have the opportunity to narrow it to pole weapons, or archery for example, should I wish. Sub-categories provide opportunities for finding articles more readily and also to include more inclusive article groupings.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 09:47, 27 October 2006 (EST)
:::I meant that [[William the Conqueror]] should be in [[:category:monarchs (medieval)]] but not also in [[:category:people (medieval)]], which the monarchs category is also a sub-category of. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 09:55, 27 October 2006 (EST)
::::If someone is browsing for people in the 11th century, but fails to find the monarchs category they will miss an important part of the people of the medieval era if they are grouped separately. Classification begins a the top and branches down in an inclusive, nor exclusive manner.eg genus/species, IMHO.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 09:59, 27 October 2006 (EST)
:::::Well, I've started the process anyway, and will csrry it through as best I can. -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]]
::New one... [[:category:cooking|category:cooking]] and [[:category:food|category:food]], which one should be a subcategory of the other? Does it matter? Should they both be each other's subcategory? What about [[:category:recipes|category:recipes]]? - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 11:35, 22 November 2006 (EST)
:::I believe that cooking should be a subcategory of food (as not all food needs to be cooked but cooking always involves food), and recipes should be a subcategory of cooking.--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 16:44, 22 November 2006 (EST)
ON an allied topic, I note that the category "people - modern" includes both mudane and SCA identities. Is it worth opening a category: "people -- personae" to distinguish ? Or is that too much faff ? -- [[User:Simoncursitor|Simoncursitor]] 00:49, 30 November 2006 (EST)

=== Definition of category:people (medieval) ===
Umm, so now we are deciding that the [[medieval]] world ends at 1500? I'm afraid that that date is as vague as saying when the [[Renaissance]] starts. I think that we need 3 or 4 main categories: people (ancient)= -600AD; people (medieval) or people (period) = 600-1600AD ; people (modern) or people (post-period) = 1600AD -. I have no problem with the term medieval being used for the entire [[SCA]] [[period]] for the purpose of this category. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 11:54, 26 February 2007 (EST)
* There are many and varied viewpoints on when the end of the Middle Ages occurs. However, IIRC not one goes past 1517 as the end of the High Middle Ages (many have it ending during the middle of the 15th century). If Cunnan is meant to be a reference, then it should follow the standard definitions. Are we intending to change the definitions of other terms in order to provide further confusion to readers--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 17:15, 26 February 2007 (EST)
* Well, what I was trying to indicate was that I really don't care if people were from the middle ages or the renaissance. I just want to know if they were pre-period, in period, post-period or SCA/recreationist and I would like the categories to match that. While yes, Cunnan is trying to not just be an SCA reference, it does at least have a formally defined finishing date for its concept of "period". The conventional "epoch/era" terms don't. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 10:07, 27 February 2007 (EST)
**Well there are over a hundred pages categorised as people (medieval) that would need to be changed to people (period). I think it would be easier if we gave a definitive time frame for these times periods instead. It would certainly be much more expedient. How about 500-1500 Medieval, 1500-1750 Early Modern, 1750-1800 Industrial Revolution, 1800-Present Modern?--[[User:User 144|User 144]] 16:20, 27 February 2007 (EST)

===What do to with [[:Category:people (SCA)]]?===
I recently redirected [[:category:people - modern]] to [[:category:people (modern)]]. In the middle of donig this, I realized that most of the articles listed under this category are actually personal bios of people within the SCA. I then made [[:category:people (SCA)]]. In the middle of doing ''that'' I realized that [[:category:people (SCA)]] may be against what Cunnan is for:
::First and foremost, Cunnan should only be used for information that in some way relates to re-enactment of the period roughly between 600AD and 1600AD. Other information does not belong on Cunnan (e.g. Blogging, Advertising and debates).

