Cunnan - User contributions [en]

Canterbury

2006-09-27T10:55:59Z

195.92.40.49:

The [[city]] of '''Canterbury''' is located in south-east [[England]] in the [[county]] of [[Kent]]. It has been a place of prominence in the [[Anglican church]] for centuries, being the seat of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], head of the [[Church of England]].

Canterbury was immortalized as the [[pilgrim]]age destination in [[Chaucer]]'s ''[[Canterbury_Tales|Canterbury Tales]]''.

The city has an ancient history spanning back to prehistoric times, and has visible remains from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period onwards.
[[category:cities (medieval)]]

Drinking horn

2006-01-24T15:02:47Z

195.92.40.49:

'''Drinking horns''' are one of the most common accessories for some recreating a [[Viking]] or [[Saxon]]. Most people buy them but if you have a supply of horns and some time on your hands they can be made without too much effort.

Historical drinking horns could have rims, plaques and termini of precious [[metal]]. There were also [[glass]] drinking horns used as well.

If planning to use one at a table,. it is a good idea either to get a stand to hold your horn, or (after checking that the owner of the table doesn't mind) sharpening the end and trying sticking it in, as once they fall over they let all their contents escape.

''See also''
* [[Tankard]]

Kent

2005-12-08T08:35:40Z

195.92.40.49:

'''Kent''' is the most south-easterly [[county]] in [[England]], south of the river [[Thames]] and east of [[Sussex]].

Its name originates from the [[Celt|Celtic]] tribe, the ''Cantiaci'', who were living there when [[Julius Caesar]] invaded in 43BC. Later, by the [[6th century]], when the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] had retreated from [[Britain]], the people there were the ''Cantwara'', the "people of Kent".

The [[Jute]]s sub-divided Kent into 7 ''lathes''; otherwise the county was traditionally divided at Gillingham, into an Eastern and a Western half.

Historically Kent is "famous", as holding [[Canterbury]], site of the [[cathedral]] of the senior of the two [[England|English]] [[archbishop]]s, Dover [[Castle]], the "[[gatehouse]] of England", and the castle of Rochester, which controlled the road to [[London]], and was [[seige|beseiged]] and taken by [[King]] [[John Lackland|John]] during the 1215 rebellion.

{{heptarchy}}

William Marshall

2005-12-06T09:05:55Z

195.92.40.49: Minor sp.

===William Marshall (the man)===

William Marshal (1146-1219) was a man who was barely even noble, but who rose to become one of the most powerful people in the [[Angevin]] world. His skill at arms was one source of his renown, being particularly successful at [[Tourney]]. He was the son of John Fitzgilbert and one Aline Pipard, and the [[Marshal]] of [[England]] for a number of [[king]]s (as had been his father, his grandfather Gilbert, and his great-grandfather Geoffrey) and he fought in the [[Middle East]] as a [[Knight Templar]]. He is often held up to be a shining example of [[chivalry]], but some historians claim that the evidence indicates that he was ruthless, pragmatic and manipulative.

He became chivalric lord to [[Henry II]]'s son, the Young King, and was granted the fief of Cartmel in Lancashire in 1187. After the Young King died he went to the Holy Land, and on his return became Henry's Marshal. When Henry died, his son [[Richard_I|Richard]] recognised William's worth (despite Marshal having unhorsed him protecting Henry in France from a revolt of Richard's) and saw to his making a good marriage.

He married Isobel de Clare, inheriting thereby the de Clare lands of her father Richard 'Strongbow', in [[Pembroke]] and Striguil (english: Chepstow), and the Lordship of Leinster, in Ireland, through Isobel's mother, Aife, daughter of Dermot MacMurrough. He also split the Giffard barony with Richard de Clare, Earl of Clare and Hertford, with William taking the [[France|French]] lands, including Longueville. <br>
He improved the [[castle]]s at [[Pembroke]] and Chepstow, as well as holding at least 6 more.

When [[Richard_I|Richard]] died, William wisely supported [[John Lackland]], who made him Eatrl of Pembroke and confirmed to him the [[palatine]] powers he had inherited there from the de Clares. John, however, came to distrust William, but Marshal remained loyal and on [[John_Lackland|John]]'s death he was chosen as regent for the 9-year old [[Henry III]], although William was to die 3 years later (being succeeded in Pembroke by his 5 sons).

