Cunnan - User contributions [en]

13th century

2004-09-28T14:09:20Z

206.173.209.125:

== Events ==
* Fourth through eighth [[crusade]]s of western European kingdoms against Islam
* [[Albigensian Crusade]] ravages [[Occitania]] (1209-1229)
* Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of [[Holy Roman Emperors]]
* [[Mongol]]s under [[Genghis Khan]] conquer and rule over most of Asia and Eastern [[Europe]], establish Mongolian dynasty in China
* [[Marco Polo]] and his family reach China
* [[James I]] of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and [[Valencia]].

== Significant people ==
* [[Alexander of Hales]], philosopher and theologian
* [[Albertus Magnus]], German philosopher and theologian
* [[Thomas Aquinas]], theologian
* [[Francis of Assisi]], founder of the Franciscan order
* [[Roger Bacon]], Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
* [[Bonaventure]], Franciscan theologian
* [[Philip II Augustus]], Capetian king of France
* [[Petrus Peregrinus]], scientist
* [[Robert Grosseteste]], English statesman and theologian
* [[Louis IX]] of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader
* [[Frederick II]], emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
* [[Dante]], Italian writer
* [[Ramon Llull]], Majorcan philosopher

''See also:''
* [[12th Century]]
* [[14th Century]]
* [[Period]]

=== External [[Garb]] Links ===
* Some Clothing of the Middle Ages - http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/bockhome.html

12th Century

2004-09-28T14:07:40Z

206.173.209.125:

== Events ==
* Song dynasty loses power over Northern China
* First, Second, and Third [[Crusade]]s of western European kingdoms against Islam
* [[Pope Adrian IV]] granted overlordship of [[Ireland]] to [[Henry II]] of [[England]].
* Suger rebuilds the abbey [[church]] at [[St Denis]] north of [[Paris]], regarded as first [[Gothic]] building
* [[Portugal]] declares independence from the kingdom of [[Leon]] and [[Castille]] in 1139

== Significant people ==
* [[Peter Abelard]], one of the first scholastic [[philosopher]]s
* [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], French abbot influential in church politics
* [[Henry II]], first Avengin King of England
* [[Hugh of St. Victor]], French scholar
* [[Richard of St. Victor]], theologian
* [[Alfonso I Henriques]], first [[King]] of [[Portugal]]
* [[Frederick Barbarossa]], Holy Roman Emperor

== Artwork ==
European art: transitional period from [[Romanesque]] to [[Gothic]].

== Clothing ==
T-tunic styles continue esentially unchanged from the [[11th century]] (often a little tighter fitting across the chest), as clothing for the common man or woman, and the lord or lady when working, or less fashionable.
Court styles see the introduction of the bliaut for both sexes, a tightly fitted garment, often cut with silly dangly long sleeves.
see: [[12th century garb]]

External [[Garb]] Links
* Some Clothing of the Middle Ages - http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/cloth/bockhome.html
*12th century Garb mailing list (also diverges to acessories, jewellry and occasionally daily life in the 12th C)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/12thcenturygarb/
*Instructions on how to make a (current best guess) highly authentic bliaut
http://bliautlady.50megs.com/

== Material Culture ==
Objects (eg silk) and ideas are being brought back from the crusades to western europe, resulting in a faster transition of ideas (eg clothing fashions) and sudden new fashionable objects.

''See also:''
* [[11th Century]]
* [[13th Century]]
* [[Period]]
*[[12th_Century_life|Daily life in the 12th century]]

[[Category:12th century]]

Richard II

2004-09-28T14:02:58Z

206.173.209.125:

''Richard II'' (January 6?, [[1367]] - February 14, [[1400]]) was the son of Edward the [[Black Prince]], [[Prince of Wales]], and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born at [[Bordeaux]] and became his grandfather's ([[Edward III]]) heir when his elder brother died in infancy and his father of infected wounds.

== Richard II in Literature ==
* [[Shakespeare]] wrote a play, Richard II.
* The [[Forme of Cury]] was written by the Master-Cooks of King Richard II

== External Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Richard_II_of_England]]

<center>
<table border = 1>
<tr>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Preceded by:<br>[[Edward III]]
<td width = 40% align = center>
[[English Monarchs]]
<td width = 30% align = center>
Succeeded by:<br>[[Henry IV]]
</table>
</center>

Richard I

2004-09-28T13:58:46Z

206.173.209.125:

'''Richard I''' (the Lionhearted, or Cour de Lion in French) is one of the most over-glorified kings in history. He was born in Oxford, [[England]], but was raised in Southern France with his mother [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]. He and his brothers were constantly making war against their father [[Henry II]], King of England.

When Henry died, Richard was made king. In just a few short months he ruined the entire financial stability of his father had built up, and bled the English dry for funds for his "holy" crusade. He went off for on [[Crusade]] with [[Frederick Barbarossa]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Philip Augustus]] of [[France]], but not before stopping at [[Sicily]] and [[Cyprus]] to kill a few people on the side, and effectively pissing off every monarch in Europe. By the time he reached the [[Crusader states]] with Philip, there wasn't much left of them. Frederick Barbarossa wouldn't be joining them for the rest of the crusade because he decided to take a "swim" with his armor on. So, Richard went around sacking cities, killing innocent [[Saracen]]s and [[Jew]]s, you know, the usual. He won an impressive victory at Arsuf, but failed to capture [[Jerusalem]], and decided to go home (Philip had already turned-tail and fled back to France).

On his way back to England he was captured by [[Duke Leopold]] of [[Austria]], who turned him over to the new Holy Roman Emperor, [[Henry VI]], who held him for a king's [[ransom]]. Richard finally went free after a huge ransom of 100,000 pounds was paid, bankrupting England (again). He spent his remaining years alive building unnecessarily huge [[castle]]s and making pointless war against [[France]]. One day while attacking a castle in an attempt to take it's newly discovered buried treasure, he was killed by a [[peasant]] with a [[crossbow]]. Thus ends the "glorious" [[reign]] of King Richard I.

Richard is remembered as one of the greatest kings in medieval history, but in reality he was an awful ruler and a cruel person. Really, the only thing he was good at was war. In his short 10 year reign he destroyed everything his magnificent father Henry II did to stabilize his kingdom and make England a superpower.

<center>
<table border = 1>
<tr>
<td width = 30% align = center>
Preceded by:<br>[[Henry II]]
<td width = 40% align = center>
[[English Monarchs]]
<td width = 30% align = center>
Succeeded by:<br>[[John Lackland]]
</table>
</center>

[[Category:12th century]]