So if this is the case, should all articles in [[:category:people (SCA)]] be removed? Or should it be simply culled to include notable SCA folks? --[[User:Sarah Van Der Goes|Sarah Van Der Goes]] 03:31, 29 June 2007 (EST)

* I believe some of those SCA people pages are there because they either<br>
# talk about people of note in the history of the SCA<br>
# talk about people of note according to the editors of Cunnan<br>
# talk about people of note according to [[Stormhold]], [[Krae Glas]] and the [[College of St. Monica]], the historical editors/creators of Cunnan.<br>
Sometimes, one person may meet all three of those criteria. The main point here is that whether we like it or not, Cunnan is very heavily tilted towards providing background info on how the SCA is run and that includes basic information on and history of the branches. That in turn mentions the names of "famous" people, like [[Cariadoc of the Bow]]. While the issue of who is "famous" is subjective, we obviously don't want to have a page for every SCA monarch there ever was, but some may have done amazing or notorious things that are worth writing about.<br>
- [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 10:06, 29 June 2007 (EST)

:I'm inclined to back Cian on this one. Having written some of the articles on notable [[Ealdormere|Ealdormereans]], I think a good criteria for having a Cunnan article should be a notable and ''lasting'' impact on the Society, at the Kingdom level at least. Having an award named after you, or an event, or starting something important (i.e. [[Cariadoc of the Bow]] starting the first [[Pennsic]]) or have who have contributed a huge volume of work to the Society (i.e. [[Cariadoc of the Bow]], for everything he's done ''since'' starting Pennsic). Just being in a Household, or because you're a friend of a Cunnan contributor, or something like that probably shouldn't qualify you for a Cunnan article. But if it's someone like Duke Sir [[Finnvarr de Taahe|Finnvarr]], a [[triple peer]] with four decades of notable contributions to several Kingdoms, then yes, they probably deserve a couple of paragraphs. [[User:Paul Matisz|Paul Matisz]] 28-06-07, 23:15EDT.
::This is fine with me. I'm very new to the SCA so I don't know many of the "famous" members that you all know. What I'm saying is I'm the worst person to try and cull down the amount of [[:category:people (SCA)]] entries to include notables only. Would either of you, or anyone else like to take a shot? Or shall we leave it to grow until it gets out of control? --[[User:Sarah Van Der Goes|Sarah Van Der Goes]] 01:07, 30 June 2007 (EST)
:::Yeah, I just took a quick look at some of the entries in the category, and I'd definitely say there needs to be a purge. Unfortunately, I'm leaving for the [[Trillium War]] in about twenty minutes, so I won't be able to do much about it until about next week. Most of these articles are [[ego piece]]s, and have no actual value in the database. Just for an example [[Thorbjorn Osis Brandsson]] is a ''good'' article, while [[Pustulio]] strikes me as being somewhat outside the tone we're trying to strike here. [[User: Paul Matisz]] 13:38 EDT, 29-06-07.
:::: I finally got around to killing all the "ego piece" articles. There are now surprisingly few articles on notable SCAdians in the category. I do apologize to the good gentles of [[Arrowsreach]] and the [[College of St. Monica]], but most of the articles I deleted were about minor SCAdians from those areas. While I'm sure they're lovely people who contribute greatly to the SCA, I don't think that Cunnan is the place for the posting of in-jokes and friendly ribbing. Certain other articles were amended with a not requesting clarification of the SCAdian's contribution. As I have said before, bios in the People (SCA) category ought to be those who have made a major and long-term contribution to their Kingdoms and the Society as a whole, for example, a gentle who founded a major Barony ([[Fionnadh Averylle O'Connor of Maidenhead]], who contributed greatly to the early years of the [[Barony of Rising Waters]] and by extension [[Ealdormere]]), or who started a major event ([[Cariadoc of the Bow]], who gets the blame for [[Pennsic]]), or who have done something very noteworthy ([[Kolfinna Kottr]], first female [[Knight]] in [[Caid]]). That being said, certain SCAdians who are not currently represented in this category ought to be, such as Queen Aislinn of the Midrealm. [[User: Paul Matisz]] , 13:14 EDT 31-08-07.