His son, William II, had a biographical text written ''L' Historie de Guillaume le Marechal''.

See also: [http://www.castlewales.com/marshall.html "William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke" by Catherine Armstrong]

===William Marshal (event)===
A [[Stormhold]] [[event]] held every year, usually on the first Saturday of December. It is in honour of William Marshall, the man. There is usually a [[chivalric weapon]]s [[tourney]], and a [[ransom melee]] followed by an elaborate feast with an [[early period]] theme. It is one of the two "high" events held annually in Stormhold, the other being [[Stormhold Winter Feast|Winter Feast]].

It's the type of event that people who don't attend SCA events often come out of the woodwork for, and people wear try to wear their best [[garb]], especially [[Angevin]] garb. It's just another excuse to make another piece of garb.

[[category:events]]

Svein Forkbeard

2005-11-07T08:19:27Z

195.92.40.49:

King of [[Denmark]], possibly husband to the widow of [[King]] Erik of [[Sweden]] (and thereby claimant to its throne), and also claimant to rule over [[Norway]], '''Svein''' (known as "Forkbeard", referring to a pitchfork-shaped beard he wore) came first to [[England]]'s notice as a raider, or king of raiders, being blamed for the series of Viking attacks on England which followed the decision of [[Aethelred Unraed]] to have all Danes in Endgland massacred in 1002CE.

In 1013 Svein himself led the fleet and mounted a full-scale invasion. He began at Sandwich in [[Kent]], swept up the east coast to [[Northumbria]] to obtain the sumission of the [[earl]], Uhtred, also obtaining the sumission of other east-coast shires and hostages from each. He then switched to land, requiring the English to horse his army, attacked and obliged [[Oxford]] and [[Winchester]] to submit, and rode on [[London]].

The Londoners tore down the bridges and resisted, and Svein was obliged to fall back. Aethelred had, however, fled, to Normandy, and, alone and isolated, London submitted, Svein entered, and was crowned [[king]] on Christmas Day. He then moved to Gainsborough and was in the process of organising his fourth kingdom when, in February 1014, he died. <br>
Svein had a son to take over [[Denmark]] for him, and the Danish army declared his younger son, [[Canute the Great|Canute]], king of England. However, he and they returned to Denmark, and Aethelred returned and was restored in England.

[[category:monarchs (medieval)]]

Lady Jane Grey

2005-07-20T12:12:37Z

195.92.40.49:

'''Lady Jane Grey''' was a very short term [[queen]] of [[England]] but in name only, as she was never [[coronation|coronated]].

When [[Edward VI]] died, there was an obvious heir, his elder sister [[Mary I|Mary]]. The problem was that she was [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Henry VIII]] had made England [[Protestant]] with the monarch as Head of the Church (and been excommunicated for his trouble). Mary, it was (accurately) thought, would reverse that and might well decide to persecute the Protestants in the process of turning to country back to [[Catholic Church|Rome]].

An alternative [[monarch]] was needed. So, four days after Edward's death, Jane Grey was proclaimed queen, with her husband, Guildford Dudley as her consort. Nine days later, and backed with troops, Mary arrived, imprisoned Jane and Guildford, and took the throne.

There was, however, a rising in favour of Jane, which cost the ''Nine-Day's-Queen'' her head.

The basis of "Jane's" claim to the throne (there is no evidence that she ever wanted to be Queen) was that her mother, Frances Brandon, was daughter of Mary, who had been sister to [[Henry VIII]], and that Henry had mentioned her in his will as a possible heir, should his son, and both of his daughters, Mary and [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]], due without issue.

Frances Brandon forewent her superior claim to the throne, in favour of her daughter, at the urging of John Dudley (Guildford's father, [[Duke]] of Northumberland, minister to Edward, and prominent Protestant, whose head was likely to be high on Mary's list). Dudley had already tried, for a brief period, to put Jane forward as a bride for [[Edward VI]], but the plan came to nothing. Dudley married Jane to his son, her sister Katherine to Lord Herbert, and his daughter Catherine to [[Lord]] Hastings (all at the one ceremony, with [[wedding]] garments borrowed from the Royal Wardrobe). He also tried to have Edward will the throne to her, but was blocked by the fact that [[Henry VIII]] had set down the succession in an Act of Parliament which placed [[Mary I|Mary]] and [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth]] ahead of her.

Jane is believed to have had the death of Edward kept from her, and to have renounced her claim in Mary's favour, but Dudley went ahead and had her declared queen. She was taken to the [[Tower of London]] to be crowned, and never left its walls again. She was pressured to accept the [[crown]], and the first thing that happened after that was Guildford insisting that he be made [[king]], something Jane refused to do.

Jane never received the support of the common people (she never had the chance to meet them) and Dudley and Guildford's high-handed attitude soured feelings towards them and, by association, to the helpless child behind whom they were machinating.

As for [[Mary I]], she had Dudley executed, but contented herself with simply keeping Jane and Guildford in the Tower. Until, with news of her impending marriage to [[Philip of Spain]], heir to the [[Hapsburg Empire]] (and a Catholic), dissent rose in the country, revolts were threatened, and Mary's Council (all of them Catholic) felt Jane's death essential. Even then the Queen offered Jane an escape, by sending a priest to her to suggest conversion to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. After hours of argument, she remained Protestant, and went to her death with dignity, even watching her husband's execution. She was calm on the scaffold, admitting publically that she ought never to have accepted the crown. She was buried at St.Peter's-ad-Vincula, alongside [[Anne Boleyn]] and [[Catherine Howard]].

Eleanor of Castile

2005-07-20T12:05:37Z

195.92.40.49:

<TABLE ALIGN="left"> <TR> <TD>
[[Image:elencast.JPG]]
</TD> </TR> </TABLE>

'''Eleanor of Castile''' (1244-1290) was the first queen consort of [[Edward I]] of [[England]]. Eleanor was born in Castile, [[Spain]], the daughter of Ferdinand III, King of Castile and Leon. Her given name was Leonor (she was called Eleanor in England). She married Edward, the son of [[Henry III]] of [[England]], in October 1254 at Burgos and became queen in 1272 when his father died and he became king. Theirs was one of the most successful royal marriages of all time, and she often accompanied her husband on his military campaigns, giving birth to his fourth son (later King [[Edward II]] of [[England]]) at Caernarfon in 1284, immediately after the conquest of [[Wales]]. She gave birth to sixteen children all told, six of whom survived into adulthood, but only two or three of whom outlived their parents.

Eleanor died on November 28, 1290, at [[Nottingham]] (believed actually Harby, Nottinghamshire rather than the city), and her body was returned to [[London]] for burial at [[Westminster Abbey]]. Such was Edward's devotion to her that he erected memorial crosses at each overnight stop. Three of these "[[Eleanor cross]]es" are still landmarks today, although the most famous at [[Charing Cross]] (from which its name derives) is a copy. He did not remarry for nine years, to Margaret of France, in 1299.

The locations of the 12 crosses were as follows: [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], [[Grantham]], [[Stamford]], [[Geddington]], [[Northampton]], [[Stony Stratford]], [[Woburn]], [[Dunstable]], [[St. Albans]], [[Waltham]], [[Westcheap]], and [[Charing Cross|Charing]].

'''Children of Queen Eleanor and King Edward I :'''

#[[Eleanor of England|Eleanor]] -- (17 June 1264 - 12 October 1297) married (1) Alfonso III of Aragon, (2) Henry, Count of Bar
#Joan -- (1265 - <7 September 1265) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#John -- (<10 July 1266 - 3 August 1271) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Henry -- (13 July 1267 - 14 October 1274) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Katherine (or Julian) -- (1271 - 5 September 1271) died shortly after birth in Israel
#Joan of Acre -- (1272 - 23 April 1307) married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 3rd Earl of Gloucester & 7th Earl of Hertford, (2) Ralph de Morthermer, Earl of Gloucester & Hertford
#Alphonso -- (24 November 1273 - 19 August 1284) Earl of Chester, buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Margaret -- (11 September 1275 - 1318) married [[John II of Brabant|John II]], Duke of Brabant
#Berengaria -- (1276 - ~1279) buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]
#Mary -- (11 March 1278 - <8 July 1332) nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire (England)
#Isabella -- (1279 - 1279)
#Alice -- (12 March 1280 - 1291)
#Elizabeth -- (August 1282 - 5 May 1316) married (1) John I, Count of Holland & Zeeland, (2) Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford & 3rd Earl of Essex
#Edward -- (25 April 1284 - 21 September 1327) became [[Edward II]] of [[England]], married Isabella of [[France]]
#Beatrice -- (~1286 - ~1286) died shortly after birth in Aquitaine, France
#Blanche -- (1290 - 1290)