== Query ==
Excuse me, I think I'm in someone else's discussion, but don't know how to do ANYTHING. I want to know how to ASK A QUESTION. I got to "Cunnan" [I want to know what it means, too.] because I wanted to find out why the names of SCA people are often preceded by "THL" but I can't find an explanation for what it stands for. I also wanted to find out about "the Enchanted Ground". And actually, I want to know if there is a correct procedure for posing a question when the search button brings no results. I'm sure interrupting somebody's discussion is not the way. If anyone reads this, I'd be very grateful to find an answer here next time I look. Thank you all. (I'm hunting for an SCA contact near me, but haven't found one yet [Barcelona]. Thank you again.
: This is as good a place to ask queries like that as any other place. I will try to direct you to the appropriate pages:
* [[THL]] is an abbreviation for "The Honourable [[Lord]]" or "The Honourable [[Lady]]". It means that the individual has received a [[grant of arms]] from the [[King]] and [[Queen]]. Other abbreviations are also used for other [[award]]s, and some describe it as [[alphabet soup]].
* [[Enchanted Ground]] is an area at an [[SCA]] [[event]], (normally a [[camping event]]) that is formally or informally reserved for [[period]] encampments. This means that the [[tent]]s, [[cooking]] facilities and general appearance of the [[Enchanted Ground]] is more [[medieval]] than a standard campsite. This term may be rather specific to the SCA in [[Australia]] and it actually started as the name of the campsite of a certain [[household]] ([[House Unnamed]]) at the [[Rowany Festival]].
**I don't believe that is correct. Rather, [[Enchanted Ground]] was the brainchild of [[Duke]] [[Cariadoc of the Bow]] and first appeared, I think, at the [[Twentieth Year Celebration]]. He had proposed the idea, if the reference I found is correct, in TI #63, Summer of 1982. [[User:AlexandreDavigne|AlexandreDavigne]] 02:24, 14 November 2006 (EST)
* Spain is part of the [[SCA]] [[Kingdom of Drachenwald]]. I don't know if we have an existing [[branch]] in [[Barcelona]].
**Check the Drachenvald website - http://www.drachenwald.sca.org/Regnum/ - it appears that all of Spain is a single Shire, Alcazar de Brioga [[User:AlexandreDavigne|AlexandreDavigne]] 02:45, 14 November 2006 (EST)
* For the meaning, click on [[Cunnan]].
: Hope that all helps - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 11:54, 13 November 2006 (EST)
Thank you all - I'm the original uneducated enquirer. I think you have all answered everything. Except I haven't found anybody in Barcelona, yet. (I speak Catalan, but not Castilian, and I'm not very interested in the Spanish-speaking middle ages... I'd rather use my French or even struggle with Latin. So I'm hunting for some Catalan anachronists.) Thanks. Sorry to be anonymous, but I'm not anybody, yet.

== Proper adjectives and proper nouns==
Okay, this is a linguist talking. The word "[[French]]" has a multitude of meanings and ways in which it is in the [[English]] [[language]]. As a noun it refers to a [[language]] and a group of people (a nationality). As an adjective, it refers to things associated with the group of people or the country [[France]] or the language, e.g. a French castle, the French language, his French wife, a French verb. That is how things work in the English language for the word "French".

Up til now, [[Cunnan]] has restricted the page [[French]] to only be for the [[language]]. I have made sure that any links for the people etc have always been [France|French]. Likewise was done for [England|English], [Germany|German] etc. The article with the proper adjective is only for the language.

[[User:AlexandreDavigne| AlexandreDavigne]] has started adding a disambiguation section to [[English]] and [[French]]. This does not sit well with me. I feel that it doesn't need a disambiguation section. It doesn't need a disambiguation anything. If you want to know about the Germans, you go to [[Germany]]. If you want to know about the French, you got to [[France]]. If you want to know about specific French, you go to [[Frank]] or [[Gaul]] etc.