<hr>

For completeness:

"'''Eleanor of Castile'''" was the name of one queen consort of England (''as above'') and three queens consort of parts of what is now Spain:

*Eleanor of Castile (1202-1244), queen consort of Aragon: daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile; wife of James I of Aragon

*Eleanor of Castile (131x-1359), queen consort of Aragon: daughter of Ferdinand IV of Castile; wife of Alfonso IV of Aragon

*Eleanor of Castile (136x-1416), queen consort of Navarre: daughter of Henry II of Castile; wife of Charles III of Navarre; mother of [[Blanche of Navarre]]

<hr>

Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile

[[Category:Monarchs (medieval)]]

John Balliol

2005-07-15T07:55:13Z

195.92.40.49:

'''John Balliol''', [[King]] of [[Scotland]], was born around 1249CE son of an [[England|English]] nobleman, John 5th Baron of Balliol (''Bailleul'' in [[France]]). His connection to Scotland came through his mother, Devorguilla, daughter of Alan, Lord of Galloway, and descendant, at some remove, of [[David I]] of Scotland. He was, however, married, by the 1280s to Isobel de Warenne, daughter of John, the English Earl of Surrey, and was therefore Scots only by birth, not by nurture or marriage.

The death, in 1286, of [[Alexander III]] and, four years later, of Alexander's daughter [[Margaret]], Maid of Norway, aged 7 and on her way to Scotland to be crowned Queen, placed John within the circle of hopefuls, none of them with unblemished claims, who hoped to be Scotland's next king. It was decided that the contest for the crown would be fought in the courts rather than on the battlefield, and, by one means or another, [[Edward I]] of [[England]] achieved selection as final arbiter. He arrived in Scotland together with a large army and, finding the two strongest candidates were Balliol, and Robert Bruce of Annandale, Edward assessed them on the basis of his underlying motive: to make Scotland a feudal dependency of England forever. Finding Balliol more amenable to swearing fealty (probably because he had always lived with Englishmen as his kings), Edward declared Balliol the rightful king, and took his oaths of loyalty and obedience, treating these as acknowledging the submission of Scotland to England forever.

The Bruces (along with many others) could see what this meant: the elder Robert Bruce passed his throne-claim on to his son, and then refused to swear homage to Balliol. But, because there was no violence offered, "King John" could not take any effective action against them.
Indeed, he had to suffer the ignominy of being called ''"Toom Tabard"'' or ''"Empty Jacket"'', in acknowledgment of the fact that he was merely Edward's puppet ruler, with no authority of his own.

Finally in April 1296 Balliol renounced his fealty to Edward, who immediately marched north with his army, crushed the Scots, captured key castles, and finally captured Balliol himself. In July 1296 he was forced to surrender himself and the entire kingdom ot Edward, who had the Stone of Destiny, upon which Scots kings were crowned, removed to [[Westminster]].
Stripped of his regalia, Balliol was shipped south, first to Hereford and then to the Tower of [[London]], where he remained until 1299, when he was released to his [[France|French]] estates, to die in 1313.
His son, Edward, was to be thrust onto the throne of Scotland at various times between 1332 and 1356, always as an [[England|English]] puppet, but was never recognised by any Scots authority.

In the aftermath of Balliol's surrender of Scotland, [[Edward I]] sent English officials north to rule for him, but they met with little sympathy. [[William Wallace]] raised an armed revolt, between 1297 and 1305. After his death, [[Robert I|Robert the Bruce]] (grandson of the Robert who had claimed the throne after [[Margaret]]'s death) was crowned king of Sctoand, and proceeded to drive the English back.

As a '''footnote''', Joihn and Isabella had 2 daughters and a further son. Their son died fighting for England against the Scots, and one of their daughters married a FitzAlan, lord of Bedale, from whom descended a daughter Agnes who married Sir Gilbert Stapleton. He was later to become notorious for participation in the murder of [[Piers Gaveston]], [[Earl]] of Cornwall (and close companion of [[Edward II]]) in 1312.

Charlemagne

2005-07-08T12:17:26Z

195.92.40.49:

'''Charlemagne''' was the [[French]] name of Carolus Magnus (747-814), [[King]] of the [[Franks]], which is Charles the Great in [[English]]. Son of [[Pepin]]. Charlemagne's new [[Carolingian]] dynasty supplanted the reigning [[Merovingian]]s.

Charlemagne fought [[battle]]s almost constantly throughout his life. He conquered [[Saxony]] and fought a number of [[battle]]s with [[Muslim Spain]], which lead to the [[Song of Roland]] [[mythology|legends]].

Charlemagne was later considered to be one of the [[Nine Worthies]].

'''On the other hand''' medieval legend recounted that the Moorish king '''Marsilus''' was brought before Charlemagne as a prisoner, and was offered [[baptism]] or [[death]]. He looked round.<br>"Who," he asked, "are the fat men, clad in furs, who sit at your table and feast?" Charles replied: "They are my [[bishop]]s and [[abbot]]s."<br>"And who are the thin men, clad in black and grey, who also receive your food?" "They," Charles aid, "are the [[mendicant]]s and [[friar]]s who [[pray]] for me."<br>|"And who," the pagan king asked, "are those beyond them, dressed in rags, squatting on the ground, who scrabble for the scraps that fall from your table?" "They are poor people," Charlemagne replied.<br>"If that is how you treat your poor, who are God's children, in dishonour of His love and charity, then kill me: I have no wish to be baptised into your faith."

[[category: monarchs (medieval)]]

Kenneth II

2005-06-27T07:57:53Z

195.92.40.49: Correction

'''Kenneth II''' was the [[king]] of [[Scotland]] in succession to [[Cuilean]]. He was the son of [[Malcolm I]], and younger brother of [[Dubh]], who had ruled before Cuilean. He was a contemporary of the [[England|English]] king [[Edgar the Peaceable|Edgar]], by whom he was acknowledged as King over Lothian (which he had seized), in 974CE. Later, in 994, he invaded England, was defeated, lost Lothian and was challenged by Cuilean's son [[Constantine III|Constantine], who killed him in 995 and was elected king in his place, under [[tanistry]].

Kenneth came to the throne in 971CE, and must have married, to have had a son [[Malcolm II|Malcolm]] who was, in his turn, to take the [[throne]].
As well as wars with England he was also in conflict with Sigurd of [[Norway]] over the lands in the north of Scotland, by the Orkneys.

Must of his life, and his period of rule is a mystery -- date of birth, identity of his wife (said, in one unsupported scource [Berchan's Prophecy] to have been a princess of Leinster), other children. He is supposed to have killed [[Cuilean]]'s brother Olaf shortly after coming to the throne, probably to prevent him becoming a rival for the kingship, and this is reportedly the reason Constantine killed him 20 years later. But an alternatibve story says he killed a mormaer's son, and the grieving mother built a crossbow trap, triggered by a golden apple, and induced him to take the apple from where it was, in a statue's hand.

See also:
* [[Scottish kings]]
[[category: monarchs (medieval)]]

Mercia

2005-06-24T14:06:05Z

195.92.40.49: Erroneous character

'''Mercia''' was one of the pre-[[Norman conquest|Conquest]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[kingdom]]s of [[England]].

Its centre was in the valley of the River Trent, and its tributaries, but later it grew to extend from the Humber to the Thames, and west to the borders of [[Wales]].

According to the ''Saxon Chronicle'', the Mercians came originally from the Anglian region of [[Germany]], along with the East and Middle [[Angle]]s and other peoples who colonised the lands north of the Humber. Their coming-over is not dated but an entry for 655CE records that the "Mercians" became [[Christian]], so they must have been in [[England]] in sufficient numbers by then to constitute a seprate people.

On this basis we can say that the kingdom roughly shook itself into shape around the [[6th century|6th]] and [[7th century|7th centuries]], although 655CE is also the year in which [[King]] Penda is supposed to have been killed, succeeded by his son Peada, who was killed next year "betrayed by his [[queen]]". Still, by 675, and the death of Wufhere, Penda's son, the Mercians had a [[minster]], at Medhamsted, and were on at least their 3rd [[bishop]].

Mercia's first major line of kings were the descendants of Penda. In their wake came a line claiming descent from one Eowa, which included the Offa of [[Offa's Dyke]], an early border marker between the Anglo-Saxon lands and those of the [[Wales|Welsh]] [[prince]]s. The other notable member of this line appears to have been Ethelbald, who ruled for 41 years (716-755), being succeeded by Bernred, whom Offa "put to flight".