I thought it would be best to ask the rest of you before I undid Alexandre's otherwise fine work. If you have disambiguations for one proper noun/adjective, we will (for consistancies sake) have to add them to all. Do we really need such disambiguations?
- [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 11:12, 8 November 2006 (EST)

Given the way that English works in common usage, I'd suggest that if disambiguation is deemed unneccessary (or simply redundant), then at the very least a link to the appropriate section be included with an appropriate explanation. I can see a case to be made for either approach, but I think just leaving it unaddressed is begging for folks like me to step in and cause this kind of conversation to happen:-) [[User:AlexandreDavigne|AlexandreDavigne]] 12:00, 8 November 2006 (EST)

:I personally dislike pages with multiple definitions. I would prefer to see an italicised headnote along the lines of ''This article refers to the French language. For other uses of the word ''French'' see [[France]] and [[kiss]]ing.'' This of course is a matter of personal preference and I am happy to go for what most people feel is better. [[User:Conrad Leviston|Conrad Leviston]] 22:55, 13 November 2006 (EST)

::That would work for me - -I just think that leaving it unaddressed is not a particularly good idea; if I (or many folk, I suspect) enter "the French" in the search box, I would expect to find an article about the French people. As I say, your solution works for me (although I don't particularly dislike mutliple definition pages. I don't really care one way or the other). [[User:AlexandreDavigne|AlexandreDavigne]] 00:14, 14 November 2006 (EST)
== Spammers ==
For at least the second time we have been spammed by someone using a graphic claiming to be from WwW.The-SaboTage.Org and a graphic called rozetgd2.jpg. Is there any way we can filter out any edits that include these terms or file? - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 10:04, 28 February 2007 (EST)
:Yes, it can be added to the spam filter. I'm about to dash off to work but I've put it on my to-do list. Should happen late tonight, early tomorrow. - [[User:Tobin|Tobin]] 14:20, 1 March 2007 (EST)
:Can we add user IP 209.158.163.14? I am back tracking the damage they did. : [[User:Candrade|Carlos Nieto de Andrade]] 12:58, 28 March 2007 (EST)
== The Ampersand Bandits ==
For a number of weeks Cunnan has been hit by vandals from a variety of URLs that seem to be deleting any content following ampersands, as well as modifying non-English alphabet characters (which often need to updated anyway). Is there any way we can stop this happening? - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 10:32, 14 June 2007 (EST)

Ha! take a look at the log for tonight (June 16th)! [[Barony of Rowany]] vandalized at 21:27, corrected at 21:27, and Vandal 221.16.136.97 banned at 21:28. Rather like potting grouse on the wing, what? [[User:Paul Matisz]] 2007-06-16 21:39EDT

:So who are these guys, anyway? Correcting these attacks, I sometimes feel like King Canute, trying to hold back the tide with a word. [[User:Paul Matisz]] 2007-06-22 20:37EDT

On 1 Sept we suffered a major attach by Ampersand Vandals from a number of different IP addresses, some of which altered several articles apiece. I dished out a round of 3-month bans and rollbacks, but be aware that our problems of earlier this year may be returning. [[User: Paul Matisz]] 200-09-01 23:30EDT

== The Illegible Vandals ==
First it was the Ampersand Bandits. Now we have new class of vandals with a different MO - the Illegible Vandals! We have been getting unknown people adding just one word consisting of 8-10 characters to a range of pages. I believe the choice of characters is random because I don't recognise anything that I would find in any of my dictionaries. So the vandalism is pretty pointless. As far as I can work out, the same "user" has never struck more than once. Wierd. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 13:39, 27 September 2007 (EST)
:Alas, we're now seeing several articles vandalized by a single IP. It's the sheer volume of IPs involved that concerns me -- we've been hit pretty hard over the last week. Kudos on everyone helping to stem the tide! [[User:Paul Matisz|Paul Matisz]] 19:05EDT 02 Oct 07

:Yeah, I have since noticed repeat offenders. The thing that gets me is the fact that there seems to be no reason for these attacks. If they were all concentrated at particular times, then I could believe that it is was just an attempt at "denial of service" but there aren't enough of them at any one time for that. Other than restricting editing to logged in members, I can't see how any system can automatically prevent the Illegible Vandals. - [[User:Cian|Cian Gillebhrath]] 09:19, 3 October 2007 (EST)

==A Note on Vandals and Newcomers==
I despise vandals. Vandalism to Cunnan articles will be quickly corrected and the vandal's IP outright banned for a an appropriate length of time. Be aware that my definition of "an appropriate length of time" is ''inversely'' proportional to the amount of caffeine in my bloodstream.