Offa tried to secure his sucession by murdering many of the candidates. In the event this handed the kingdom, after the death of Offa's son Egfrith, to a rival line, that of Coenwalh. Within half a century, after attacks on the Kentish and East Anglians kingdoms, Mercia became a client kingdom of [[Wessex]], initially for about a year in 827-8CE. Later, in 853, the kingdoms allied to "conquer" North [[Wales]], and the Mercian king married the daughter of Ethelwulf, [[King]] of the West Saxons.

In 868 a "[[heathen]]" [[army]] ravaged Mercia, till they were bought off. That lasted till 870, when the heathens returned. The Mercians paid up again in 872 and 873; in 874 their [[king]] was killed and his successor, Ceolwulf II, swore to the heathen service. This, however, did little or no good: in 877 the kingdom was raided again, and after an Aethelred (879-884) the line of kings was reduced to one of client eorldermen under Wessex, and in 919CE the kingdoms were merged.

{{Heptarchy}}

===Kings of Mercia===
according to ''Wikipaedia'' (all dates CE)

:Creoda Cynevvaldsson ''circa'' 585 to 593
:Pybba Creodasson 593 to 606
:Ceorl 606 to 626
:Penda Pybbasson 626 to 655
:Peada Pendasson 655 to 656

Oswiu King of Northumbria 656 to 659

:Wulfhere son of Penda 659 to 675
:Aethelred son of Penda 675 to 704, when he abdicated to become a monk
:Cenred son of Wulfhere 704 to 709 after which he too abdicated
:Ceolred son of Aethelred 709 to 716
:Ethelbald (possibly son of Alvvi) 716 to 757
:Beornrad 757
:Offa 757 to 796
:Ecgfrith son of Offa 787 to 796
:Cenwulf son of Cuthbryht 796 to 821
:Cenelm 821
:Ceolwulf I son of Cuthbryht 821 to 823
:Beornwulf 823 to 825
:Ludeca 826 to 827
:Wiglaf 827 to 829

Egbert King of Wessex 829 to 830

:Wiglaf 830 to 840
:Wigstan 840
:Beorhtwulf 840 to 852 -- killed by Danes
:Burgred/Burhred 852 to 874 -- expelled by Danes
::Ceolwulf II 873 to 879 -- a puppet king set up by Danes
::Aethelred 879-911 -- as ealdorman of West Mercia under the King of Wessex
::Ethelfleda 911-918 -- "Lady of the Mercians" under the King of Wessex
::Aelfwynn 918-919 -- "Lady of the Mercians"

City

2005-04-26T11:38:15Z

195.92.40.49:

A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status -- definition taken from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City Wikipedia]

==Important cities in the Middle Ages==

* [[Bruges]]
* [[Constantinople]]
* [[Edinburgh]]
* [[Florence]]
* [[Jerusalem]]
* [[London]]
* [[Milan]]
* [[Paris]]
* [[Rome]]
* [[Venice]]
* [[York]]

{{stub}}

Period brown

2005-03-23T11:53:17Z

195.92.40.49: Minor punct.

I am told that, in [[period]], the colour formed by mixing [[red dye]] and [[blue dye]] (eg [[overdye]]ing [[madder]] with [[woad]]) was considered to be brown. Thus, when looking for [[period]] [[dye]] receipies, don't be surprised if there are no mentions to [[burgundy]], [[maroon]] or [[wine]] coloured [[fabric]]s, and there are mentions of fancy recipes for brown.

Barrel helm

2005-02-04T10:23:10Z

195.92.40.49:

Oddly enough, a '''barrel helm''' is what is says on the packet :: a helm that looks like a barrel. You make it of metal, and cut a hole in to see out of. The you put it on (checking that the hole is reasonably adjacent to your eyes) and get belted on the cranium several times over.<br>
If you're alive after that, it's probably functional.

Venice

2005-01-17T11:17:22Z

195.92.40.49:

'''Venice''', the city of canals, stretches across numerous small islands in a marshy lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in the northeast of [[Italy]]. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers.

Venice is notable for its elective, Republican form of [[government]], with the [[Duke]] or Doge of Venice being elected by the Venetian Senate.