I encourage anyone interested in making legitimate changes to Cunnan articles to make a user profile -- it's always nice to have new people in our community, and it makes it a lot easier to weed out the vandalism. [[user:Paul Matisz|Paul Matisz]] 09:51EDT 28 Sept 07

Category:Monarchs (medieval)

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delctrocchi
This category is for those who ruled over an area before 1600, ie. [[King]]s, [[Queen]]s, [[Emperor]]s, [[Prince]]s, etc.

See also [[:category:People (medieval)]]

[[category: People_(medieval)]]

Henry III

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aceldomal
''This is the page for '''Henry III, King of England'''.<br>You may be looking for '''[[Henry_III_(Holy_Roman_Emperor)|Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor]]'''. ''
----
'''Henry III''' ruled [[England]] from 1216-1272. [[becoming king|Ascending]] the [[throne]] as a boy, his first [[regent]] was the famous [[William Marshall]]. While he ultimately was on the throne for 56 years, his [[reign]] was marked by failed military campaigns, political strife, and financial mismanagement. He was temporarily dethroned by [[Simon de Montfort]] but later regained power with the help of his son, [[Edward I]], "Longshanks".

''Source: [http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon29.html Britannia]''

<center>
<table border = 1>
<tr>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Preceded by:<br>[[John Lackland]]
</td>
<td width = 40% align = center>
[[English Monarchs]]
</td>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Succeeded by:<br>[[Edward I]]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>

[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]
[[category:people (medieval)]]
[[category:13th century]]

Jew

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lidronzelcvi
The '''Jews''' are an ethnic group originating in the [[Mesopotamia]]n region and having spent much of their history in [[Israel]]. They spread throughout [[Europe]] after the revolt of Bar Kochba in AD99. The '''Jews''' also form a religious grouping following the '''Jewish''' religion. The spiritual focus of the '''Jewish''' religion is the [[synagogue]], although by and large '''Jews''' tend to treat attendance at a [[synagogue]] differently to the way that [[catholic]]s treat attendance at [[church]].

== Jewish History in the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]] ==

(a very brief and mildly inaccurate outline).

=== Early [[Middle Ages]] ===

In eastern [[Europe]], the main Jewish force from the [[8th century]] onwards was the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars Khazars].

In western [[Europe]], the early [[medieval]] life of the Jews was established by [[Gregory the Great]] and later [[Louis the Pious]] who in turn rejected forced baptism, encouraged favours for the Jewish people, and placed the Jews under the protection of the King. The [[Catholic Church]] had prohibited [[usury]] amongst [[christian]]s, and so the Jews were handed a monopoly in the loaning of money. This made many Jews relatively wealthy.

In one part of Southern [[France]] the Jews established what was effectively a statelet in the area between Provence and the Pyrenees. Septimania, formerly a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province, came under the authority of one Theoderic, whose dynasty lasted for 70 years, and his administration appears to have been if not controlled then led by '''Jews'''.

Until about 1150 or so, the Jews were variously required to wear particular [[clothing]], constrained from wearing various clothes or types of cloth, banned from bearing arms, banned from participating as wars, classed as ''unfree'', etc. For the money sometimes it wasn't such a bad deal.

=== Later [[Middle Ages]] ===

Between the [[11th century]] and the [[13th century]] things took a drastic turn for the worse. The first great persecutions of the Jews took place during the [[crusade]]s, and greater restrictions were placed on apparel.

The Jews were expelled from [[England]] in 1209, [[France]] in 1306 and again in 1394, subject to the inquisition in [[Spain]] from 1391, expelled from [[Spain]] in 1492 and from [[Portugal]] in 1496. Modern historians rate the expulsion of the Jews from [[Spain]] as the single act that was most greatly to blame for the [[economic]] decline and later collapse of [[Spain]].

=== [[Renaissance]] and [[Reformation]] ===

Things got a lot better in the early [[Reformation]]. The humanist and [[Hebrew]] scholar [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin Johann Reuchlin] became the spokesman of the Jews, succesfully arguing with the Emperor Maximilian that the Jews should provide [[Hebrew]] chairs at every German [[university]] for which the Jews should furnish books.

[[Martin Luther]]'s defence of the Jews was published in 1523, but he turned against the Jews in 1542 after which things got bad for the Jews again especially in [[German]] [[Protestant]] areas.

== [[Language]] and [[Custom]]s ==

The primary [[language]] associated with the Jews is [[Hebrew]]. While it has been and remains the standard liturgical language, [[Hebrew]] was not spoken in day-to-day life by Jews from the 10th to 20th centuries A.D., exccept in a religious or scholarly context. Variously throughout the [[Middle Ages]] they were also prohibited from reading, writing, and/or speaking [[Hebrew]], and so other languages came into existence. There are several dozen known Jewish dialects, usually pidgin versions of the local tongue. The most well known are:

* [[Yiddish]], an amalgam of [[Hebrew]], [[German]], [[Russian]] and some [[Polish]], most commonly spoken by [[Ashkenazi]] Jews in Eastern and Central [[Europe]]. It is normally written with the [[Hebrew]] alphabet, although the [[Latin]] alphabet can be used.
* [[Ladino]] (Judeo-espanol), essentially a [[Romance]] dialect, spoken by Jews in [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], [[Italy]], and later [[The Netherlands]].

Others include Judeo-Italian (Italy), Judeo-Tripolitano (Libya), Judeo-Berber (Morocco), and Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan).

== Your [[SCA]] [[Persona]] is a Jew ==

Firstly you need to do a fair amount of reading and [[research]] into the time period. The [[SCA]] covers from the early [[medieval]] period until the late [[Renaissance]] of [[1600]] and the life and times of the Jews changed remarkably during that time period.

* Pick a time period and place. The Jews were widespread throughout [[Europe]], with the main concentrations being in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and amongst the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars Khazars].
* In doing your research, bear in mind that how non-Jews in the Middle Ages (and largely in modern times) viewed Jews and how they actually lived and viewed themselves can two radically different things. Consider this when evaluating your sources.
* Find a noted Jewish [[scholar]] and quote his works. Often. Consider all other scholars to be mere shadows of his great self. Remember, where two Jews are gathered together, there are at least 3 opinions.
* [[Research]] the [[clothing]] restrictions of the day and area your [[persona]] inhabits, and follow those closely. The [[4th Lateran Council]] might be a good place to start looking.
* Common occupations: The vast majority of Jews were poor: labourers, farmers, scholars, etc. There were occasionally wealthy [[merchant]]s, [[doctor]]s, and especially [[bank]]ers amongst the Jews, however, and these are good target occupations for the Jewish [[SCA]] [[persona]]. The Jews tended not to be [[law]]yers, and were rarely of the [[noble]] or other arms-bearing classes, except amongst the [http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars Khazars] where even the [[King]] was Jewish. One occupation that Jews in the Middle Ages were particularly known for was long-distance traders.

== Resources ==

* ''[[Compleat Anachronist]] #110: An SCA Guide to Jewish Persona (January 2001).'' Available from the [https://secure.sca.org/cgi-bin/stockclerk/index SCA Marketplace]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jewishsbook.html Internet Jewish History Sourcebook]
* Internet Medieval Sourcebook - [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1t.html Selected Sources on Medieval Jewish Life]
* [http://moas.atlantia.sca.org/wsnlinks/index.php?action=displaycat&catid=85 Atlantian A&S Links: Jews and Judaism]
* [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/06.html Beyond the Pale]
[[category:religion]]

Scotland

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acdomb
'''Scotland''' is a country within the [[British Isles]] that shares a land border with [[England]]. The early inhabitants were the [[Pict]]s. It became a single [[kingdom]] in the [[9th century]]. It was invaded by the [[Roman]]s (who were unsuccessful), the [[Ireland|Irish]] and the [[Viking]]s (who settled in various areas), and the English (who became the new landlords). The first [[monarch]] of both England and Scotland was [[James VI]] (or [[James I]] of England).