===Tourist Notes===
* Outside the '''Arsenale''' are four stone lions -- two were "appropriated" from Constantinople: one still bears a runic inscription on its shoulder, although this is now barely visible.
* The '''Basilica''' is named for Saint Mark, whose relics mysteriously "turned up" in Venice. This is the third Basilica: the first is on a detached island closer to the shore, and the second burned down (the only remaining picture of it being on a mosaic in one of the domed entrances to the present building).
* If you like the architecture, a craftsman called Giovanni Moro makes cast-resin miniature replicas which are widely on sale. Beware, however, of fakes, which are of inferior quality: Moro signs his on the rear, and has a workshop/gallery shop between San Polo and Dorsoduro quarters to the W of the Grand Canal

==Famous Venetians==
* [[Marco Polo]]

== External Links ==
* http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice

Province of Mooneschadowe

2005-01-13T07:28:29Z

195.92.40.49:

The '''Shire of Mooneschadowe''' is an [[SCA]] [[groups|group]] within the [[Kingdom of Ansteorra]]. It covers Stillwater, Oklahoma, [[U.S.A.]].

Its [[device]] is:
:''[[Sable]], a [[sun]] [[argent]], eclipsed sable, and on a [[chief]] [[Or]], a [[laurel wreath]] sable.''

==History==
'''Mooneschadowe''' was founded in the ancient and distant past by a group of [[college]] students. After the usual growing pains, it soon developed into a really pleasant place filled with people who generally like each other and get along. Definitely worth visiting.

They have a long standing relationship with the [[Barony of Northkeep]], with many of the [[populace]] moving from one place to another. Many Ansteorran [[peer]]s and notables have lived at least for a while in Mooneschadowe.

==External Link==
http://mooneschadowe.ansteorra.org/

[[Category:Shires (SCA)|Mooneschadowe]]

Sodden

2004-11-10T09:56:39Z

195.92.40.49:

([[Middle English]]) '''Sodden''' means soaked. Often used in [[recipes]] (and (out of period) in weather forecasts).

Crusade

2004-11-03T08:26:16Z

195.92.40.49:

Any [[Europe]]an military expedition to free the [[Holy Land]] from [[Muslim]] occupation that was sanctioned by the Western Patriarchy (Roman Church, or Roman Catholics as they are known now). These expeditions occurred during between the [[11th century]] and the [[14th century]].

* The First Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II in 1095.
* The Second Crusade was preached by Pope Eugene III in 1145.
* The Third Crusade was preached by Pope Gregory VIII in 1187.
* The Fourth Crusade was preached in 1198 by Pope Innocent III.
* The Fifth Crusade was preached in 1216 by Pope Honorius III.
* The Sixth Crusade was the product of Frederick II, Emperor of Germany (Holy Roman Emperor) commencing approximately 1225.
* The Seventh, and final major Crusade was the work of King Louis IX of France, and departed Europe in 1248.
* The Eighth Crusade finished in 1270, having being fought mainly by mercenary troops as there was little land to offer as enticement.

Other "Crusades" include Peter the Hermit's "People's Crusade" that actually preceded the First Crusade by virtue of setting off and "crusading" against non-Christians in Europe firstly.

The Crusade of 1101 was a dismal failure, and was little more than a second wave of the First Crusade that was poorly co-ordinated and resulted in three major European armies being defeated by Turks.

The [[Albigensian Crusade]], against the [[Cathars]] of Provence started in 1209.

The crusades had multiple causes - [[Church reform]], increased population in Western Europe, and the growth of the idea of [[knight]]s as soldiers of the church. The success of the early crusades was due partially to division among the people occupying the Middle East.

So many [[knight]]s showed up because Pope Urban II made a decree that Jesus didn't say killing people was wrong; He said killing *Christians* was wrong, therefore it was fine to kill the infidels. Also, if you go fight the infidels for the Pope, you were assured a place in Heaven. ''Which, oddly enough, was what the Muslims told *their* warriors they were assured if they died fighting the Christians.''

Crusade

2004-11-03T08:25:27Z

195.92.40.49:

Any [[Europe]]an military expedition to free the [[Holy Land]] from [[Muslim]] occupation that was sanctioned by the Western Patriarchy (Roman Church, or Roman Catholics as they are known now). These expeditions occurred during between the [[11th century]] and the [[14th century]].

* The First Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II in 1095.
* The Second Crusade was preached by Pope Eugene III in 1145.
* The Third Crusade was preached by Pope Gregory VIII in 1187.
* The Fourth Crusade was preached in 1198 by Pope Innocent III.
* The Fifth Crusade was preached in 1216 by Pope Honorius III.
* The Sixth Crusade was the product of Frederick II, Emporer of Germany (Holy Roman Emporer) commencing approximately 1225.
* The Seventh, and final major Crusade was the work of King Louis IX of France, and departed Europe in 1248.
* The Eighth Crusade finished in 1270, having being fought mainly by mercenary troops as there was little land to offer as enticement.