The [[Scots Gaelic|language]] and the word "Scot" come from the Irish immigrants.

Other relevant articles
* [[Scottish kings]]
* [[Great-Kilt]]
* [[tartan]]
* [[claymore]]

==Scotland in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], '''Scotland''' is part of the [[Crown Principality of Insulae Draconis]] in the [[Kingdom of Drachenwald]].

[[category:Kingdoms (medieval)]]

Copyright

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domtro
'''Copyright''' is what protects the publications of an individual from copying by others.

Copyright is an important issue despite the current trends towards casual copying of others' material. The punishments for this can be severe so you should think twice before you post anything belonging to anyone else on [[Cunnan]] and, where possible, you should credit the works of others.

See also: [[Cunnan:Copyrights|Cunnan's copyright rules]]
[[category:research]]

King

2007-10-03T09:00:25Z

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noellin
A '''king''' is the male [[monarch]] of a [[nation]]. Historically these were determined primarily by [[heir|hereditary]] succession. Depending on nation and time frame, this [[title]] was primarily passed through the eldest of the male line but [[becoming king|exceptions to this rule]] could occur and disputes could arise.

As the title of King is considered to outrank [[Queen]] in [[England]] and elsewhere, the husband of somebody who is Queen in her own right is not known as King, but as Prince Consort.

==King ([[Game]]s)==
In many [[game]]s the king holds a position of great importance. Frequently if the king is lost (or about to be lost) the game is considered over. Examples of this include [[chess]], [[tafl|hnefetafl]] and [[kubb]].

The king also appears in [[card]]s as one of four kings of various [[suit]]s. In [[draught]]s, the king is a [[crown]]ed piece that is given greater movement than the uncrowned pieces.

==Kings in the SCA==
In the [[SCA]], the choice of who will next [[becoming king|become King]] is determined by victory in the [[Crown tournament]], or by being the consort of the victor in a Crown Tournament. The King uses the [[arms]] of the [[Kingdom]], the [[Royal]] [[crown]] and other [[regalia]] for the duration of the [[reign]].

When a King steps down, he becomes a [[Count]] (or a variant appropriate to his [[persona]]) if he has reigned once and a [[Duke]] if he has reigned twice or more.

When [[Addressing Royalty|speaking to the King or the Queen]], the proper form of address is your Majesty (or your Majesties).

===Alternate Titles===

The SCA recognises the following [[alternate titles]] in other [[language]]s as the equivalent to King:

<table border cellpadding=10 cellspacing=0>
<tr>
<th>Language</th>
<th>Alternate Form</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Albanian]]</td>
<td>Mbret</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Arabic]]</td>
<td>Malik / Sultan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Catalan]]</td>
<td>Rei</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Czech]]</td>
<td>Kral</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Danish]]</td>
<td>Konge</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dutch]]</td>
<td>Koning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Estonian]]</td>
<td>Kuningas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Finnish]]</td>
<td>Kuningas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[French]]</td>
<td>Roi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[German]]</td>
<td>KÃ¶nig</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Greek]]</td>
<td>Basilï¿½us</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Hebrew]]</td>
<td>Melech</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Hungarian]]</td>
<td>Kiraly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Icelandic]]</td>
<td>Konungur</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Irish Gaelic]]</td>
<td>RÃ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Italian]]</td>
<td>Re</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Latin]]</td>
<td>Rex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Middle Norwegian]]</td>
<td>Konung</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Old English]]</td>
<td>Cyning / Kyng</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Old Norse]]</td>
<td>Konungr</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Polish]]</td>
<td>Krï¿½l</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Portuguese]]</td>
<td>Rei</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Romanian]]</td>
<td>Rege</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Russian]]</td>
<td>Tsar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Scots Gaelic]]</td>
<td>RÃ¬gh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Spanish]]</td>
<td>Rey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Swedish]]</td>
<td>Konung</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Turkish]]</td>
<td>Krall</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Welsh]]</td>
<td>Brenin / Teyrn</td>
</tr>
</table>

== See Also: ==
[[Honorific]]

== External Links ==
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch
[[category:title]]