Other "Crusades" include Peter the Hermit's "People's Crusade" that actually preceded the First Crusade by virtue of setting off and "crusading" against non-Christians in Europe firstly.

The Crusade of 1101 was a dismal failure, and was little more than a second wave of the First Crusade that was poorly co-ordinated and resulted in three major European armies being defeated by Turks.

The [[Albigensian Crusade]], against the [[Cathars]] of Provence started in 1209.

The crusades had multiple causes - [[Church reform]], increased population in Western Europe, and the growth of the idea of [[knight]]s as soldiers of the church. The success of the early crusades was due partially to division among the people occupying the Middle East.

So many [[knight]]s showed up because Pope Urban II made a decree that Jesus didn't say killing people was wrong; He said killing *Christians* was wrong, therefore it was fine to kill the infidels. Also, if you go fight the infidels for the Pope, you were assured a place in Heaven. ''Which, oddly enough, was what the Muslims told *their* warriors they were assured if they died fighting the Christians.''

Edward the Confessor

2004-10-20T10:46:30Z

195.92.40.49:

Born 1004, son of [[King]] [[Aethelred Unraed]] and Emma, sister to Normandy's duke Richard II, Edward was taken to Normandy in 1013 to escape the Danish invasion of England. He was to remain there for a quarter century, and to acquire a familiarity with Normandy, its leaders and their governmental system. In 1036 he returned to England with his brother Alfred, to challenge [[Harold Harefoot]] for the throne. Alfred was captured and killed, Edward escaped back to Normandy. In 1041 he was invited back, as co-ruler with his half-brother (Emma's child by [[Canute_the_Great|Cnut/Canute)]] [[Hardicanute]], and on his co-ruler's death a year later, he succeeded to the entire kingdom, being drowned on 3 April 1043.

In January 1045 Edward married Edith of Wessex, daughter to Earl Godwin, a powerful noble. For religious reasons Edward declined to consummate the marriage, meaning Godwin would never get to be grandfather to a prince. Because of his dislike of Edward's pro-Norman sympathies, Earl Godwin spearheaded a goup opposed to Norman ideas. Edward was finally obliged to exile Godwin in 1051, stripping him of his title. A year later, flouting his exile, and by force of arms, Godwin forced the king to restore him. Godwin died in 1053 and his son, [[Harold Godwinson]], took up his cause, and the amassment of greater territorial power, to the despite of the King.

During the Godwin exile, [[william_the_Conqueror|William of Normandy]] had visited Edward, and it is believed that it is at this time that Edward promised his the throne of England on his own death. Godwinson placed himself as English heir-apparent, but Edward sent him to Normandy to swear fealty to William as future king. Heedless of this, as his father had been of the king's order of exile, when Edward died, [[Harold_Godwinson|Harold]] seized the throne, and ruled for nine months until the [[Norman Conquest]] replaced him by [[William the Conqueror|William]]

Bagpipe

2004-10-11T13:15:19Z

195.92.40.49:

A wind instrument (allegedly musical) composed of a bladder, which stores air, and releases it under applied pressure, between a pipe to input the player's air, under lung pressure, and one or more output pipes, which may or may not be tuned to allow the player to essay a tune.<br>
Popularly compared to the sound of several cats, in a bag, being tortured.<br>
Probably ideal for waking the peerage after a long night.

Mullet

2004-10-11T13:08:45Z

195.92.40.49: Heraldic & mundane defs.

In [[heraldry]], a star. It is generally found five pointed, and with a hole in the middle, betraying its origin as the representation of a spur-rowel (the rotating bit that jabs the [[horse]])

* In the '''mundane''', a ghastly haircut, long fore and aft, close cut to the flanks.

Lapidary

2004-10-08T09:30:18Z

195.92.40.49:

Lapidaries are books which describe the physical characteristics and properties of jewels and other minerals. In period, they would also recount myths, legends and folk beliefs attached to the minerals, such as which could protect from wolves, which induce ''eros'', and which bring on a miscarriage. All useful things to know, if you were a randy young man with a morbid fear of wolves.